REVISION-2021 [COMPUTER SYSTEM HARDWARE LAB-4137]

Lab Manual

for

COMPUTER SYSTEM
HARDWARE LAB - 4137

Diploma in Computer Engineering

4th Semester

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STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL TEACHERS TRAINING AND

RESEARCH

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Rough record and Fair record are needed to record the experiments conducted in the laboratory. Rough
records are needed to be certified immediately on completion of the experiment. Fair records are due at the
beginning of the next lab period. Fair records must be submitted as neat, legible, and complete.

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS FOR WRITING THE FAIR RECORD

In the fair record, the index page should be filled properly by writing the corresponding experiment
number, experiment name , date on which it was done and the page number.

On the right side page of the record following has to be written:

1. Title: The title of the experiment should be written on the page in capital letters.

2. In the left top margin, experiment number and date should be written.

3. Aim: The purpose of the experiment should be written clearly.

4.Apparatus/Tools/Equipments/Components used: A list of the Apparatus/Tools /Equipments

/Components used for doing the experiment should be entered.

5. Principle: Simple working of the circuit/experimental set up/algorithm should be written.

6. Procedure: steps for doing the experiment and recording the readings should be briefly
described(flowchart/programs in the case of computer/processor related experiments)

7. Results: The results of the experiment must be summarized in writing and should be fulfilling the
aim.

8. Inference : Inference from the results is to be mentioned.

On the Left side page of the record following has to be recorded:

1. Circuit/Program: Neatly drawn circuit diagrams/experimental set up.

2. Design: The design of the circuit/experimental set up for selecting the components

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should be clearly shown if necessary.

3. Observations: i) Data should be clearly recorded using Tabular Columns.

ii) Unit of the observed data should be clearly mentioned

iii)Relevant calculations should be shown. If repetitive calculations are needed, only show a sample calculation
and summarize the others in a table.

4. Graphs : Graphs can be used to present data in a form that shows the results obtained, as one or
more of the parameters are varied. A graph has the advantage of presenting large amounts of data in a
concise visual form. Graph should be in a square format.

GENERAL RULES FOR PERSONAL SAFETY

1. Always wear tight shirts/lab coats , pants and shoes inside workshops.
2. REMOVE ALL METAL JEWELRY since rings, wrist watches or bands, necklaces, etc. make excellent
electrodes in the event of accidental contact with electric power sources.
3. DO NOT MAKE CIRCUIT CHANGES without turning off the power.
4. Make sure that equipment working on electrical power is grounded properly.
5. Avoid standing on metal surfaces or wet concrete. Keep your shoes dry.
6. Never handle electrical equipment with wet skin.
7. Hot soldering irons should be rested in its holder. Never leave a hot iron unattended.
8. Avoid use of loose clothing and hair near machines and avoid running around inside the lab .

TO PROTECT EQUIPMENT AND MINIMIZE MAINTENANCE:

DO: 1. SET MULTIRANGE METERS to the highest range before connecting to an unknown source.

2. INFORM YOUR INSTRUCTOR about faulty equipment so that it can be sent for repair.

DO NOT: 1. Do not MOVE EQUIPMENT around the room except under the supervision of an instructor.

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SYLLABUS
Program : Diploma in Computer Engineering

Course Title: Computer System

Course Code : 3139
Hardware Lab

Semester : 3 Credits: No

Credit Course Category: Program Core

Periods per week: 4 (L:0 T:0 P:4) Periods per semester: 60

Course Objectives:

● Familiarize the hardware components of the computer system.

● Assemble and disassemble a computer system.
● Install and configure various expansion cards, peripherals, BIOS, operating system and device drivers
● Provide skill in troubleshooting computers and the peripherals.

Course Prerequisites:

COURSE
TOPIC COURSE NAME SEMESTER
CODE

BASIC IT SKILLS INTRODUCTION TO IT SYSTEMS LAB

Course Outcomes :

On completion of the course, the student will be able to:

Duration
COn Description Cognitive Level
(Hours)

CO1 Identify hardware components of a computer system 12 Understanding

CO2 Assemble a desktop PC and install operating system 16 Applying

CO3 Install various peripherals and device drivers. 16 Applying

Apply troubleshooting methods & system diagnostic

CO4 12 Applying
tools

Lab Exam 4

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CO-PO Mapping

Course
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7
Outcomes
CO1 2
CO2 3 3
CO3 3 3
CO4 3 3 3

3-Strongly mapped, 2-Moderately mapped , 1-Weakly mapped

Course Outline

Module Duration
Name of the Experiment Cognitive Level
Outcomes (Hours)
CO1 Identify hardware components of a computer System
Identify Front panel indicators & switches, Front
side & rear side connectors, marking positions of
M1.01 2 Understanding
SMPS, Motherboard, FDD, HDD, CD, DVD and
add-on cards.
Identify Motherboard components of desktop &
laptop computer – CPU Socket, Chipset, ROM,
RAM slots,
M1.02 4 Understanding
Expansion slots/bus, Interfaces-PATA, SATA &
SCSI, Ports & Connectors, Power connectors,
CMOS Backup battery.
Identify components of Power Supply – Power
M1.04 Connectors, Voltage levels and other signals, 2 Understanding
Form factor, Backup power supplies
Identify Secondary Storage devices – HDD,
M1.05 FDD, CDD, DVD, Blu-ray, Flash - data and 2 Understanding
power connectors for storage devices
Identify Input/output Devices – Keyboard,
Mouse, Touchpad, TrackPoint, Trackball,
M1.06 2 Understanding
Scanner, BCR, OCR, MICR, OMR, Camera –
VDU, printer, plotter, projector

CO2 Assemble a desktop PC and install operating system

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Demonstrate fixing System case / Cabinet –

M2.01 fixing IO templates, setting cooling fans, 2 Applying
preparing drive bays

Experiment with fixing Motherboard – fixing

M2.02 CPU & Heat sink assembly, Fixing RAM 4 Applying
modules, Adding HDD/DVD, FDD
Experiment with fixing up SMPS – power
connection to various components -
M2.03 4 Applying
motherboard, drives, Add-on card, cooling fans,
etc.
Experiment with installing and configuring
M2.04 expansion cards like NIC, Graphics card, Sound 2 Applying
card, etc
Experiment with BIOS Setup & Configurations
- system date & time, security passwords, boot
M2.05 4 Applying
options & priorities - Factory reset, hardware
configurations
Lab Exam – I 2

CO3 Install various peripherals and device drivers.

