INTODUCTION

Outer space is also one of the mysterious topic in the real science world From
thousands of years , we mankind has been exploring the space for

seeking the unknown answer of our question . Every answer is used to

increase knowledge of human towards cosmos and used for benefit of

humanity . We humans have always looked at the heavens and wondered

about the nature of the objects seen in the night sky . With the development
of rockets and the advance in the electronics and other

technology in the twentieth century , it became possible to send machines

and animals and then people above earth's atmosphere into outer space .
But before these achievements from technology ,

however ‘Space Exploration ’ had already captured in the minds of many

people , not only in the minds of aircrafts pilots and scientists but also in
writers and artists . By simply looking at the sky , imagining through the
night and day view and the data presented in the written books of religion

ASTRONOMERS AND GREAT SCIENTISTS

Many astronomer and great scientists contributed for the exploration of

space. The name of various astronomers and events happen for space

exploration are mentioned below :

Thales of Miletus

Around 624 BC there was a person named Thales.

He was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, and

pre- socratic philosopher from Miletus in lonia,

Asia minor. He wanted to explain the nature

without the reference of mythology. He is

recognized at today’s world for breaking the

mythology to explain the world and universe instead explaining natural

object and phenomena by naturalistic theories and hypothesis in the

precursor to modern science .He believed that world is a floating disc in

a heavenly ocean surrounded by a sphere of stars .

According the Herodotus , Thales predicted the solar eclipse of May 28, 585
BC . Thales also described the position of ursa minor and he thought

the constellation might be useful as a guide for navigation at the sea . He

calculated the duration of the year and the timings of the equionxes and
solstices .

Aristotle

He was a Greek astronomer , scientists of around 384 BC to 322 BC . He was

the first person to believe that earth was round . He thought earth was the
center of the universe and that the sun , moon , planets and all other stars
revolved around it which was popularly known as geocentric theory. Although
after a century later , heliocentric or sun centered universe or space was
believed .

Nicolaus Copernicus (19 Feb 1473- 24 May 1543 AD ) was active as a

mathematician and astronomer . He formulated a model of universe that
placed the sun rather than

earth at its center which was popularly

known as the heliocentric hypothesis . He

changed the concept of people about the

space .

Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564- 8

January 1642) was an astronomer,

physicist and engineer . He has been

called ‘Father of Observational

astronomy ’ . He modified the

telescope and used it for scientific

observations of celestial objects . His

contribution to observational
astronomy include telescopic

confirmation of the phases of Venus

, observation of the four largest

satellites of Jupiter , observation of

Saturn’s ring and analysis of sunspots . He studied the milky way and

made various observation about stars , including how to measure their

apparent size without a telescope . He proved that the heliocentric

hypothesis is true.

INVENTIONS THAT LEADS TO SPACE EXPLORATION

The observation and the study of the space from the earth wasn’t

effective much more than going into space and observe more preciously.

For this we need to fly over high and high. For this many scholar gave

various ideas and tried experiment to fly but couldn’t succeed .

But In 1904-1905 , the Wright

brothers developed their flying

machine to make longer – running and more aerodynamic flights. By the

invention of their , human are able to

fly for first time

Robert H. Goddard

Human didn’t stop at the

invention of wright brother

and carried various

advanced technology of

flying . The ideas of rocket

was generated . Robert

Hutching Goddard was a

great American engineer ,

physicist and inventor who

is credited with creating

and building the worlds first

liquid rocket . He launched

34 rocket between 1926 and 1941 achieving the altitude as high as 2.6

km and speeds as fast as 885 km/h . Goddard’s work as both theorist and

engineer anticipated many of the development that would make space

flight possible at the present time. Two of Goddard’s 214 patented

invention , a multi-stage rocket (1914) and liquid-fuel rocket (1914) were

important milestones towards spaceflight . He successfully pioneered

modern method to allow rockets to control their flight effectively .

By 1912 he had in his spare time , using calculus , developed the

mathematics which allowed him to calculate the position and velocity of

a rocket in vertical flight , give the weight of the rocket and weight of the

propellent and the velocity of the exhaust gases . He accounted for

vertical flight from the surface of earth Goddard included in his

differential equation the effects of gravity and aerodynamics drag, so he is

known as father of modern rocketry.

