MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Elements of Electrical Engineering 22215

Subject Code: --------
______________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXX
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary
and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual
(English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year
2021-2022. Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the
Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.
Q. Sub Answer Marking
N. Q. N. Scheme
1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 Marks
a) Define Reluctance & state its unit. Definition 1
Reluctance (s) :- Mark
Reluctance is the property of the substance which opposes the creation of flux in it.
OR
It is defined as the opposition to the creation of flux in the material. Unit 1 Mark
Unit of Reluctance (s) :-
Its unit is : AT/Wb
b) State the meaning of the terms lagging and leading phase difference. (1 Marks)
i ) Leading phase difference :
When two ac quantities of same frequency do not attain their respective zero or peak
values simultaneously, then the quantities are said to be out-of-phase quantities. The
quantity which attains the respective zero or peak value first, is called ‘Leading Quantity’.
ii) Lagging phase difference: (1 Marks)
The quantity which attains the respective zero or peak value later, is called ‘Lagging
Quantity’.
c) State the two advantages of 3 phase power supply over 1 phase power supply. Any 2 points
1. Constant power output: The power delivered by a three phase supply is constant and = 2 Marks
that of single phase supply is oscillating.
2. Higher power: For the same copper size output of 3 phase supply is always higher
than single phase supply.

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Subject Name: Elements of Electrical Engineering 22215

Subject Code: --------
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3. Smaller conductor cross section: For given power, cross section area of copper is
smaller as compared to single phase.
4. Magnetic field: Three phase supply has rotating magnetic field and single phase
supply has pulsating magnetic field.
5. Power Handling Capacity: Power handling capacity of three phase supply is
threetimes more than single phase supply
d) State the working principle of transformer.
Working principle of transformer : 2 Marks
Transformer works on the principle of mutual electromagnetic induction. When AC voltage
is applied to the primary winding it causes ac current to flow through primary winding
which produces alternating flux in the core. This changing flux links with the secondary
winding and according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, an emf is induced in
the secondary winding. The current flows in the secondary circuit if load is connected.
e) Define voltage ratio and current ratio of transformer. 2 marks for
Voltage Ratio: The transformer voltage ratio is defined as the ratio of primary voltage to definitions =
secondary voltage. 2 Marks
Voltage Ratio = V1/V2
Current Ratio: Current transformer ratio is the ratio of primary current input to
secondary current output.
Current Ratio= I1/I2
F Give the classification of 1 phase induction motor.
Single-phase induction motors are classified according to the auxiliary means used to start 2 Marks
the motor. They are classified as follows: (each type
1. Split-phase motor 1/2 marks)
2. Capacitor-start motor
3. Capacitor-start capacitor-run motor
4. Permanent-split capacitor (PSC) motor
5. Shaded-pole motor
g State the function of ELCB.
Functions of ELCB: Any two
 Provides protection to apparatus by detecting the unsafe magnitudes of leakage functions-2
currents diverting to earth. Marks
 Disconnect the supply to the circuit if line to ground fault occurs.
 Provides protection to users by detecting the unsafe magnitudes of leakage currents
diverting to earth.
2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks
a) State and explain Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction. First law 2
Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic Induction: marks
Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an electromotive force is Second Law
induced. If the conductor circuit is closed, a current is induced, which is called induced = 1 mark
current. Formula=1
Faraday’s Second Law of Electromagnetic Induction: mark

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Subject Name: Elements of Electrical Engineering 22215

Subject Code: --------
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It states that the magnitude of EMF induced in the coil is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux associated with that coil.
The formula of Faraday’s law is given below:

Where E is the electromotive force, Φ is the magnetic flux, and N is the number of turns.
b) Describe active power and reactive power with the help of power triangle. Each
Active Power: The actual power consumed by the load is active power or real power. The Definition 1
active power is the energy consumed by the load. The active power is measured in Watt, mark = 2
KW or MW. and is represented by the letter P in the power triangle. Marks
Active Power (P) = VI Cosɸ [ Cosɸ = Power Factor ] Diagram 2
Reactive power: Reactive power is the power that is stored in and returned by the load, marks
and is not used to perform useful work. It is measured in volt-ampere reactive (VAR) and
is represented by the letter Q in the power triangle.
Reactive Power (Q) = VI Sinɸ
Power Triangle Diagram:

