Week 1: Digital and Analog systems

1.Introduction to Digital and Analog quantities

2.Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform
3.Introduction to basic logic operations
4.Digital integrated circuits
5.Advantages of digital systems over analog systems
1. Introduction to Digital and Analog quantities

Analog quantities:
➢ Continuously variable electrical or physical
quantity.
➢ They take on any value within a continuous
range.
➢ Most things that can be measured quantitatively
occur in nature in analog form.
➢ Examples: sound, voltage, time, pressure,
temperature
1. Introduction to Digital and Analog quantities
1. Introduction to Digital and Analog quantities

Digital quantities:
➢ Have digits that represent numbers, letters, or
symbols.
➢ Digital quantities are strictly with two levels,
ON and OFF states, which we can represent
by 0s and 1s.
➢ They have specific, distinct values.
1. Introduction to Digital and Analog quantities
1. Introduction to Digital and Analog quantities

Why do we use digital representations in a naturally

analog world?
➢ It is much easier for electronic machine to handle
quantities in digital format
➢ Quantization: mapping a continuous range of
values to a discrete set of values.
1. Introduction to Digital and Analog quantities

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1. Introduction to Digital and Analog quantities

➢ Analog signal is defined by the amplitude,

frequency, and phase while digital signal are
defined by the bit interval and bit-rate.
➢ In terms of signal nature, the analog signals
correspond to the continuous-time signal, while
the digital signals correspond to discrete-time
signals.
➢ In terms of waveform, analog signals are
represented by sine waves while digital signals
are represented by square waves and pulses.
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform

Binary Digits
➢A digital signal is made up of a series of 1s and
0s that represent numbers, letters, symbols, or
control signals.
➢1 is represented by the higher voltage, a HIGH
(ON), and a 0 is represented by the lower voltage
level, LOW (OFF)
➢The two-state number system is called binary. A
binary digit is called a bit.
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform

Logic levels
➢A logic level is a band of voltage levels, from a
minimum to a maximum level, representing
either a logic 0 or a logic 1 in digital circuits.
➢ In digital electronics, logic levels are typically
defined by voltage ranges:
▪Low Logic Level (Logic 0): A voltage range close
to 0 volts.
▪High Logic Level (Logic 1): A voltage range
significantly higher than 0 volts.
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform

Digital Waveform
➢Digital waveforms are electrical signals that
represent digital data and consist of discrete
voltage levels that change back and forth between
the HIGH and LOW levels or states.
➢Pulse Waveform: a high voltage level followed
by a low voltage level.
➢Square Wave: alternates between high and low
voltage levels at regular intervals.
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform

Pulse Waveform
➢ A pulse has two edges: a leading edge that
occurs first at time t0 and a trailing edge that
occurs last at time t1.
➢ For a positive-going pulse, the leading edge is a
rising edge, and the trailing edge is a falling
edge.
➢ The time required for a pulse to go from its LOW
level to its HIGH level is called the rise time (tr).
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform

Pulse Waveform
➢ The time required for the transition from the
HIGH level to the LOW level is called the fall
time (tf).
➢ The pulse width (tW) is a measure of the
duration of the pulse and is often defined as the
time interval between the 50% points on the
rising and falling edges.
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform
 2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform

Square Waveform
➢ In each cycle, the wave first switches from zero
to some peak voltage value (Vpk) for a fixed
period, then switches low again for a second
fixed period, and so on.
➢ The duration for which a signal is in its high
state is Ton, and the duration for which the
signal is in its low state is Toff e.g if Ton is at 5v,
Toff is at -5V
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform

Key Characteristics of Digital Waveforms

➢ Amplitude: The magnitude of the voltage
levels.
➢ Period: The time taken for one complete cycle of
the waveform. 𝑇 = 1/𝑓
➢ Frequency: The number of cycles per second,
measured in Hertz (Hz). 𝑓 = 1/T
➢ Duty Cycle: The ratio of the high voltage level
𝑡𝑤
to the total period. 𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 =
𝑇
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform

Timing Diagrams
➢ A timing diagram is a graph of digital waveforms
showing the actual time relationship of two or more
waveforms and how each waveform changes in relation
to the others.
➢ From a timing diagram, you can determine the states
(HIGH or LOW) of all the waveforms at any specified
point in time and the exact time that a waveform
changes state relative.
➢ Common timing diagrams consist of a clock signal, a
data signal representing digital data, and control signals
controlling the operation of digital circuits.
2. Binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveform
3. Introduction to basic logic operations

➢ Several kinds of digital logic circuits are the

basic elements forming the building blocks for
complex digital systems such as the computer.
➢ Logic is applied to digital circuits used to
implement logic functions.
➢ Three basic logic functions (NOT, AND, and
OR) The lines connected to each symbol are the
inputs and outputs.
➢ The true/false conditions mentioned earlier are
represented by a HIGH (true) and a LOW
(false).
3. Introduction to basic logic operations
3. Introduction to basic logic operations

