CHAPTER 01

REAL NUMBERS
Natural numbers: Counting numbers are called Natural numbers. These numbers
are denoted by N = {1, 2, 3, .........}
Whole numbers: The collection of natural numbers along with 0 is the collection of
Whole number and is denoted by W.
Integers: The collection of natural numbers, their negatives along with the number
zero are called Integers. This collection is denoted by Z.
Rational number: The numbers, which are obtained by dividing two integers, are
called Rational numbers. Division by zero is not defined.
Co prime: If HCF of two numbers is 1, then the two numbers are called relatively
prime or co prime.
1. Euclid’s division lemma:
For given positive integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ there exist unique whole numbers ‘q’ and ‘r’ satisfying the
relation : a = bq + r, 0 ≤ 𝐫 < 𝐛.
Theorem: If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are non-zero integers, the least positive integer ‘d’ which is expressible as a
linear combination of ‘a’ and ‘b’ , i.e., if ‘d’ is the HCF of ‘a’ and ‘b’ , then these exist integers ‘x’
and ‘y’ , such that d = ax + by; and ‘d’ is the smallest positive integer which is expressible in this
form.
The HCF of ‘a’ and ‘b’ is denoted by HCF (a, b) .
2. Euclid’s division algorithms:
HCF of any two positive integers a and b, with a > b is obtained as follows:
Step 1 : Apply Euclid’s division lemma to a and b to find q and r such that
a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b, Where b = Divisor,q = Quotient & r = Remainder.
Step II: If r = 0, HCF (a, b)=b if r≠ 0 , apply Euclid’s lemma to b and r.
Step III: Continue the process till the remainder is zero. The divisor at this stage will be the
required HCF.
3. The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic:
Every composite number can be expressed (factorized) as a product of primes and this
factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.
Ex: 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 3 x 2 x 2 x 2
𝐩
4. Let x = , q ≠ 𝟎 to be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of ‘q’ is of the
𝐪
form 2m x 5n, where m, n are non-negative integers. Then ‘x’ has a decimal expansion which is
terminating.
𝐩
5. Let x = , q ≠ 0 be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is not of the
𝐪
Form 2m x 5n, where m, n are non-negative integers. Then ‘x’ has a decimal expansion which is
non-terminating repeating.
6. √p is irrational, which p is a prime. A number is called irrational if it cannot be written in
p
the form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
q
8. If a and b are two positive integers, then HCF (a, b) x LCM (a, b) = a x b.
i.e., (HCF x LCM) of two integers = Product of integers.
9. A rational number which when expressed in the lowest term has factors 2 or 5 in the
Denominator. can be written as terminating decimal otherwise a non-terminating recurring
𝑎
Decimal. In other words, if the rational number is , such that the prime factorization of b is
𝑏
𝑎
of form 2m x 5n where m and n are natural numbers, then has a terminating decimal
𝑏
expansion.

10. We conclude that every rational number can be represented in the form of terminating
or non-terminating recurring decimal.
 CHAPTER 02
POLYNOMIALS
1. Geometrical Meaning of the Zeroes of a Polynomial

i. For a linear polynomial ax + b, a ≠ 0, the graph of y = ax +b is a straight line which intersects

−𝒃
the x – axis at exactly one point , namely ,( 𝒂 , 𝟎).
ii. The Linear polynomial has exactly ONE zero, the x –coordinate of the point where the graph
of y = ax + b intersects the x-axis.
iii. The zeroes of a Quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx +c , a ≠ 0, are precisely the x- coordinates of
the points where the parabola representing y = ax2 + bx +c intersects the x – axis.

2. Monomials: Algebraic expression with one term is known as Monomial.

3. Binomial: Algebraic expression with two terms is called Binomial.
4. Trinomial: Algebraic expression with three terms is known as Trinomial.
5. Polynomials: All above mentioned algebraic expressions are called Polynomials.
6. Polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials
respectively.