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Elements of Electrical Engineering 22215

Subject Code: --------
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c) Explain 3 Phase balanced and unbalanced load concept in 3 phase system. Each
Three Phase Balanced System: diagram 1
In a balanced three-phase system, the phase voltages are equal or very close to mark (2
equal.Figure shows the three phase balance system. marks),
Properties of balanced system Each
1. Waveform is perfectly sinusoidal i.e. in-terms of magnitude and phase shift of 120 deg explanation
2. Current flowing through each phase is identical. 1 mark (2
3. No current flows through the neutral. marks)
4. Power loss is very low or not present.

Fig. Balanced 3 phase system

Three Phase Unbalanced System:
Unbalance or imbalance is a measurement of the inequality of the phase voltages. Voltage
imbalance is the measure of voltage differences between the phases of a three-phase
system
Increase in the load on one of the phase of system, it will draw more current than the other
two phases. And this will create imbalance in the system. Figure shows the three phase
unbalance system.

Fig. Unbalanced 3 phase system

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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
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Subject Name: Elements of Electrical Engineering 22215

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d) Explain the losses occurring in a transformer. Each point
1. Core Losses or Iron Losses 1 marks = 4
Eddy current loss and hysteresis loss depend on the magnetic properties of the material marks
used for the construction of the core. So, these losses are also known as core losses or iron (Explanatio
losses. n of
 Hysteresis loss in transformer: The reason is the reversal of magnetization in the Hysteresis &
transformer core. This loss depends on the volume and grade of the iron, frequency of Eddy
magnetic reversals and value of flux density. current loss
 Eddy current loss in transformer: The AC current is supplied to the primary winding which is not
sets up alternating magnetizing flux in the transformer. When this flux flow to a secondary compulsory)
winding, it produces induced emf in it. But some part of this flux also gets linked with other
conducting parts such as steel core or iron body or the transformer, which will result in
induced emf in those parts, causing small circulating current in them. This current is called
as eddy current. Due to the current, some energy will be dissipated in the form of heat.
2. Copper Loss
The ohmic resistance of the transformer windings creates copper loss. The copper loss for
the primary winding is I12R1 and for the secondary winding is I22R2. Where, I1 and I2 are
current in primary and secondary winding respectively, R1 and R2 are the resistances of
primary and secondary winding respectively. We can see that Cu loss is proportional to
square of the current, and current depends on the load. So that copper loss in transformer
varies with the load
3. Stray Loss
The reason for the types of loss is the occurrence of the leakage field. When compared with
copper and iron losses, the percentage of stray losses are less, so these losses can be
neglected.
4. Dielectric Loss
The oil of the transformer is the reason for this loss. Oil in transformer is an insulating
material. When the oil in the transformer gets deteriorates then the transformer’s
efficiency will be affected.
3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks

a State and explain Fleming’s right Hand rule. ( Figure: 2

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule: Stretch out the first three fingers of your right hand such that Marks &
they are mutually perpendicular to each other, align first finger in direction of magnetic Explanation:
field, thumb in direction of motion of conductor with respect to magnetic field, then the 2 Marks = 4
middle finger will give the direction of induced emf in conductor. Marks)

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Subject Name: Elements of Electrical Engineering 22215

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or equivalent figure
b Explain the construction and working of 1 Phase Autotransformer. ( 2 marks
Constructional sketch of auto transformer: for diagram
and 2 marks
for
explanation
= 4 Marks)

OR Equivalent Figure
Working:
An Auto Transformer is a transformer with only one winding wound on a laminated core.
An auto transformer is similar to a two winding transformer but differ in the way the
primary and secondary winding are interrelated. A part of the winding is common to both
primary and secondary sides. On load condition, a part of the load current is obtained
directly from the supply and the remaining part is obtained by transformer action. An Auto
transformer works as a voltage regulator.
c Explain the working of universal motor with neat sketch. Working of universal
motor.
i) Working of universal motor with DC supply:
• When the universal motor is fed with a DC supply, then current flows in the field winding,
it produces an electromagnetic field. The same current also flows through the armature
conductors.
• According to basic motor principle, when a current carrying conductor is placed in the
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Subject Name: Elements of Electrical Engineering 22215