NOT Gate
➢ The NOT function changes one logic level to the
opposite logic level,
➢ When the input is HIGH (1), the output is LOW
(0).
➢ When the input is LOW, the output is HIGH.
➢ The NOT function is implemented by a logic
circuit known as an inverter.
3. Introduction to basic logic operations
3. Introduction to basic logic operations

AND Gate
➢ The AND function produces a HIGH output
only when all the inputs are HIGH.
➢ When any or all inputs are LOW, the output is
LOW.
➢ The AND function is implemented by a logic
circuit known as an AND gate.
3. Introduction to basic logic operations
3. Introduction to basic logic operations

OR Gate
➢ The OR function produces a HIGH output
when one or more inputs are HIGH.
➢ When one input is HIGH or the other input is
HIGH or both inputs are HIGH, the output is
HIGH.
➢ When both inputs are LOW, the output is LOW.
➢ The OR function is implemented by a logic
circuit known as an OR gate.
3. Introduction to basic logic operations
4. Digital Integrated Circuits

➢ Digital integrated circuits (ICs) are electronic

circuits that operate on discrete signals,
typically represented by binary values (0 and 1).
➢ They are the building blocks of modern digital
systems, used for processing and storing digital
information in electronic devices.
➢ Digital IC components are logic gates, such as
combinational and sequential circuits, flip-flops,
and multiplexers.
4. Digital Integrated Circuits

➢ A monolithic integrated circuit (IC) is an

electronic circuit that is constructed entirely on
a single small chip of silicon.
➢ All the components that make up the circuit—
transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors—
are an integral part of that single chip.
➢ Fixed-function logic and programmable logic
are two broad categories of digital ICs.
4. Digital Integrated Circuits

➢ These digital ICs, typically microprocessors, DSPs,

and microcontrollers, use Boolean algebra to process 1
and 0.
➢ Digital ICs are categorized as:
▪ Logic IC e.g. microprocessors and microcontrollers
▪ Memory chips e.g. MOS memory and floating-
gate memory.
▪ Interface ICs e.g. level shifters, serializer/deserializer,
▪ Power management ICs
▪ Programmable devices.
4. Digital Integrated Circuits

Fixed Function Logic Devices

➢ All the logic elements and functions that have been
discussed are generally available in IC form.
➢ In fixed-function logic devices, the logic functions
are set by the manufacturer and cannot be altered.
➢ A microcontroller is different than a PLD. The
internal circuits of a microcontroller are fixed, and a
program (series of instructions) directs the
microcontroller operation to achieve a specific
outcome.
4. Digital Integrated Circuits

Fixed Function Logic Devices

➢ Classifications according to complexity include
SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, and ULSI.
➢ SSI refers to fixed-function ICs with up to ten
equivalent gate circuits, MSI includes 10-100
equivalent gates, LSI includes 100-10,000
equivalent gates, and VLSI includes 10,000-
100,000 gates.
➢ Complexities of more than 100,000 equivalent
gates per chip are classified as ULSI.
4. Digital Integrated Circuits
Programmable Devices
➢ These are programmed to perform specified logic
functions and operations by the manufacturer or by the
user.
➢ Devices use much less board space for an equivalent
amount of logic compared to fixed function logic.
➢ Designs can be readily changed without rewiring or
replacing components.
➢ Logic design can be implemented faster and with less
cost with programmable logic than with fixed-function
logic.
4. Digital Integrated Circuits
Programmable Devices
➢ Two major categories of user-programmable logic are
PLD (programmable logic device) and FPGA (field-
programmable gate array)
➢ An SPLD, CPLD, or FPGA can be thought of as a “blank
slate” on which you implement a specified circuit or
system design using a certain process.
➢ This process requires a software development package
installed on a computer to implement a circuit design in
the programmable chip.
➢ The computer must be interfaced with a development
board or programming fixture containing the device
4. Digital Integrated Circuits
Programmable Devices
4. Digital Integrated Circuits
Programmable Devices
5. Advantages of digital systems over analog
systems

➢Digital signals can be easily stored, and

processed.
➢Compact storage and less bandwidth.
➢Noise immunity.
➢Greater accuracy and precision
Practice Exercises

1. A periodic digital waveform has a pulse

width of 25 ms and a period of 150 ms.
Determine the frequency and the duty cycle.
2. A basic 3-input logic circuit has a LOW on
one input and a HIGH on the other two
inputs, and the output is LOW. What type of
logic circuit is it? Represent the circuit
graphically.
References

➢ Digital Fundamentals by Thomas L. Floyd, 11th

Edition
➢ Digital Electronics: A Practical Approach with
VHDL by William Kleitz