6. A quadratic polynomial in ‘x’ with real coefficient is of the form ax2 + bx +c, where a,
b, c are real numbers with a ≠ 0.

7. The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x–coordinates of the points where the
graph of y = p(x) intersects the x-axis i.e. x = a is a zero of polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0.

8. A polynomial can have at most the same number of zeros as the degree of polynomial i.e. a
polynomial p(x) of degree n has at most n zeroes.

9. (i) For a quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx +c, if 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are the two zeroes then
−𝒃
Sum of zeroes = 𝜶 + 𝜷 =
𝒂
𝒄
Product of zeroes = 𝜶𝜷 = 𝒂.
(ii) if 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are the two zeroes then the Quadratic polynomial is x2 – ( α + β)x + αβ.

10. In a cubic polynomial p(x) = ax3 + bx2 +cx + d , if 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the zeroes of the polynomial,
−𝒃
Then Sum of zeroes = 𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝜸 = 𝒂
𝒄
Sum of zeroes taken two at a time = 𝜶𝜷 + 𝜷𝜸 + 𝜸𝜶 =
𝒂
−𝒅
Product of zeroes = 𝜶𝜷𝜸 = 𝒂
.

11. The division algorithm states that given any polynomial p(x) and any non-zero polynomial g(x),
there are polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that : p(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x),
where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x).
Or Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder
If r(x) =0 ( a zero polynomial), then p(x) is said to be completely divisible by g(x), i.e., g(x) is a
factor of p(x).
12. i. (α + β)2 = α2 + 2αβ + β2 ii. (α + β)2 = (α – β)2 + 4αβ
iii. (α – β)2 = α2 - 2αβ + β2 iv. (α - β)2 = (α + β)2 - 4αβ
v. α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 - 2αβ vi. α2 + β2 = (α - β)2 + 2αβ
vii.(α + β)3 = α3 + 3α2β +3αβ2 + β3 viii. (α + β)3 = α3 + β3 + 3αβ (α + β)
ix.(α - β)3 = α3 - 3α2β +3αβ2 - β3 x. (α - β)3 = α3 - β3 - 3αβ (α - β)
xi. α3 + β3 = (α + β) ( α2 - αβ + β2 ) xii. α3 - β3 = (α - β) ( α2 + αβ + β2 )
 CHAPTER 03
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
1. A pair of linear equations in two variables is said to form a system of simultaneous linear
equations in two variables.
The most general form of a pair of linear equations is :
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Where a1,b1,c1,a2,b2 and c2 are real numbers.

The solution of a linear equation is a pair of values, one for x and one for y. This pair
of values is called Ordered pair.
A pair of values of x and y satisfying each of the equations in the given system of two
simultaneous equations in x and y is called a solution of the system.
A pair of linear equations will have either (a) a unique solution or (b) infinitely
many solutions or (c) no solution.
2. The graph of a pair of linear equations in two variables is represented by two lines;
(i) If the lines intersect at a point, the pair of equations is consistent. The point of intersection
gives the unique solution of the equations.
(ii) If the lines coincide, then there are infinitely many solutions. The pair of equations is
consistent. Each point on the line will be a solution.
(iii) If the lines are parallel, the pair of the linear equations has no solution. The pair of linear
equations is inconsistent.
Thus, corresponding to each solution (x, y) of the linear equation a 1x + b1y + c1 = 0, there exists a
point on the line representing the equation a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 and vice versa.
3. If a pair of linear equations is given by a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
𝒂 𝒃
(i) 𝒂𝟏 ≠ 𝒃𝟏  the pair of linear equations is consistent. (Unique solution).
𝟐 𝟐
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
(ii) 𝒂 = ≠  the pair of linear equations is inconsistent(No solution).
𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
(iii)𝒂 = =  the pair of linear equations is dependent and consistent (infinitely
𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
many solutions).
4. Solution of pairs of linear equations in two variables algebraically:
Solution by Substitution method:
Let the pair of equations be a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
From one of the equations, express one of the variables say y in terms of the other
variable i.e., x.
Substitute the value of y, obtained in above step, in other equation, the getting an
equation in x.
Solve the equation and get the value of x.
Substitute the value of x in expression for y obtained in first step and get the value of y.