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magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force and torque exerted the current carrying
armature conductors, therefore the rotor starts to rotate.
ii) Working of universal motor with AC supply:
• When fed with AC supply, current flows through armature and field winding. So current
carrying armature conductors are in magnetic field experiences mechanical force and
ultimately produce unidirectional torque, because armature winding and field winding are
connected in series, they carry same current.
• Hence, as polarity of AC voltage changes and current reverses its direction, the direction
of current in armature conductors and magnetic field in the air-gap reverses at the same
time.
• The direction of magnetic field and the direction of armature current reverse in such a
way that the direction of force experienced by armature conductors remains same.

d Describe the working of MCCB. List types of Earthing.

Working of MCCB: ( Molded Case Circuit Breaker)
1) The operating mechanism consisting of lever, spring, contacts etc. is used to open or
close the MCCB electrically.
2) The arc extinguisher facilitates for the quenching of arc by lengthening it which is
produced when MCCB gets opened and current is interrupted.
3) The trip unit is the brain of the circuit breaker. It senses the overload or short- circuit
condition and trip mechanism is operated to trip the MCCB.
4) When overload occurs, the thermal relay mechanism permits overload for short
duration, then bimetal strip actuates the tripping mechanism to open the MCCB
contacts.
5) When short-circuit occurs, large magnetic force produced by short-circuit current
operates the lever to trip the MCCB immediately and open the contacts.
Types of Earthing:
1. Pipe type earthing
2. Plate earthing
3. Rod earthing or Driven Rod earthing
4. Strip earthing or Wire earthing
5 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks

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Subject Name: Elements of Electrical Engineering 22215

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a Distinguish between Electric and Magnetic Circuit. ( 1 mark for
Distinguish between Electric and Magnetic Circuit: each point =
Sr. Magnetic circuit Electric circuit 4 Marks)
No
1 The magnetic circuit in which Path traced by the current is known as
magnetic flux flow electric current.
2 MMF is the driving force in the EMF is the driving force in the
magnetic circuit. The unit is ampere electric circuit. The unit is Volts.
turns.
3 There is flux φ in the magnetic There is a current I in the electric
circuit which is measured in the circuit which is measured in amperes.
weber.
4 The number of magnetic lines of force The flow of electrons decides the
decides the flux. current in conductor.
5 Reluctance (S) is opposed by Resistance (R) opposes the flow of the
magnetic path to the flux. current.
The Unit is ampere turn/weber. The unit is Ohm
6 S = l/ (μ0μra). R = ρ. l/a.
7 The Flux = MMF/ Reluctance The current I = EMF/ Resistance
8 The flux density The current density
9 Kirchhoff mmf law and flux law is Kirchhoff current law and voltage
applicable to the magnetic flux. law is applicable to the electric
circuit.
b A 1-phase transformer has 375 turns on the input side and 1050 turns on the output 4 Marks
side. The transformer is connected 400V, 50 Hz ac supply. The net cross sectional (2 Marks for
area of the core is 40 cm^2. Find the current and voltage developed across the voltage
secondary side of the transformer. calculation
Given Data: and 2 marks
No. of Turns on Primary side=N1=375 turns. for current
No. of Turns on Secondary side=N2=1050 turns. calculation)
Primary voltage = V1=400V
Frequency=F=50Hz
Area= 40cm^2=40*10^4
V2=?
I1=?
I2=?
Solution:
Formula =

on which, output voltage, ( )

( )( )
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V2=1120 volt
Kindly consider Current on the input side (primary) = 75A
Turns ratio (N) = 2.8
The current ratio (Ir) is equal to the turns ratio (N). Therefore, the current on the output
side (secondary) can be calculated as follows:
Current on the output side = Current on the input side / Turns ratio
Current on the output side = 75A / 2.8
Current on the output side ≈ 26.79A (approximately)
So, the current developed across the secondary side of the transformer is approximately
26.79A.
(Note: Student can consider any value of current)
c Explain the working of capacitor start induction motor with neat circuit diagram ( 2 marks
for diagram
and 2 marks
for
explanation
= 4 Marks)