Install and configure Webcam, Biometric

M3.01 4 Applying
devices, etc
Install and configure DVD writer and recording
M3.02 4 Applying
in DVD/Blue ray disc
Install and configure various types of Scanners
M3.03 8 Applying
and printers

CO4 Apply troubleshooting methods & system diagnostic tools

Experiment with System diagnostic tools,
creating Start-up disk, Disk Cleanup, Disk
M4.01 4 Applying
defragment, Disk management, Backup and
Restore
Identify problems using BIOS beep codes and
M4.02 2 Applying
error codes
Apply troubleshooting methods to identify
problems related to SMPS, Processor,
M4.03 2 Applying
Motherboard components, RAM, Expansion
cards, drives.

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Experiment with Printer Troubleshooting –

clearing paper jams, head cleaning, cartridge
M4.04 4 Applying
replacement/ink refilling, configuring printer
properties and preferences.
Lab Exam – II 2

Text / Reference

T/R Book Title/Author

James K.L, Computer Hardware: Installation ,Interfacing, Troubleshooting

T1
and Maintenance, PHI
Complete A+ Guide to IT Hardware and Software: AA CompTIA+Core 1(220-
T2
1001) & CompTIAL+Core 2(220-1002)textbook , 8th edition
Stephen J.Bigelow, Troubleshooting, Maintaining and Repairing PCs, TMH,
R1
New Delhi Fifth Edition
R2 Joel Rosenthal, PC Repair and Maintenance, Fire wall Media,First Edition
Vikas Gupta, Comdex Hardware and Networking Course Kit, DreamTech
R3
Press-2011
Manahar Lotai,Pradeep Niar, Modern Computer Hardware Course, BPB
R4
Publication, 2011
Robert Bruce and Co O’ Reilly, PC Hardware in a nutshell, Shroff Publishers
R4
and Distributors -2008

Online Resources

Sl.No Website Link

1 https://oli.cmu.edu/courses/pc-hardware

2 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_hardware.htm

3 https://www.itfundamentals.in/

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl no Name of experiment Page

Front panel indicators & switches and Front side & rear side
1 Connectors and marking positions of SMPS, Motherboard, FDD, 9
HDD, CD, DVD and add on cards.

Identify Motherboard Components Of Desktop & Laptop Computer

2 – Cpu Socket, Chipset, Rom, Ram Slots, Expansion Slots/Bus, 16
Interfaces-Pata, Sata & Scsi, Ports & Connectors, Power
Connectors, Cmos Backup Battery.

Identify Components Of Power Supply – Power Connectors,

3 Voltage Levels And Other Signals,Form Factor, Backup Power 25
Supplies

4 Identify Secondary Storage Devices – Hdd, Fdd, Cdd, Dvd, Blu-

Ray, Flash - Data And Power Connectors For Storage Devices 29

Identify Input/Output Devices – Keyboard, Mouse, Touchpad,

5 Trackpoint, Trackball, Scanner, Bcr, Ocr, Micr, Omr, Camera – 32
VDU, Printer, Plotter, Projector

Assemble A System With Add On Cards And Check The Working

6 Condition Of The System And Install OS. 39

Configure Bios Setup Program And Troubleshoot The Typical

7 Problems Using Bios Utility. 53

8 Install And Configure A DVD Writer And A Blu-Ray Disc Writer 57

And Recording DVD And Blu-Ray Disk.

9 Printer Installation And Servicing And Troubleshoot 62

Identification Of System Diagnostic Tools, Using Startup Disk,

10 77
Disk Cleanup,Disk Defragment,Backup And Restore

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Experiment No:1

IDENTIFY THE FRONT PANEL INDICATORS & SWITCHES AND FRONT SIDE &
REAR SIDE CONNECTORS AND MARKING POSITIONS OF SMPS,
MOTHERBOARD, FDD, HDD, CD, DVD AND ADD-ON CARDS.

Aim: To identify the front panel indicators and switches and rear side connector in a computer
system.

Components/Tools :

Computer with front, real panel connection, CD drive, USB, audio,

Procedure:

Tower Case:

Hard Drive Activity LED:

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LED provides visual indication that data is being read from or written to the hard drive.

Reset Switch:
Supporting the reset function requires a momentary-contact switch that is normally open. When
the switch is closed, the board resets and runs POST.
Power Switch:
Supporting the power on/off function requires a momentary-contact switch that is normally
open. The switch should maintain contact for at least 50 ms to signal the power supply to switch
on or off.

Drive bays:
Drive bays are most commonly used to store disk drives, although they can also be used for
front-end USB ports, I/O bays, card readers, fans, tool storage, and other uses. 3.5" -
3.5" bays, their actual dimensions are 4" wide by 1" high. Those with an
opening in the front of the case are generally used for floppy or Zip drives.

Front Side Connectors:

USB Connectors:

● USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a way of setting up communication between a computer

and peripheral devices. USB is intended to replace many varieties of serial and parallel
ports

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● USB can connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, PDAs, gamepads and
joysticks, scanners, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, and
external hard drives.

Card Reader:

● Card reader" is used to read flash memory cards. It can be a standalone device that
connects to a computer via USB or it may be integrated into a computer, printer, or
multifunction device
● Most card readers accept multiple memory card formats, including compactflash
(CF), secure digital (SD), and Sony's Memory Stick.

Audio Jack:

● A socket for plugging in an audio source, Audio jacks are found on many types of
audio equipment and musical instruments that accept external sound sources.

Rear Side Connectors:

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Motherboard:

The motherboard has been an integral part of most personal computers. The motherboard is a
common circuit board. Each circuit card performs a unique function in the computer and gets its
power from the socket.

CPU:
The CPU, or processor, is the heart of your computer no matter what type (PC, Server,
and Laptop). There are many brands for processors such as Intel and Athlon all with different
processors for your computer.

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Hard-Disk Drive:

A hard drive stores all your files and information in a permanent form unlike storing it in RAM
(which is temporary). The larger your hard disk (drive) the more information and files

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CD-Rom:

The CD-Rom reads CD's. CD-Rom completely stands for Compact Disk Read Only
Memory. CD's have much more data than a floppy disk. Using CD-RW you can make your
own CD's and use them more like a floppy disk.

DVD-Rom:

DVD-ROM is a digital optical disc storage format. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than
compact discs while having the same dimensions. Blank recordable DVD discs (DVD-R and
DVD+R) can be recorded once, Rewritable DVDs (DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM)
can be recorded and erased multiple times.

Floppy Drive:

A floppy drive reads the popular floppy disk. Floppy disk is easy to use, rewritable, compact,
and great for storing information. The floppy drive is simple and allows you to read, write to,
and write over information stored on a floppy disk.