Solution by Elimination method, i.e., by equating the coefficients:

in the two given equations, make the coefficients of one of the variables numerically
equal. To do so,
i. Multiply these coefficients by suitable constant.
ii. Add or subtract the equations obtained in above step according as the terms having
same coefficients are of the opposite or of the same signs and get an equation in only
one variable.
iii. Solve the equation found and get the value of one of the variable.
iv. Substitute the value of this variable in either of the two given equations and find the
value of the other variable.

Solution by Cross Multiplication method:

Let the pair of equations be a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
To find the values of x and y, we have the formulae:
𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝒂𝟐 −𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟏
x= , y=
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟏 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟏
 CHAPTER 04
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
1. Quadratic Equations
2. Solution by Factorisation
3. Solution by Completing the Square
4. Nature of Roots

1. The equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 𝟎, is the standard form of a quadratic equation, where a,

b and c are real numbers.
ax2 + bx + c = 0 , a ≠ 𝟎 is known as Standard form or General form of a quadratic
equation.
In other words, we can say that an equation of order (degree) 2 is called a quadratic
equation.

2. A real number α is said to be a root of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 ,

If aα2 + bα + c = 0. The zeroes of quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c and the roots of the quadratic
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are the same.

3. If we can factorize ax2 + bx + c , a ≠ 𝟎 into product of two linear factors, then the roots of the
quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be found by equating each factors to zero.

4. The roots of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 , a ≠ 𝟎 , are given by

−𝒃± √𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
x= , provided that 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 . It is called Quadratic formula.
𝟐𝒂

5. Discriminant of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 , a ≠ 𝟎, is given by D = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄

6. A quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c , a ≠ 𝟎 , has
(a) Two distinct and real roots, if 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 𝟎, or D > 𝟎
(b) Two equal and real roots (i.e. coincident roots), if 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎, 𝒐𝒓 D = 0, and
(c) Two roots are not real, if 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 < 𝟎 or D < 0.
7. A quadratic equation can also be solved by the method of completing the square.
(i) a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b )2
(ii) a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2
(iii) By multiply with 4a and then apply the above two formulae.
8. If α and β are the two roots of the quadratic equation, then the equation will be
x2 – ( α + β)x + αβ = 0.
 CHAPTER 05
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
1. Arithmetic Progressions
2. nth Term of an AP
3. Sum of First n Terms of an AP
4. Miscellaneous Questions

1. Sequence: A set of numbers arranged in some definite order and formed according to
some rules is called a sequence.

2. Progression: The sequence that follows a certain pattern is called progression.

3. Arithmetic Progression: A sequence in which the difference obtained by subtracting

any term from its preceding term is constant throughout, is called an arithmetic sequence
or arithmetic progression (A.P.).
The general form of an A.P. is a, a+d, a + 2d, ..... (a : first term, d = common difference).

The terms of A.P. is denoted by a1, a2, a3, a4………an .

I. General Term: If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is common difference in an A.P., then
nth term (general term) is given by an = a + (n – 1 )d.

II. Sum of n Terms of an A.P. : If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is the common difference of an A.P.,
𝒏
then sum of first n terms is given by: Sn = 𝟐 [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]

𝒏
If ‘𝑙’ is the last term of a finite A.P. then the sum is given by: Sn = 𝟐 [𝒂 + 𝒍]

(i) If ‘ an’ is given, then common difference d = an – an-1

(ii) If ‘ Sn’ is given, then nth term is given by an = Sn – Sn-1
(iii) If a, b, c are in A.P., then 2b = a + c.
(iv) If a sequence has n terms, its rth term from the end = ( n – r + 1)th term from the
beginning.