OR

OR

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Working:
1) The auxiliary (starting) winding connected in series with the capacitor draws a leading
current while the main winding continues to draw the lagging current.
2) The vector addition of both the currents never becomes equal to zero and resultant
current produces the rotating magnetic field (rmf).
3) This rmf is cut buy the rotor conductors and emf is induced in it. This emf drives the
current in rotor conductors.
4) Thus motor principle i.e whenever a current carrying conductor is available in the
magnetic field, it experiences the force and the torque is produced.
5) The angle between both currents flowing through main and starting winding is large.
6) Due to large angle the starting torque is larger as compared to the split phase induction
motor.
7) As soon as the speed reaches to 75 % to 80 % of the maximum speed the centrifugal
switch is automatically opens and starting winding is disconnected. Then induction motor
runs with only flux produced by the main winding.
d Explain variable reluctance stepper motor. ( 2 marks
Variable Reluctance Motors:- for diagram
and 2 marks
for
explanation
= 4 Marks)

or equivalent dia.
Working:
When phase A is excited rotor attempts minimum reluctance between stator and rotor

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and is subjected to an electromagnetic torque and there by rotor rotates until its axis
coincideswith the axis of phase A.
Then phase ‘B’ is excited disconnecting supply of phase ‘A’ then rotor will move 30
anticlockwise directions. The Same process is repeated for phase ‘C’
In this way chain of signals can be passed to get one revolution and direction can be also
changed.
e Explain the need of earthing in an electrical system with its advantages. (2 marks for
Necessity of Earthing: Need and 2
1. To provide an alternative path for the leakage current to flow towards earth. marks for
2. To save human life from danger of electrical shock due to leakage current. Advantages
3. To protect high rise buildings structure against lightening stroke. = 4 Marks)
4. To provide safe path to dissipate lightning and short circuit currents.
5. To provide stable platform for operation of sensitive electronic equipment’s.
Advantages of Earthing :
1. It provides an alternative path for the leakage current to flow towards earth.
2. A sudden surge in voltage or overload does not harm the device and person if proper
earthing measures are done.
3. It prevents the risk of fire hazards that could otherwise be caused by current leakage.
4. It saves human life from danger of electrical shock due to leakage current.
5. It protects high rise buildings structure against lightening stroke.
6. It provide safe path to dissipate lightning and short circuit currents.
It provide stable platform for operation of sensitive electronic equipment’s
5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 12 Marks

a Three identical coils each having resistance of resistance of 15 Ω & inductance of

0.03 H are connected in delta across 400 V, 50 Hz AC Supply. Determine
1. Phase Current 01 Mark for
2. Line Current each
3. Phase Voltage
4. Line Voltage
5. Power Factor
6. Total power consumed
Given Data : Rph = 15 Ω , L = 0.03 H , VL = 400 V, F = 50Hz

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Subject Name: Elements of Electrical Engineering 22215

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b
b) Draw the constructional diagram of DC motor & also state the function of
b
following parts.
1. Yoke
2. Field Winding
3. Armature Winding
4. Brushes

Diagram 2
marks

Or Equivalent Diagram
Part Functions
1 mark for
each
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Subject Name: Elements of Electrical Engineering 22215

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 Provides mechanical support for poles. function (4
Yoke  Acts as protecting cover for machine. marks)
 Carries magnetic flux.
 Produces mmf and consequently magnetic flux
Field Winding
when carries current.
 Provides conductors to
Armature Winding  Induce emf in it (in generator)
 Produce force on it (in motor)
 To inject or collect current from rotating armature
winding.
Brush
 To facilitate electrical connection of rotating
armature winding to external stationary circuit.
C The voltage equation of AC system is given by
V = 100 sin 314 t
Find - (i) Maximum value (ii) Time period (iii) RMS value 01 Mark for
(iv) Average value (v) Form factor (vi) Peak factor each
Given v = 100 sin 314 t
Comparing with standard equation : v = V M sin ω t
(i) Maximum value : V M = 100 V ------------------------------------------(1 Mark)
Frequency : F = ω / 2π
= 314 / 2 * 3.14
Frequency = 50 Hz
(ii) Time Period (T) :
T=1/F
= 1 / 50
T = 0.02 sec --------------------------------------------------- (1 Mark)
(iii) RMS value Vrms = 0.707 x Vm
= 0.707 x 100
= 70.7 V----------------------------------------------------- (1 Mark)
vi) Average Vavg = 0.637 x Vm
= 0.637 x 100
= 63.7 V ---------------------------------------------- (1 Mark)
v) Form Factor = RMS Value/ Average Value
= 70.7 / 63.7
= 1.11 ----------------------------------------------------- (1 Mark)
vi) Peak Factor = Maximum Value/ RMS Value
= 100 / 70.7
= 1.41 --------------------------------------------------------(1 Mark)
6 Attempt any TWO of the following 12 Marks