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Result:

Thus the computer system layout in SMPS, Motherboard, FDD, HDD, CD, DVD and add on
cards of the pc’s are identified

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Experiment 2

IDENTIFY MOTHERBOARD COMPONENTS OF DESKTOP & LAPTOP COMPUTER

– CPU SOCKET, CHIPSET, ROM, RAM SLOTS, EXPANSION SLOTS/BUS,
INTERFACES-PATA, SATA & SCSI, PORTS & CONNECTORS, POWER
CONNECTORS, CMOS BACKUP BATTERY.

AIM
Identify Motherboard components of desktop & laptop computer – CPU Socket, Chipset, ROM,
RAM slots, Expansion slots/bus, Interfaces-PATA, SATA & SCSI, Ports & Connectors, Power
connectors, CMOS Backup battery.

COMPONENTS:
Motherboard of desktop and laptop, PATA, SATA & SCSI, Ports & Connectors, Power
connectors, CMOS Backup battery.

PROCEDURE:

Motherboard

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CPU socket

In computer hardware, a CPU socket or CPU slot contains one or more mechanical components
providing mechanical and electrical connections between a microprocessor and a printed circuit
board (PCB). This allows for placing and replacing the central processing unit (CPU) without
soldering.

Chipset

The chipset is a silicon backbone integrated into the motherboard that works with specific CPU
generations. It relays communications between the CPU and the many connected storage and
expansion devices.

RAM:

Random Access Memory (RAM) is the form of memory contained in most computers. When an
application is running it stores its information in the RAM. When you close the application the
information is deleted from the RAM.
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ROM

You can find a computer's Read-Only Memory chip somewhere on the system's motherboard.
The location of the chip can vary between motherboards because of differences in size and
feature load

Expansion slots
An expansion slot refers to any of the slots on a motherboard that can hold an expansion card to
expand the computer's functionality, like a video card, network card, or sound card.

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Access Slots:

Access slots or expansion slots are openings in a computer where a circuit board can be inserted
to add new capabilities to the computer. Examples of drives that may go here would be modems;
USB drives, networking cards, video adapters, and sound cards.

PATA and SATA cables:

PATA stands for Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment which is a bus interface used for
connecting secondary storage devices like hard disks, optical drives. It was first introduced in the
year 1986 by Western Digital and Compaq. It was later replaced by SATA.

SATA stands for Serial Advanced Technology Attachment is a bus interface that connects hard
disks, optical drives. It was introduced in 2001 after PATA was slowly declining its demand by
the Serial ATA Working Group. SATA has more advantages than PATA making its demand
more.

SCSI
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) is an infrastructure designed to control a broad
range of devices, including hard drives, CD-ROMs and printers, and scanners. SCSI data
cables act as an essential intermediary between computers and peripherals to provide a high-
speed bus connection between each one

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Ports and connectors

PS/2 Port:

The PS/2 standard, introduced by IBM in 1987, stands for Personal System/2. A PS/2 port is
an electronic receptacle or plug found on computers. It accepts a PS/2 cable with a mini DIN
connector, and is most often used to plug in a keyboard or mouse.

The connector is small with a diameter of about 1/3 inch (9.5mm). It features a metal sleeve
that is notched to ensure proper alignment when inserting it into the PS/2 port. This protects
the circular pins inside the DIN connector from becoming bent.

Parallel Port:

This interface is found on the back of older PCs and is used for connecting external devices
such as printers or a scanner. It uses a 25-pin connector (DB-25). The latest parallel port
standard, which supports the same connectors, is called the Enhanced Parallel Port (EPP).

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Serial Port:

The serial port is used for peripherals such as mice, gaming controllers, modems, and older
printers. It is sometimes called a COM port or an RS-232 port.

Power Connectors

Power connectors are devices that allows an electrical current to pass through it for the
exclusive purpose of providing power to a device

CMOS Backup battery

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CMOS is a small memory on a computer motherboard that stores BIOS or settings, including
system date, time, and hardware configuration. CMOS is short for Complementary Metal-Oxide-
Semiconductor

Result:

Thus the motherboard components of pc’s are identified.

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Experiment No. 3.

IDENTIFY COMPONENTS OF POWER SUPPLY – POWER CONNECTORS, VOLTAGE

LEVELS AND OTHER SIGNALS,FORM FACTOR, BACKUP POWER SUPPLIES

Aim:

To identify the components of Power Supply – Power Connectors, Voltage levels and other
signals, Form factor, Backup power supplies

Components used:

SMPS

Procedure:

Power supply

The power supply is usually a small metal box in the top corner of a case (tower). You can see
the power supply in the diagram below.

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ATX Power Connector

It is also known as the main power connector. It connects to ATX motherboard power
connectors.

ATX 12V Power Connector

Also known as CPU power connector, P4 power connector. It connects to: ATX 12V power
connectors on motherboards.

SATA Power Connector

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It is also known as SATA power cable, Serial-ATA power cable. It connects to SATA hard
drives and SATA optical drives

Molex Connector

Also known as the peripheral connector. It connects to the power connectors of IDE hard
drives and IDE optical drives.

Molex to SATA Power Adapter

Connects to: power connectors of SATA hard drives and SATA optical drives

Molex to 3 Pin Fan Adapter

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Connects to: power connectors of computer case fans

PCI Express Connector

Also known as PCI Express power cable, PCI-E connector, PCIe connector. It connects power connectors
of PCI Express graphics cards.

Floppy Drive Connector

Also known as FDD connector. It connects to power connectors of floppy disk drives.

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Voltage level and other signals

Form factors
The shape and general physical layout of a component is called the form factor. Items that share
a form factor are generally interchangeable, at least as far as their sizes and fits are concerned.

Backup power supplies

An uninterruptible power supply or uninterruptible power source (UPS) is an electrical apparatus
that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source or main power fails. A
UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby generator in that it will
provide near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions, by supplying energy
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stored in batteries, super capacitors, or flywheels. The on-battery run-time of most

uninterruptible power sources is relatively short (only a few minutes) but sufficient to start a
standby power source or properly shut down the protected equipment.
A UPS is typically used to protect hardware such as computers, data centers, telecommunication
equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power disruption could cause
injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption or data loss. UPS units range in size from ones
designed to protect a single computer without a video monitor (around 200 volt-ampere rating)
to large units powering entire data centers or buildings.

Result:
Components of power supply – power connectors, voltage levels and other signals, form factor,
backup power supplies are identified.