III. Selection of Terms of an AP

i. Any three terms of an AP can be taken as : (a –d), a , (a + d) .
ii. Any four terms of an AP can be taken as : (a – 3d), (a – d), (a + d), (a + 3d).
iii. Any five terms of an AP can be taken as : (a – 2d), (a – d), a, (a + d), (a + 2d).
 CHAPTER 06
TRIANGLES
1. Similar Figures
2. Similarity of Triangles
3. Criteria for Similarity of Triangles
4. Areas of Similar Triangles
5. Pythagoras Theorem
6. Miscellaneous Questions

1. Similar Figures: Similar figures have the same shape (but not necessarily the same size).
In geometry, two squares are similar, two equilateral triangles are similar, two circles are
similar and two line segments are similar.

2. Similar Triangles: Two triangles are said to be similar if their corresponding angles are
equal and their corresponding sides are proportional.

3. Equiangular Triangles: Two triangles are equiangular if their corresponding angles are
equal. The ratio of any two corresponding sides in two equiangular triangles is always the
same.

4. Criteria for Similarity:

in ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆ 𝐷𝐸𝐹

(i) AAA Similarity: ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ~ ∆ 𝐷𝐸𝐹 when ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐷, ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐸 , and ∠𝐶 = ∠𝐹

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
(ii) SAS Similarity: ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ~ ∆ 𝐷𝐸𝐹 when ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐷 𝑜𝑟 ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐸 𝑜𝑟 ∠𝐶 = ∠𝐹 and 𝐷𝐸 = = 𝐷𝐹
𝐸𝐹
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
(iii) SSS Similarity: ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ~ ∆ 𝐷𝐸𝐹 when 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐷𝐹.
4. The proof of the following theorems can be asked in the examination:
(i) Basic Proportionality Theorem: If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to
intersect the other sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.

(ii) Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem: If in two triangles, the corresponding

angles are equal, their corresponding sides are proportional and the triangles are similar.

(iii) If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of other triangle and the sides including
these angles are proportional, the triangles are similar.

(iv) If a perpendicular drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle to the
hypoenuse, the triangles on each side of the perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle
and to each other.

(v) Area Theorem: The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the
ratio of their corresponding sides.

(iii) Pythagoras Theorem: In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares of the other two sides.

(iv) Converse of Pythagoras Theorem: In a triangle, if the square of one side is equal to the
sum of the squares of the other two sides then the angle opposite to the first side is a right
angle.
 CHAPTER 07
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1. Distance Formula
2. Section Formula
3. Area of a Triangle

1. Distance Formula: The length of a line segment joining A (x1 , y1) and B(x2, y2) is the distance
between two points A (x1 , y1) and B (x2, y2) is √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 .

2. The distance of a point (x, y) from the origin is √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 . The distance of P from x-axis
is y-units and from y-axis is x-units.

3. Section Formula: The co-ordinates of the points p(x, y) which divides the line segment
joining the points A (x1 , y1) and B (x2, y2) in the ratio m1 : m2 are
𝒎 𝒙 +𝒎 𝒙 𝒎 𝒚 +𝒎 𝒚 𝑚
( 𝟏𝒎𝟐 +𝒎 𝟐 𝟏 , 𝟏𝒎𝟐 +𝒎 𝟐 𝟏 ) .We can take ratio as k:1, k = 𝑚1 .
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 2
4. Mid-point Formula: The mid-points of the line segment joining the points
𝒙 +𝒙 𝒚 +𝒚
A (x1 , y1) and B (x2, y2) is ( 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 , 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 ).
5. Area of a Triangle: The area of the triangle formed by the points (x1 , y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3)
is the numeric value of the expressions
𝟏
|𝒙𝟏 (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 ) + 𝒙𝟐 (𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟏 ) + 𝒙𝟑 (𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )|
𝟐
.
6. If three points are collinear then we cannot draw a triangle, so the area will be zero i.e.
|𝒙𝟏 (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 ) + 𝒙𝟐 (𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟏 ) + 𝒙𝟑 (𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )| = 𝟎.
 CHAPTER 8
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometry literally means measurement of sides and angles of a triangle.