Wernher Von Braun

He was a German – American

aerospace engineer and space

architecture. He was leading figure

in the development of rocket

technology in Nazi Germany and a

pioneer of rocket and space

technology in the United States .

He helped to design and codeveloped the V-2 rocket during the

world war II . V-2 is the first man

object to enter into space .During

war he moved to United States . He worked for the United States army

on an inter-mediate range ballistic missile program , and he developed

the rocket that launch the United States first space satellite Explorer in

1958. In 1960 , his group was assimilation into NASA.

V-2 Rocket

The V-2 with the technical name Aggregate

4 (A4) was the world's first long – range

guided ballistic missile . The missile

powered by a liquid propellent rocket

engine , was developed during the world

war in Germany as a “Vengeance Weapon

” and assigned to attack Allied cities as

retaliation for the Allied bombing against

German cities . The V-2 rocket became the

first artificial object to travel into space by

crossing the Karman line with the vertical launch of MW 18014 on 20

June 1944. The rocket travelled at supersonic speed.

Afterthe travel of man made object into space . It made people to think

about the space exploration . As the result , History changed on 4

October 1957, When the Sovient Union successfully launched sputnik .

Sputnik
It was launched into an elliptical

low Earth orbit by USSR as apart

of Soviet space program . It

orbited for three weeks before

its batteries ran out . The

satellite the silently continued to

orbit the planet for two months

before it fall back into the

atmosphere on 4 Janaury 1958.

It was polished metal sphere

with four external radio

antennas to Broad cast radio pulses . Its radio signal was easily detected

by radio amateurs and the 650 orbital inclination and duration of its orbit

made its flight path cover virtually the entire inhabited Earth . The launch

was the beginning of the new era of political , military , technological

and scientific development .

This made human to travel a living life into space and In 1957 ,3

November USSR send first mammal in orbit the dog named lalik by using

sputnik 2 . The space exploration didn’t stop here . The rocket Luna 1

sent by USSR at 1959 was the first rocket to reach earth escape velocity

and it also attempted to impact the moons surface but it missed by 5,995

km. It was the first artificial object in heliocentric orbit and for first time

it detected solar wind.

HUMAN EXPLORING THE SPACE

Yuri Gagrain

This made human themselves to travel

in the space and At 1961 Yuri

Alekseyevich Gagarin finally made it .

He was a soviet pilot and cosmonaut

who became the first human to journey

into outer space. Travelling in the

Vostok 1 capsule , Gagarin completed

one orbit of earth on 12 April 1961. By

achieving this major milestone in the

space race he became an international

celebrity and was awarded many

medals and titles including Hero of the

Soviet Union , his nations highest honor

. His flight on 12 April, 1961 lasted 108 minutes as he circled the earth

for a little more than one orbit in the Sovient Union Vostok spacecraft .

UN Space Treaty

The continuous experiment for the space exploration for the space

exploration has created a negative competition among the powerful

continues . So , In 1967 UN created the treaty on principle governing the

activities of states in the space exploration and use of outer space ,

including the moon and other celestial bodies which is known as ‘Outer

Space Treaty ’ . The treaty deals with the issues such as the nonappropriation
of outer space by anyone country , arms control , the

freedom exploration , liability of damage caused by space objects , the

safety of astronauts , the prevention of harmful interference with space

activities , scientific investigation and the exploration of natural

resources in the outer space and the settlement of disputes.

Neil Alden Armstrong

He was an American astronaut and

aeronautical engineer and the first

person to walk on the moon . He was

also a naval aviator test pilot and

university professor .

He made his first spaceflight in the

march 1966 AD , becoming NASA’s

first civilian astronaut to fly in space .

During this mission with pilot David

Scott , he performed the first doking

of two spacecraft . When Armstrong

first stepped on the lunar surface he

said ,” That’s one small step for man , one giant leap for mankind"

CONCLUSION

At the end it is concluded that space exploration is not a small job to do.

It need sources , ideas , huge investment and other stuff. We human have

explored 1000 times of the data which we have at 100 years back . But

we know only 4 percent of the whole universe . So the space exploration

is the continuous process of the human society . As it is the unlimited

expansion of mass , objects , space . It also seems like it is the never

ending process .

Thank you