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Experiment 4
IDENTIFY SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES – HDD, FDD, CDD, DVD, BLU-
RAY, FLASH - DATA AND POWER CONNECTORS FOR STORAGE DEVICES

AIM

To identify Secondary Storage devices – HDD, FDD, CDD, DVD, Blu-ray, Flash - data and
power connectors for storage devices

COMPONENTS
HDD, FDD, CDD, DVD, Blu-ray, Flash

Hard-Disk Drive:

A hard drive stores all your files and information in a permanent form unlike storing it in
RAM (which is temporary). The larger your hard disk (drive) the more information and files
you're able to store.

FDD
A floppy disk or floppy diskette (casually referred to as a floppy, or a diskette) is an
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obsolescent type of disk storage composed of a thin and flexible disk of a magnetic storage
medium in a square or nearly square plastic enclosure lined with a fabric that removes dust
particles from the spinning disk. Floppy disks store digital data which can be read and written
when the disk is inserted into a floppy disk drive (FDD) connected to or inside a computer or
other device.

CDD
The compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by
Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.The CD-Rom reads CD's. CD-
Rom completely stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. CD's have much more data
than a floppy disk. Using CD-RW you can make your own CD's and use them more like a
floppy disk.

DVD

DVD, in full digital video disc or digital versatile disc, type of optical disc used for data storage
and as a platform for multimedia. Its most prominent commercial application is for playing back
recorded motion pictures and television programs (hence the designation “digital video disc”),
though read-only, recordable, and even erasable and rewritable versions can be used on personal
computers to store large quantities of almost any kind of data (hence “digital versatile disc”).The
DVD represents the second generation of compact disc (CD) technology,

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BLU-RAY DISC

Blu-ray, optical disc data-storage format is most often used for playback of high-definition (HD)
video. Blu-ray represents the third generation of compact disc (CD) technology, after audio CDs
and digital video discs (DVDs).

FLASH DRIVE

A flash drive is a small, ultra-portable storage device which, unlike an optical drive or a
traditional hard drive, has no moving parts. Flash drives connect to computers and other devices
via a built-in USB Type-A or USB-C plug, making one a kind of combination USB device and
cable. Flash drives are often referred to as pen drives, thumb drives, or jump drives. The terms
USB drive and solid-state drive (SSD) are also sometimes used but most of the time those refer to
larger, not-so-mobile USB-based storage devices like external hard drives.

Result:
Thus, the secondary storage devices are identified

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Experiment 5

IDENTIFY INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES – KEYBOARD, MOUSE, TOUCHPAD,

TRACKPOINT, TRACKBALL, SCANNER, BCR, OCR, MICR, OMR,
CAMERA –VDU, PRINTER, PLOTTER, PROJECTOR

AIM

To Identify Input/output Devices – Keyboard, Mouse, Touchpad, Track Point, Trackball,

Scanner, BCR, OCR, MICR, OMR, Camera –VDU, printer, plotter, projector

COMPONENTS

Keyboard, Mouse, Touchpad, Track Point, Trackball, Scanner, BCR, OCR, MICR, OMR,
Camera –VDU, printer, plotter, projector

INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES
● An input/output device, often known as an IO device, is any hardware that allows a
human operator or other systems to interface with a computer. Input/output devices,
as the name implies, are capable of delivering data (output) to and receiving data
from a computer (input).
● An input/output (I/O) device is a piece of hardware that can take, output, or process
data. It receives data as input and provides it to a computer, as well as sends computer
data to storage media as a storage output

KEYBOARD

The keyboard is the most frequent and widely used input device for entering data into a
computer. Although there are some additional keys for performing other operations, the
keyboard layout is similar to that of a typical typewriter. Generally, keyboards come in two
sizes: 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but currently keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also
available for Windows and the Internet.

Types of Keys

● Numeric Keys: It is used to enter numeric data or move the cursor. It usually consists of a set of 17
keys.
● Typing Keys: The letter keys (A-Z) and number keys (09) are among these keys.
● Control Keys: These keys control the pointer and the screen. There are four directional arrow keys on
it. Home, End, Insert, Alternate(Alt), Delete, Control(Ctrl), etc., and Escape are all control keys (Esc).
● Special Keys: Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, NumLk, Tab, etc., and Print Screen are among the
special function keys on the keyboard.
● Function Keys: The 12 keys from F1 to F12 on the topmost row of the keyboard.

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MOUSE

● The most common pointing device is the mouse. The mouse is used to move a little
cursor across the screen while clicking and dragging.
● The cursor will stop if you let go of the mouse. The computer is dependent on you
to move the mouse; it won’t move by itself. As a result, it’s an input device.
● A mouse is an input device that lets you move the mouse on a flat surface to control
the coordinates and movement of the on-screen cursor/pointer.
● The left mouse button can be used to select or move items, while the right mouse
button when clicked displays extra menus.

TOUCHPAD

A touchpad or trackpad is a pointing device featuring a tactile sensor, a specialized surface

that can translate the motion and position of a user's fingers to a relative position on the
operating system that is made output to the screen. Touchpads are a common feature of
laptop computers as opposed to using a mouse on a desktop, and are also used as a
substitute for a mouse where desk space is scarce.

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TRACKPOINT

A pointing stick (or trackpoint, also referred to generically as a nub or nipple) is a small
analog stick used as a pointing device typically mounted centrally in a computer keyboard.
Like other pointing devices such as mice, touchpads or trackballs, operating system software
translates manipulation of the device into movements of the pointer or cursor on the monitor.
Unlike other pointing devices, it reacts to sustained force or strain rather than to gross
movement, so it is called an "isometric" pointing device

TRACKBALL

A trackball is a pointing device consisting of a ball held by a socket containing sensors to

detect a rotation of the ball about two axes—like an upside-down ball mouse with an exposed
protruding ball. Users roll the ball to position the on-screen pointer, using their thumb,
fingers, or the palm of the hand, while using the fingertips to press the buttons.

SCANNER

A scanner is an input device that functions similarly to a photocopier. It’s employed

when there’s information on paper that needs to be transferred to the computer’s hard
disc for subsequent manipulation. Scanner collects images from the source and converts
them to a digital format that may be saved on a disc. Before they are printed, these

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images can be modified.

OCR
OCR stands for optical character recognition, and it is a device that reads printed text. OCR
optically scans the text, character by character, turns it into a machine-readable code, and saves it
to the system memory.

Bar Code Reader

● A bar code reader is a device that reads data that is bar-coded (data that is represented by
light and dark lines).