Positive and Negative angles: Angles in anti-clockwise direction are taken as positive
angles and angles in clockwise direction are taken as negative angles.

Trigonometric Ratios of an acute angle of a right angled triangle:

I. In a right triangle ABC, right-angled at B,
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴
Sin A = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴
Cos A =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴
Tan A =
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴

𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴

Cot A =
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
Sec A =
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
Cosec A = 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴
1 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴
Cosec A = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 Sec A =𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 Tan A =𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 Cot A =
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴
1 1 1 1
Tan A = 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝐴 Cot A =𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴 Sin A =𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 Cos A = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝐴

II. If one of the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle is known, the remaining
trigonometric ratios of the angle can be easily determined.
(a) Find the sides of the right triangle in terms of k.
(b) Use Pythagoras Theorem and find the third side of the right triangle.
(c) Use definitions of t-ratios and substitute the values of sides.
(d) k is cancelled from numerator and denominator and the value of t-ratio is obtained.
III. Trigonometric Ratios of some specified angles:
The values of trigonometric ratios for angles 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°.
Angle A 00 300 450 600 900
Sin A 0 1 1 √3 1
2 √2 2
Cos A 1 √3 1 1 0
2 √2 2
Tan A 0 1 1 √3 ∞
√3
Cot A ∞ √3 1 1 0
√3
Sec A 1 2 √2 2 ∞
√3
Cosec A ∞ 2 √2 2 1
√3

The value of sin A or cos A never exceeds 1, whereas the value of sec A or cosec A is
always greater than or equal to 1.
Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles:
Sin (90° – A) = Cos A, Cos(90° – A) = SinA
Tan (90° – A) = Cot A, Cot (90° – A) = Tan A
Sec (90° – A) = Cosec A, Cosec (90° – A) = Sec A.
Trigonometric Identities: i. sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
ii. sec2 A – tan2 A = 1 for 0° ≤ A < 90°,
iii. cosec2 A – cot2 A = 1 for 0° < A ≤ 90°.
 CHAPTER 09
SOME APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY
1. Line of Sight : The line of sight is the line drawn from the eyes of an observer to a point in
the object viewed by the observer.
2. Angle of Elevation : The angle of elevation is the angle formed by the line of sight with the
horizontal, when it is above the horizontal level i.e., the case when we raise our head to look
at the object.

3. Angle of Depression : The angle of depression is the angle formed by the line of sight with
the horizontal when it is below the horizontal i.e., case when we lower our head to look at the
object.

CHAPTER 10
CIRCLES
Circle: A circle is a collection of points in a plane which are at a constant distance
from a fixed point.
Centre: The fixed point is called a centre.
Radius: The constant distance is called the radius.
Diameter: Twice of radius is called the diameter.
Chord: The line joining two points on the circumference of the circle is called a chord.
The longest chord is the diameter of the circle.
Sector of a circle: The region enclosed by two radii and the corresponding arc is
called a sector of the circle.
Segment of the circle: The region bounded by an arc and the corresponding chord is
called the segment of the circle.
1. Tangent to a Circle : It is a line that intersects the circle at only one point.
2. Point of contact: The common point between the circle and the tangent is called the
point of contact.
3. Secant: A line which has only two points common to a circle is called the secant.
4. There is only one tangent at a point of the circle.
5. No tangent can be drawn from a point inside the circle.
6. The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact.
7. Two circles can intersect each other at maximum of two points.
8. The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
 CHAPTER 12
AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES
1. Perimeter and Area of a Circle
2. Areas of Sector and Segment of a Circle
3. Areas of Combinations of Plane Figures

i. Perimeter or Circumference of the circle = 2𝜋r, where ‘r’ is the radius of the circle.
Or Circumference of the circle = 𝜋d, where ‘d’ is the diameter of the circle.
ii. Area of circle = 𝜋r2, where ‘r’ is the radius of the circle.
𝜋𝑟 2
iii. Area of Semi circle =
2
iv. Area enclosed by two concentric circles
= 𝜋 (𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
= 𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟) (𝑅 − 𝑟)
where ‘R’ and ‘r’ are radii of two concentric circles.

