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Lecture 5

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Lecture 5

Uploaded by

رمضان رمضان
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EC 521

Communication Networks
Lecture 5
Data Link Layer
(Cont.)
Data Link Layer

Outlines:
Link-Layer Addressing
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
LINK-LAYER ADDRESSING
(MAC Address)
LINK-LAYER ADDRESSING

 We will discuss IP addresses as the identifiers


at the network layer.
 However, in a internetwork such as the
Internet we cannot make a datagram reach its
destination using only IP addresses.
 The source and destination IP addresses
define the two ends but cannot define which
links the packet should pass through.
9.6
LINK-LAYER ADDRESSING

 We will discuss IP addresses as the identifiers


at the network layer.
 However, in a internetwork such as the
Internet we cannot make a datagram reach its
destination using only IP addresses.
 The source and destination IP addresses
define the two ends but cannot define which
links the packet should pass through.
9.7
LINK-LAYER ADDRESSING

 We will discuss IP addresses as the identifiers


at the network layer.
 However, in a internetwork such as the
Internet we cannot make a datagram reach its
destination using only IP addresses.
 The source and destination IP addresses
define the two ends but cannot define which
links the packet should pass through.
9.8
LINK-LAYER ADDRESSING

 The previous discussion shows that we


need another addressing mechanism in a
connectionless internetwork: the link-layer
addresses of the two nodes.
 A link-layer address is sometimes called a
link address, sometimes a physical
address, and sometimes a MAC address.
LINK-LAYER ADDRESSING

Since a link is controlled at the data-link layer,


the addresses need to belong to the data-link
layer.
When a datagram passes from the network layer
to the data-link layer, the datagram will be
encapsulated in a frame and two data-link
addresses are added to the frame header.
These two addresses are changed every time the
frame moves from one link to another.
IP addresses and link-layer addresses in a small internet

9.11
Three Types of addresses

Some link-layer protocols define three types


of addresses:
 Unicast,
 Multicast, and
 Broadcast.

9.12
Unicasting
Unicasting means : one-to-one communication. A frame
with a unicast address destination is destined only for one
entity in
Example

The unicast link-layer addresses in the most common


LAN, Ethernet, are 48 bits (six bytes) that are presented as
12 hexadecimal digits separated by colons; for example,
the following is a link-layer address of a computer. The
second digit needs to be an odd number.

A3:34:45:11:92:F1
Multicasting

Multicasting means : one-to-many communication.

Example

The multicast link-layer addresses in the most common


LAN, Ethernet, are 48 bits (six bytes) that are presented as
12 hexadecimal digits separated by colons. The second
digit, however, needs to be an even number in hexadecimal.
The following shows a multicast address:

9.14
A2:34:45:11:92:F1
Broadcasting

Broadcasting means: one-to-all communication. A frame


with a destination broadcast address is sent to all entities in
the link.
Example

The broadcast link-layer addresses in the most common


LAN, Ethernet, are 48 bits, all 1s, that are presented as 12
hexadecimal digits separated by colons. The following
shows a broadcast address:
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

 Anytime a node has an IP datagram to send


to another node in a link, it has the IP
address of the receiving node.
 However, the IP address of the next node is
not helpful in moving a frame through a
link; we need the link-layer address of the
next node.
 This is the time when the Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP) becomes helpful.
Position of ARP in TCP/IP protocol suite

9.17
The internet for our example

9.18
Flow of packets at Alice site

9.19
Flow of activities at router R1

9.20
Flow of activities at router R2

9.21
Activities at Bob’s site

9.22

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