● Bar-coded data is commonly used to mark things, number books, and so on. It could be
a handheld scanner or part of a stationary scanner.

A barcode reader scans a barcode image, converts it to an alphanumeric value, and then sends it
to the computer to which it is connected.

MICR

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MICR is short for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. It is a technology mainly used in the
banking industry to verify the legitimacy of documents. It helps in streamlining the processing
and clearance of various banking documents.

OMR

OMR or Optical Mark Recognition is a device capable of capturing human marked documents
such as surveys and tests to a digital format. For a document to be read by the device it needs to
be in a specified background. Since it takes data from the user, it is an input device.

VDU

VDU is also called Screen and Monitor. VDU. Stands for "Visual Display Unit" A VDU
displays images generated by a computer or other electronic device. The term VDU is often used
synonymously with "monitor," but it can also refer to another type of display, such as a digital
projector.

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PRINTER

Printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the
information to paper, usually to standard-size, 8.5" by 11" sheets of paper. Printers vary in size,
speed, sophistication and cost.

A printer is a hardware output device that is used to generate hard copy and print any document.
A document can be of any type such as a text file, image, or the combination of both. It accepts
input commands by users on a computer or on other devices to print the documents. For example,
if you have to submit a project report at your college, you need to create a soft copy of your
report and print it with the help of the printer.

PLOTTER

A plotter is a device that prints graphics in a variety of color formats with high-quality images.
It’s similar to a printer, but with more advanced capabilities.

Plotter allows us to create pictures, 3D postcards, advertising signs, charts, and various designs of

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the internal structure of building machines, as well as print large maps, architectural drawings,
large-format printing, and create pictures, 3D postcards, advertising signs, charts, and various
designs of the internal structure of building machines.

PROJECTOR

A projector is an output device that can take images generated by a computer or Blu-ray player
and reproduce them onto a screen, wall, or other surface. Typically, the surface projected onto is
large, flat, and lightly colored.

Result:
Thus, the Input/output Devices – Keyboard, Mouse, Touchpad, Track Point, Trackball,
Scanner, BCR, OCR, MICR, OMR, Camera –VDU, printer, plotter, projector are identified.

Experiment 6

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ASSEMBLE A SYSTEM WITH ADD ON CARDS AND CHECK THE WORKING

CONDITION OF THE SYSTEM AND INSTALL OS.

Aim:

To Assemble a system with add on cards and check the working condition of the system and
install OS.

Components / tools

Motherboard, processor ,heat sink, cpu cooling fan, RAM, HDD, CD/DVD drive, SMPS,
connecting cables, Computer case, screws driver set. (All the items must be compatible to
assemble the computer). The example shows the assembling of a typical computer, Windows 7
OS.

Procedure:

SYSTEM ASSEMBLY

● Prepare the Mainboard (motherboard).

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● Mount the CPU in the socket of the Mainboard. You must choose the correct CPU
for your motherboard, and install it according to its instructions. Be careful not to
install the CPU wrong. Not only would your computer not work, it could short-circuit
and damage your motherboard. Connect the CPU cooler to the Main board

● Attach the RAM(memory) modules in the corresponding slots. The motherboard should
have rows of lots that have 2 or 3 sections that are different lengths. Make sure the pins on
the RAM cards line up with the pins on the motherboard connector. Don't get the RAM slots
mixed up with PCI slots. The PCI slots are usually wider.

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● Open the case and mount the power supply which is M-ATX type. Make sure to
connect all the connections to the drives and the motherboard.

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● Attach the Mainboard backplate to the case and check the Mainboard
mountin
g positions. The motherboard's instructions should tell the position of the motherboard.

● Suitably position the Mainboard in the case.

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● Mount the Hard disk and connect it to the power supply and the motherboard. There
should be separate connections for the power supply and the motherboard. In the
SATA Hard disk case, you should remove the jumpe

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● Connect the SATA connectors to the drives and the USB connectors and the case
switches to the motherboard. The case and motherboard's instructions should tell
where to connect the cables.

● Connect the 20 or 24 pin ATX connector and the 4-pin power supply control
connector to the motherboard

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.
● Mount the DVD-ROM drive. After connecting the ATA cable to the device, hook it
up to the power supply. Installing a Graphics Card (Add-on).

● Remove the back panel covers that line up with the PCI-E slot. Almost all modern
graphics cards use PCI-E. Some will require you to remove two of the protective
plates as opposed to just one. You may have to punch the plates out of the case.

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● Insert the graphics card. You may have to bend a tab on the slot to allow the graphics
card to be inserted. The tab will help lock the graphics card in place (this is more
important for bulkier, high-end cards). Apply light, even force until the card is seated
uniformly, and the back panel lines up.

● Secure the card. Once you have inserted the card, use a screw to secure it to the back
panel of the case. If you don‟t secure your card, you could end up damaging it in the
long run.
● Install any other PCI cards. If you have any other PCI cards that you are add, such as
a dedicated sound card, the installation process is the same as the video card process.
● Finally, Close the cabinet case.

Select a compatible operating system and to install.

Final Check:

Motherboard jumper configurations are the settings for the processor operator.

1. Drive jumper settings, master/ slave correct?

2. Are the processor, RAM modules and plug in cards finally seated in their sockets?

3. Did you plug all the cables in? Do they all fit really?

4. Have you frightened all the screws in plug- in cards or fitted the clips?

5. Is the drive secure?

6. Have you connected the power cables to all drivers?

Powering up for the first time:

1. Ensure that no wires are touching the CPU heat sink fan.

2. Plug your monitor, mouse and keyboard.

3. Plug in the power card and switch the power supply.

4. If everything is connected as it should be

● All systems, fans should start spinning.

● U should hear a single beep and after about 5-10 sec.
● The Amber light on the monitor should go green.
● You will see the computer start to boot with a memory check.

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● Now check the front LED‟S to see if you plugged them in correctly.
● Check all other buttons.
● Power can afford to change any wrong settings.

OS INSTALLATION

Ensure that your computer meets or exceeds the minimum system requirements to run Windows
7:

Minimum requirements

● 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor*

● 1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit)
● 16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)
● DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver
● Super VGA 800x600 Display Adapter
● CD or DVD-ROM
● Keyboard and mouse, or other pointing devices
● Network Interface Adapter required for Internet and Network Connectivity
● Ensure you have a Windows 7 Product Key. It is printed on a sticker on your
software package. It is a string of 5 groups of characters (each 5 long), separated by
dashes, resulting in 25 characters in all.
● It looks like this: HHHCF-WCF9P-M3YCC-RXDXH-FC3C6.
● When the software has almost finished installing, you will be asked for it. You need
the product key to complete installing Windows.