v. The arc length ‘𝑙’ of a sector of angle ‘𝜃′ in a circle of radius ‘r’ is given by
𝜽 𝜽
𝒍 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 × 𝟐𝝅𝒓 OR 𝒍 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 × 𝝅𝒓.
𝜽
vi. If the arc subtends an angle ‘𝜃′, then area of the corresponding sector is × 𝝅𝒓𝟐 .
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎

vii. The sector which is less than the semicircular region, is called the minor sector and the
sector, which is more than the semicircular region is called the major sector.
viii. Area of segment= Area of sector - Area of corresponding triangle.
𝝅𝜽 𝜽 𝜽
Mathematically, Area of segment = 𝒓𝟐 ( 𝟎 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ).
𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
ix. Area of major segment = Area of circle - Area of minor segment
x. Angle described by minute hand in 60 minutes = 360°. Angle described by minute hand in 1
minute = 60.
 CHAPTER 13
SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES

CUBOID

1. Surface area of cuboid = 2(𝒍𝒃 + 𝒃𝒉 + 𝒉𝒍) sq. units

2. Volume of Cuboid =𝑙𝑏ℎ cubic units
3. Lateral surface area of cuboid = 2(𝒃𝒉 + 𝒉𝒍) sq. units

CUBE
1. Surface area of cube = 6𝒍𝟐 sq. units
2. Volume of cube = 𝒍𝟑 cubic units
3. Lateral Surface Area of Cube = 4𝒍𝟐 sq. units

CYLINDER
1. Curved surface area of cylinder of radius ‘r’ and height ‘ℎ’ = 𝟐 𝝅𝒓𝒉.
2. Total surface area of cylinder of radius r and height = 𝟐 𝝅𝒓 ( 𝒓 + 𝒉)
3. Volume of cylinder of radius r and height ‘ℎ’ = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉.

CONE
1. Curved surface area of cone of radius r, height ‘h’ and slant height
‘𝒍′ = 𝝅𝒓𝒍 , Where 𝒍 = √𝒓𝟐 + 𝒉𝟐 .
2. Total surface area of cone of radius ‘r’, slant height ‘𝒍′ = 𝝅𝒓 ( 𝒓 + 𝒍).
𝟏
3. Volume of cone of radius r, height ‘h’ = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉 .
𝟑
SPHERE
1. Total surface area of sphere of radius ‘r’ units = 4 𝝅𝒓𝟐 .
𝟒
2. Volume of sphere of radius ‘r’ units = 𝟑 𝝅𝒓𝟑 cubic units.
HEMISPHERE
1. Curved surface area of hemisphere of radius ‘𝒓′ units = 2𝝅𝒓𝟐 .
2. Total surface area of a solid hemisphere of radius ‘𝒓′ units = 𝟑𝝅𝒓𝟐 .
𝟐
3. Volume of hemisphere of radius ‘𝒓′ units = 𝝅𝒓𝟑 cubic units.
𝟑
FRUSTUM
1. Curved surface area of frustum = 𝝅𝒍(𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 )sq. units. Where ‘𝒍′ slant height of frustum
and radii of circular ends 𝑟1 are and 𝑟2 , 𝒓𝟏 > 𝒓𝟐 and 𝒍 = √𝒉𝟐 + (𝒓𝟏 − 𝒓𝟐 )𝟐
2. Total surface area of frustum = 𝝅𝒍(𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 ) + 𝝅 (𝒓𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 𝟐 ) sq. units.
𝟏
3. Volume of Frustum = 𝝅𝒉 (𝒓𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 ) cubic units.
𝟑
`
 CHAPTER 14
STATISTICS
1. Mean of Grouped Data
2. Mode of Grouped Data
3. Median of Grouped Data
4. Graphical Representation of CF