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a Explain the working of Shaded Pole Induction Motor & State the application of it.
Working Principle of Shaded Pole Motor:
When power is supplied to the stator, flux is induced in the main part of the pole. This flux
induces a voltage in the shading coil. This acts as a secondary winding. By Lenz’s law, the Working 2
current direction should be in such a way that, is opposing the flux entering into the coil. marks
This acts as a secondary winding of a transformer.
Working of Shaded Pole Motor:
In the core, when a single phase is applied an alternating flux is generated. This flux links
with the shaded coil in fraction amounts. Then voltage gets induced in the coil due to the
variation in the flux linking. Hence, the shaded portion is short-circuited due to which it
produces the circulating current in it. In such a way, the direction is opposing the main flux.

Diagram 2
marks

Applications:
 Relays, Fans and other small devices due to its low cost
 Exhaust fans
 Hair dryers Application
 Table fans 2 marks
 Cooling fans (any 4 )
 Refrigerators
 Air conditioners
 Projectors
 Record players
 Tape recorder
b State the function of fuse & also classify it. Explain Switch fuse unit & Fuse switch
unit.
Function of Fuse
 To break the circuit under fault condition. 2 mark
 To provide over current protection to the circuit.
 To provide short circuit protection to the circuit.
 To provide safety to the users.
2 marks
Page 14 of 16
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Subject Name: Elements of Electrical Engineering 22215

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Classification of Fuse
1. Rewirable Fuses
2. HRC Fuse
3. Cartridge type Fuses
4. D-type Cartridge Fuse
5. Link Type Fuse
6. Blade and Bolted type Fuses
7. Striker type Fuse
8. Switch type Fuse
9. HV (High Voltage) Fuses
10. Cartridge Type HRC Fuse
11. Liquid Type HRC Fuse
12. Expulsion Type HV Fuse
Switch Fuse Unit (SFU)
 It has one switch unit and one fuse unit. 1 mark
 When we operate the breaker, the contacts will get close through switch and then
the supply will passes through the fuse unit to the output.
Fuse Switch Unit (FSU) 1 mark
 In Fuse Switch Unit there is no separate switch and fuse unit.
 There is only fuse unit which acts itself as a switch
 When we operate fuse unit will close the input & output of breaker
c Explain with neat diagram, operation of MCB & also explain also explain advantages
of MCCB.
Operation of MCB: Operation
 The operation of the MCB includes two stages, i.e., thermal operation and short 2 marks
circuit operation.
 The former operation based on the thermal effect of over current while the later
operation is based on the electromagnetic effect of over current.
 All MCBs operate on the air-break principle where the arc between the contacts is
forced into the splitter plates through arc runners.
 This causes to spilt single arc into a series of arcs and then extinguishes the arc by
extracting the energy from the arc and by cooling it.
 With the use of bimetallic strip, thermal operation is achieved in case overload
conditions.
When overload current flows through the MCB, the bimetallic strip gets heated and causes
to deflect. In doing so, it moves the trip lever and releases the latch mechanism and hence
the contacts open under spring mechanism.

Diagram 2
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marks

Advantages
2 marks
Or Equivalent Diagram (any two)
Advantages of MCCB
 Higher current ratings
 Adjustable tripping characteristics
 High performance in a compact size
 Wide range of accessories for operating and automation requirements
 No possibility of phase failure – all poles trip simultaneously

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