Steps installing windows 7

● Before inserting the CD, you'll have to enter bios (in most cases by pressing DEL on
system startup) and select your primary boot device CD-ROM Insert the Windows
XP Installation Disc and start your computer. When prompted to "Press any key to
boot from CD," press a key on the keyboard.

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● The installation program will check your hardware, install default-set drivers, and
load files necessary for installation. When arriving at the "Welcome to Setup" screen,
Press ENTER to begin the installation process.
● Now you will get the Windows Setup Window. This is the part to select Language
for your windows. Select “English” and click Next. Also there will be an “INSTALL
NOW” button. Click on it and proceed to the next step.

● Select language, country and keyboard and click next

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● Click install now

● Accept the license agreement by checking the checkbox. And click the Next
button.

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● If you want to upgrade an existing Operating system, select Upgrade. Click the Custom
option now.

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● This is the important step. Here we can partition the hard disk and format the drive. If
there is no partition in the hard disk, the window will be shown on the right side.
Click drive options to create/delete/to make partitions.

● Create drives as required and select the drive you want to install Windows 7 and click
next

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● The installation process will start and take few minutes.

● Provide user name

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● Provide the Product key. And click next

● The computer will restart and will boot with the new OS

Result:

Thus assemble the PC with add on cards , check the working condition of the system and
OS installation has done successfully.

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Experiment 6

CONFIGURE BIOS SETUP PROGRAM AND TROUBLESHOOT THE TYPICAL

PROBLEMS USING BIOS UTILITY.

Aim: To configure bios setup program and troubleshoot the typical problems using the BIOS utility
of the pc.

Components/Tools :

Computer

Procedure:

Bios Setup:

The BIOS Setup utility reports system information and can be used to configure the server
BIOS settings. BIOS has a Setup utility stored in the BIOS flash memory. The configured
data is stored in the system's battery-backed CMOS RAM.

To access BIOS configuration screens and to change the system‟s parameters complete the
following steps:

1. Power on or power cycle the server.

2. To enter the BIOS Setup utility, press the F2 key while the system is performing
the power-on self-test (POST)
3. Press F2 to Run Setup Prompt

4. When BIOS is started, the main BIOS Setup utility top-level screen appears. This
screen provides seven menu options across the top of the screen.
5. Use the left and right arrow keys to select the different menu options
6. To select an option on a top-level screen, use the up and down arrow keys to scroll
up and down the options presented.
7. Only options that can be modified are highlighted when you press the up and
down arrow keys.
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8. If a field can be modified, as you select the option, user instructions for modifying
the option appear in the right column of the screen.
9. If a field is a link to a sub-screen, instructions to press the Enter key to access the
sub screen appear in the right column.
10. Modify the setup field and press the Esc key to save the changes and exit the screen.
Some screens present a confirmation dialog box that enables unwanted changes to
be retracted.
11. On sub-screens that only provide configuration information and cannot be modified,
press the Esc key to exit the screen.
12. To continue modifying other setup parameters, repeat Step 3 through Step 6.
Otherwise, go to Step 8
13. Press and release the right arrow key until the Exit menu screen appears.
14. Follow the instructions on the Exit menu screen to save or discard your changes and
exit the BIOS Setup utility.
15. BIOS Setup Screens Overview: Screen Description.

BIOS Setup Utility Menu Screens :

The BIOS Main screens provide general product information, including BIOS, processor,
system memory, and system time/date.

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BIOS Setup Utility: Main

Advanced Setting:

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Exit - Save Configuration Changes and Exit Confirmation:

BIOS Power-On Self-Test (POST) Events:

At system startup, the BIOS performs a power-on self-test that checks the hardware on your
server to ensure that all components are present and functioning properly.

Result:

Thus the bios setup program and troubleshoot the typical problems using BIOS utility of the pc’s
are identified.

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Experiment No.8

INSTALL AND CONFIGURE SCANNER, WEB CAM, CELL PHONE AND BIO-
METRIC DEVICE WITH SYSTEM AND TROUBLESHOOT THE PROBLEMS.

Aim:

To Install and configure Scanner, Web cam, Cell phone and biometric device with a computer
system.

Components / tools

Computer with windows 7 OS, scanner, web camera, cell phone, biometric device,
Device driver software for the above mentioned items.

Procedure:

Plug and Play installation:

1. Plug your web camera or scanner into your computer.

2. If your camera is Plug and Play, the Scanner and Camera Wizard starts.
-or-
3. Double-click Add Device.
4. Follow the instructions on your screen.

To Install and configure Scanner:

● To open Scanners and Cameras, click Start, click Control Panel, and then click Scanners And
Cameras.
● It displays an already installed scanner. Select “add device” and click next in the next
● Select the manufacturer and model if it is available. Otherwise select “Have disk”

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● The next window asks the driver i.e manufacturer's installation disk. Click browse

● Locate the driver file and click open. Then it will install the driver for the scanner

Notes
● If you have a Plug and Play camera, Windows detects it and installs it automatically.
● If your camera or scanner is not Plug_and_play, follow the installation instructions
that came with the device.
● If your camera or scanner is not listed in the Scanner and Camera Installation
Wizard, try to install it using Device Manager.

Plug and Play installation for we camera / cell phone:

● After everything has been plugged in, turn the computer on.
● Insert the CD that came with the web camera / cell phone.
● If the CD does not automatically start, open My Computer, double-click on the CD
drive, and then click the Setup or Install file. If you have downloaded the drivers, run
the downloaded setup file.
● Follow the installation wizard and once completed your software is installed.
● Test the web camera / cell phone to make sure it is working.

Cell phone installation in windows xp

● Open Windows Explorer on your PC (usually Start / All Programs / Accessories /

Windows Explorer )
● Connect your phone to your PC
● In XP: After ActiveSync shows it is connected, click on the "Explore" button on
ActiveSync on your PC

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● In the ActiveSync Explorer or the Windows Mobile Device Center Explorer window
you just opened on your PC, browse to the folder on your phone you want to copy
the file to. In WinXP: The window will usually open in your phone's My Documents
folder in WinXP ActiveSync. In order to browse anywhere else, you will have to go
up one level by double clicking on "My Windows Mobile Based Device" and then
browse to any folder on your phone or select the Memory Card and browse to any
folder there. Now in Windows Explorer on your PC find the file that you want to
copy to your phone.
● To copy the file to your phone, simply drag the file from Windows Explorer to the
window of the ActiveSync Explorer or Windows Mobile Device Center Explorer
window.
● Select the manufacturer and model if it is available. Otherwise select “Have disk”

Biometric device:

Procedure:

● Plug the U.are.U 4500 fingerprint reader into your computer and install it with the driver
installed.
● Check in Device Manager if the fingerprint reader is installed with Digital Persona driver.