1. Mean : The mean for grouped data can be found by :

∑𝑓 𝑥
(i) The direct method = 𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑖 𝑖 , where 𝑥𝑖 = Class mark
𝑓𝑖
∑ 𝒇𝒊 𝒅 𝒊
̅=𝒂+
(ii) The assumed mean method = 𝒙 ∑ 𝒇𝒊
Where 𝑎 = Assumed mean , 𝒅𝒊 = 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒂
∑𝒇 𝒖
̅ = 𝒂 + ( ∑ 𝒊 𝒊) × 𝒉, where ℎ = Height of the Class
(iii) The step deviation method = 𝒙 𝒇 𝒊
𝒅𝒊 𝒙𝒊 −𝒂
𝒖𝒊 = =
𝒉 𝒉
2. Mode : The mode for the grouped data can be found by using the formula :
𝒇𝟏 −𝒇𝟎
Mode = 𝒍 + ( ) ×𝒉
𝟐𝒇 𝟏 −𝒇𝟎 −𝒇𝟐

𝑙 = lower limit of the modal class.

𝑓1= frequency of the modal class.
𝑓0= frequency of the preceding class of the modal class.
𝑓2= frequency of the succeeding class of the modal class.
h = size of the class interval.
Modal class - class interval with highest frequency.

3. Median : Median of continuous series is:

𝒏+𝟏 𝒕𝒉
(i) ( ) term (if number of terms are odd)
𝟐
𝟏 𝒏 𝒕𝒉 𝒏 𝒕𝒉
(ii) [( ) 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 + ( + 𝟏) 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 ] (if number of terms are even).
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(iii) The median for the grouped data can be found by using the formula :
𝒏
− 𝒄.𝒇
𝟐
Median = 𝒍 + ( ) ×𝒉
𝒇
𝒍 = lower limit of the median class.
𝒏 = number of observations.
𝒄. 𝒇 = cumulative frequency of class interval preceding the median class.
𝒇 = frequency of median class.
𝒉 = class size.
4.Empirical Formula : Mode = 3 median - 2 mean.
5.Cumulative frequency curve or an Ogive :
(i) Ogive is the graphical representation of the cumulative frequency distribution.
(ii) Less than type Ogive :
• Construct a cumulative frequency table.
• Mark the upper class limit on the x-axis.
(iii) More than type Ogive :
• Construct a frequency table.
• Mark the lower class limit on the x-axis.
(iv) To obtain the median of frequency distribution from the graph :
• Locate point of intersection of less than type Ogive and more than type Ogive :
 Draw a perpendicular from this point on x-axis.
• The point at which it cuts the x-axis gives us the median.
 CHAPTER 15
PROBABILITY

1. The Theoretical probability of the occurence of an event E written as P(E) is

𝑵𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑬
P(E)=
𝑵𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

2. Experiment: An activity which ends in some well defined outcomes is called an

experiment.

3. Trial: Performing an experiment once is called a trial.

4. Event: The possible outcomes of a trial is called an event.

5. Sure event: An event whose occurence is certain is called a sure event.

6. Elementary Event: An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event.

7. The sum of the probability of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.

8. The probability of a sure event is 1 and probability of an impossible event is 0.

9. If E is an event, in general, it is true that P(E) + P(𝐸̅ ) = 1, where P(𝐸̅ ) = P ( not E)

E and 𝐸̅ are called Complementary events.

10. From the definition of the probability, the numerator is always less than or equal to the
denominator therefore 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.