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● Install Fingerprint SDK software. Restart your computer

● Run the Demo program located in the bin folder where the SDK was installed.

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● Place your finger on the reader and see it in action.

Result:

Thus the Installations and configuration of Scanner, Web cam, Cell phone and biometric
device to the pc are done successfully.

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Experiment.No:9

INSTALL AND CONFIGURE A DVD WRITER AND A BLU-RAY DISC WRITER AND
RECORDING DVD AND BLU-RAY DISK.

Aim:

To Install and Configure a DVD Writer and a Blu-ray Disc writer and record a Blank DVD
and Blu-ray Disc blank in a computer system.

Components/Tools :

Computer running Windows 7 , DVD/Blu-ray writer, , Blank DVD, Nero DVD burning
software

Procedure:

To install an external DVD & Blu-ray drive:

● When purchasing a new drive be sure to: DVD+/-RW and Blu-Ray Disc
● If you have a USB connection on your computer you can use an external drive.
The advantage to an exterior drive is that you can use it on other computers as
well.

To install an internal DVD & Blu-ray drive:

● Look for a DVD with the letters RW on the box. This is so you can read disks and
record them as well. Make sure the speed rating is 16X.
● Disconnect the power cord from the back of the
● Open the case of the computer.
● Locate the DVD drive. Most have two connections and can only be snapped in place one
way. One connection is for data and one for power.
● Check to see if your computer mounts the DVD/CD ROM drives from the inside or if
they are pushed through the front panel (you may have to remove the plastic panel on
some models.)
● Carefully remove the plastic “knock-off.
● Slide the DVD drive into an empty compartment or bay.
● Connect the DVD drive to the data cable.
● Look at the DVD to the power connector.
● Reassemble the cover and plug the computer back in.

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To record a blank DVD & Blu-ray:

● Insert the blank DVD in the DVD writer.

● Double click the Nero icon in the desktop.
● Then selection the needed options.

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To add the favorites file to copy in the disk.

● Click the burn button.

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● Then the files are recorded into the blank disk.

● Then finish recording.

Result:

Thus Installation and Configuration of DVD Writer and a Blu-ray Disc writer and
recording DVD and Blu-ray disk to the pc‟s are done successfully.

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Experiment .No:9.

PRINTER INSTALLATION AND SERVICING AND TROUBLESHOOT

Aim:

Printer Installation and Servicing: a) Head Cleaning in dot matrix printer b) Install and
configure Dot matrix printer and Laser printer c) Troubleshoot the above printers. d) Check and
connect the data cable connectivity

Components/Tools :

Computer with windows 7 OS, Dot matrix printer, Inkjet printer, Laser printer, Driver
software, Screwdrivers, printer head cleaning kit,

Procedure:

6(a).Head Cleaning in dot matrix printer:

● Adjust the print head spacing.

● Check the tension on the print head positioning belt. use a non fibrous swap dipped
in alcohol to clean the print.
● Clean the printer roller surface.
● Clean the gear train of the paper handling motor.
● Apply light oil to rails.
● Move the carriage assembly to distribute the oil.

6(b).Install and configure Dot matrix printer and Laser printer:

(i) To Install and configure Dot matrix printer:

Procedure
Method 1
1. Every printer should come with the software used to install a printer in Windows or your
operating system.
2. After everything has been plugged in, turn the computer on.
3. Insert the CD that came with the printer. If the CD does not automatically start, open My
Computer, double-click on the CD drive, and then click the Setup or Install file. If you
have downloaded the drivers, run the downloaded setup file.
4. Follow the installation wizard and once completed your software is installed.
5. Test the printer to make sure it is working.

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Method 2 :

● Connect the power cable to printer. Connect data cable of the printer to computer
● Go to Start > Device and Printers and click “add printer”

● Select local printer and click next

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● On the Choose a printer port page, make sure that the Use an existing port button and the
recommended printer port are selected, and then click Next.

● Select the Manufacture and model and click next button. if the model is not in the list,
click “have disk” button and in browse window locate the driver

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● if there is an existing driver that you want to replace select it and click next

● Type printer name and click next

● Computer will install driver

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● if windows ask to share the printer click “do not share printer” and click next. Otherwise
select share this printer and provide “share name”, comment etc.

● :if you want to set this printer as default select the check box and click finish

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● Then, follow the instructions on the computer screen.

● After installation, restart the system and check the printer.

(ii)To Install and configure Laser printer:

● Connect the power cable to printer. Connect data cable of the printer to computer
● Go to Start > Device and Printers and click “add printer”

● Select local printer and click next

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● On the Choose a printer port page, make sure that the Use an existing port button and the
recommended printer port are selected, and then click Next.

● Select the Manufacture and model and click the next button. if the model is not in the
list, click “have disk” button and in browse window locate the driver

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● : if there is an existing driver that you want to replace select it and click next

● Type printer name and click next

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● Computer will install driver

● If windows ask to share the printer click “do not share printer” and click next. Otherwise
select share this printer and provide “share name”, comment etc.

● If you want to set this printer as default select the checkbox and click finish

● Then, follow the instructions on the computer screen.

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● After installation, restart the system and check the printer.

6(c).Troubleshoot the Dot-matrix/inkjet/ laser jet printers

Common problems

o Printer does not function

o The printer does not print during self test.
o Printer not ready error message displayed.
o Carriage does not move.
o Paper empty-not sensing.
o No ribbon feed.
o Head pins problem and coils check.

General Troubleshooting methods

● If the computer printer does not turn on, make sure power is on at the outlet, then check
to be sure that all cable connections are secure. Check the electrical cord. Also make sure
that the cover is closed properly.
● If the printer turns on but does not print, or print is distorted, check software
configurations. Then turn the printer off, wait a few seconds to clear the memory and turn
it back on. If necessary, reboot the computer.
● If the unit still doesn‟t print or print is distorted, check for a loose belt (dot-matrix only)
and tighten, and remove and clean the printhead (dot matrix and ink-jet printers only). If
necessary, install a new factory-authorized head.
● You also can run a self-test following instructions in the computer printer owner‟s
manual. If the test fails to identify the problem, contact a service center.
● If the print on the page is smeared or streaked, clean all rollers, platen, and rails (dot
matrix or ink-jet printers) or clean the print head or print cartridge and the corona wire of
a laser printer. If the wire is broken you‟ll need to have it replaced by a professional.
● Reboot your computer. This generally solves most printing problems.
● Print a test page. If that prints and the application you are using doesn't, you probably will
need to contact the application's vendor for support.
● Try reinstalling the printer driver
● Offline : Press the Go or Online button. If this does not change the printer display to

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Online: Power the printer off for 1 minute and then turn it back on.

● Paper Jam : Open the doors and remove any paper, being careful not to tear it and lose
pieces inside. Paper may also be lodged under the toner cartridge so you may have to pull
it out. If you
● believe you have removed the paper but the display still says Paper Jam, power the
printer off
● for 1 minute and turn it back on. If the jam is severe, contact the printer vendor for their
expertise to rectify the problem.
● Processing Job : If the printer displays Processing Job but nothing is printing the job may
just be really large and take a while to print. If it has not printed after 5 minutes, press the
Cancel Job button on the printer. If the job will not cancel, power the printer off for 1
minute and turn it back on.
IO or Other Error :Most IO errors will be cleared by powering the printer off for 1 minute
and turning it back on. You may also need to check to make sure the network cable

6(d).Check and connect the data cable connectivity:

● See whether the cables are inserted fully into the printer port and computer port.
● Check for any bent pins in the printer connector. If bent pins are present, straighten it.
● Check the type of the cable to be used USB cables should not be longer than 15 feet.
● Check the continuity of the cable using a multimeter.

Result:

Thus Installation, Configuration and troubleshooting of printers done successfully.

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Experiment .No:10.

IDENTIFICATION OF SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS, USING STARTUP

DISK, DISK CLEANUP,DISK DEFRAGMENT,BACKUP AND RESTORE

Aim:

To identify system diagnostic tools, using startup disk, disk cleanup,disk defragment,backup and
restore in pc.

Components/Tools :

Computer running windows7, Active sync utility.

Procedure:

Using Scandisk and Disk Defragmenter:

Scandisk and Disk Defragmenter (Defrag) are two programs that when run in conjunction with each
other have the ability to detect and resolve many of the problems which can cause poor performance
and in more serious cases the loss of files.

Running Scandisk:

● Open My Computer > Right click on the drive > select Properties
● Select tools tab and click check now

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□ In the Check Disk <disk name> window, select the Automatically fix file system
errors check box
□ Click Start
□ If the drive that you want to check is currently in use and it is your system drive, you will
see a dialog box with a warning message. In this case, click Schedule disk check.
□ Exit all open programs, and then restart your computer. The checking will start
automatically before next Windows startup and display the results when completed
□ If you are not checking the system drive, you do not have to turn off the computer.
However, the selected drive may also be in use. In this case, you receive a message. After
you have saved all files and close all open programs, click Force a dismount.
The checking starts immediately. After it is completed, the results will be displayed.

□ If you run Scandisk monthly you need only check the "Thorough" box the first time you
run the program.
□ Always be sure to check the "Automatically fix errors" radio button

Running Defragment:

Click the Start button. In the search box, type disk defragment , and then, in the list of results,
click Disk defragment

1. Under Current status, select the disk you want to defragment.

2. To determine if the disk needs to be defragmented or not, click Analyze disk. If

you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or
provide confirmation.

Once Windows is finished analyzing the disk, you can check the percentage of
fragmentation on the disk in the Last Run column. If the number is above 10%, you
should defragment the disk.

3. Click the Defragment disk. If you are prompted for an administrator password or
confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.

Disk Defragmenter might take from several minutes to a few hours to finish, depending on the
size and degree of fragmentation of your hard disk. You can still use your computer during the
defragmentation process.

Notes

□ If the disk is already in exclusive use by another program, or if the disk is formatted using
a file system other than NTFS file system, FAT, or FAT32, it can't be defragmentedIn the
Check Disk <disk name> window, select the Automatically fix file system errors
check box

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□ Click Start
□ If the drive that you want to check is currently in use and it is your system drive, you will
see a dialog box with a warning message. In this case, click Schedule disk check.
□ Exit all open programs, and then restart your computer. The checking will start
automatically before next Windows startup and display the results when completed
□ If you are not checking the system drive, you do not have to turn off the computer.
However, the selected drive may also be in use. In this case, you receive a message. After
you have saved all files and close all open programs, click Force a dismount.
The checking starts immediately. After it is completed, the results will be displayed.

□ If you run Scandisk monthly you need only check the "Thorough" box the first time you
run the program.
□ Always be sure to check the "Automatically fix errors" radio button

Running Defragment:

Click the Start button. In the search box, type disk defragment , and then, in the list of results,
click Disk defragment

1. Under Current status, select the disk you want to defragment.

2. To determine if the disk needs to be defragmented or not, click Analyze disk. If
you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password
or provide confirmation.
3. Once Windows is finished analyzing the disk, you can check the percentage of
fragmentation on the disk in the Last Run column. If the number is above 10%, you
should defragment the disk.
4. Click the Defragment disk. If you are prompted for an administrator password or
confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.

Disk Defragmenter might take from several minutes to a few hours to finish, depending on the
size and degree of fragmentation of your hard disk. You can still use your computer during the
defragmentation process.

Notes

□ If the disk is already in exclusive use by another program, or if the disk is formatted using
a file system other than NTFS file system, FAT, or FAT32, it can't be defragmented
□ Network locations can't be defragmented.

□ If a disk that you're expecting to see under Current status is not showing up there, it
might be because it contains an error. You should try to repair the disk first, then
return to Disk Defragmenter to try again. See Check your hard disk for errors for
more information.

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Running Disk Cleanup:

Procedure:

1. Open Disk Cleanup by clicking the Start button , clicking All Programs, clicking
Accessories, clicking System Tools, and then clicking Disk Cleanup.

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2. Disk Cleanup will calculate the free space on your computer, which may take a few
minutes.

3. After the calculation is complete, you should see a dialog box that looks similar to the
following: Confirm that only the following checkboxes are checked:
● Downloaded Program Files
● Temporary Internet Files
● Recycle Bin
● Temporary Files

4. Click OK.

5. You should see a dialog box that asks Are you sure you want to permanently delete these
files?
6. Click Delete Files.

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7. Disk Cleanup will delete the files and close automatically.

Result:

Thus, system diagnostic tools, using startup disk, disk cleanup,disk defragment,backup and restore
in pc are identified.

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