BCSC 1102 : Intro To Programming Week 3

Dr. Shem Mbandu Angolo, PhD

The Co-operatetive University of Kenya

September - December 2024

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Dr. Shem Mbandu Angolo, PhD BCSC 1102 : Intro To Programming Week 3 1 / 18
Introduction

Control structures: selection statements and loops

Selection statements: if, if-else, nested if, switch-case
Looping constructs: for, while, do-while
Control statements: break, continue, goto

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If Statement

The if statement evaluates a condition and executes the code block if the
condition is true.

1 # include < stdio .h >

2
3 int main () {
4 int a = 10;
5 int b = 20;
6
7 if ( a + b > 25) {
8 printf ( " The ␣ sum ␣ of ␣ a ␣ and ␣ b ␣ is ␣ greater ␣ than ␣ 25.\ n " );
9 }
10

Listing 1: If statement example with arithmetic and relational operators

@*)

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If Statement (continued)

1 return 0;
2 }

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If-Else Statement

The if-else statement provides an alternative path of execution if the

condition is false.

1 # include < stdio .h >

2
3 int main () {
4 int x = 15;
5 int y = 25;
6
7 if ( x > 10 && y < 30) {
8 printf ( " Both ␣ conditions ␣ are ␣ true .\ n " );
9 } else {
10 printf ( " One ␣ or ␣ both ␣ conditions ␣ are ␣ false .\ n " );
11 }
12

Listing 2: If-Else statement example with logical operators

@*)

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If-Else Statement (continued)

1 return 0;
2 }

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Nested If Statement

Nested if statements are if statements within another if or else block.

1 # include < stdio .h >

2
3 int main () {
4 int num = 5; // binary : 0101
5
6 if ( num & 1) {
7 if ( num & (1 << 1)) {
8 printf ( " The ␣ number ␣ is ␣ odd ␣ and ␣ the ␣ second ␣ bit ␣ is ␣ set .\ n
9 } else {
10 printf ( " The ␣ number ␣ is ␣ odd ␣ and ␣ the ␣ second ␣ bit ␣ is ␣ not ␣ se
11 }
12 } else {
13 printf ( " The ␣ number ␣ is ␣ even .\ n " );
14 }
15

Listing 3: Nested If statement example with bitwise operators

@*)
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Nested If Statement (continued)

1 return 0;
2 }

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Switch-Case Statement
The switch-case statement selects a block of code to execute based on
the value of an expression.

1 # include < stdio .h >

2
3 int main () {
4 int operation ;
5 int a = 8;
6 int b = 4;
7
8 printf ( " Select ␣ an ␣ operation : ␣ 1. ␣ Add ␣ 2. ␣ Subtract ␣ 3. ␣ Multiply ␣ 4.
9 scanf ( " % d " , & operation );
10
11 switch ( operation ) {
12 case 1:
13 printf ( " Result : ␣ % d \ n " , a + b );
14 break ;
15 case 2:
16 printf ( " Result : ␣ % d \ n " , a - b );
17 break ;
18 case 3:
19 printf ( " Result : ␣ % d \ n " , a * b );
20 break ; The Co-operatetive University of Kenya Sep
21Dr. Shem Mbandu Angolo, PhD BCSC 1102 : Intro To Programming Week 3 9 / 18
Switch-Case Statement (continued)

1 case 4:
2 if ( b != 0) {
3 printf ( " Result : ␣ % d \ n " , a / b );
4 } else {
5 printf ( " Division ␣ by ␣ zero ␣ is ␣ not ␣ allowed .\ n " );
6 }
7 break ;
8 default :
9 printf ( " Invalid ␣ operation ␣ selected .\ n " );
10 break ;
11 }
12
13 return 0;
14 }

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Dr. Shem Mbandu Angolo, PhD BCSC 1102 : Intro To Programming Week 3 10 / 18
For Loop

The for loop is used when the number of iterations is known beforehand.

1 # include < stdio .h >

2
3 int main () {
4 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i ++) {
5 printf ( " Iteration : ␣ % d \ n " , i );
6 }
7 return 0;
8 }

Listing 5: For loop example with arithmetic and relational operators

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Dr. Shem Mbandu Angolo, PhD BCSC 1102 : Intro To Programming Week 3 11 / 18
While Loop

The while loop is used when the number of iterations is not known
beforehand and depends on a condition.

1 # include < stdio .h >

2
3 int main () {
4 int x = 0;
5 while ( x < 5) {
6 printf ( " x ␣ is : ␣ % d \ n " , x );
7 x ++;
8 }
9 return 0;
10 }

Listing 6: While loop example with logical operators

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Dr. Shem Mbandu Angolo, PhD BCSC 1102 : Intro To Programming Week 3 12 / 18
Do-While Loop

The do-while loop is similar to the while loop, but it guarantees that
the loop body is executed at least once.

1 # include < stdio .h >

2
3 int main () {
4 int y = 0;
5 do {
6 printf ( " y ␣ is : ␣ % d \ n " , y );
7 y ++;
8 } while ( y < 3);
9 return 0;
10 }

Listing 7: Do-While loop example with arithmetic operators

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Nested Loops

Nested loops are loops within another loop. They are used for
multi-dimensional data structures or complex iterations.

1 # include < stdio .h >

2
3 int main () {
4 for ( int i = 1; i <= 3; i ++) {
5 for ( int j = 1; j <= 3; j ++) {
6 printf ( " i : ␣ %d , ␣ j : ␣ % d \ n " , i , j );
7 }
8 }
9 return 0;
10 }

Listing 8: Nested loops example with arithmetic operators

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Break Statement

The break statement terminates the loop immediately.

1 # include < stdio .h >

2
3 int main () {
4 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i ++) {
5 if ( i == 5) {
6 break ; // exit the loop
7 }
8 printf ( " i ␣ is : ␣ % d \ n " , i );
9 }
10 return 0;
11 }

Listing 9: Break statement example

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Continue Statement

The continue statement skips the current iteration and proceeds to the
next iteration of the loop.

1 # include < stdio .h >

2
3 int main () {
4 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i ++) {
5 if ( i % 2 == 0) {
6 continue ; // skip even numbers
7 }
8 printf ( " i ␣ is : ␣ % d \ n " , i );
9 }
10 return 0;
11 }

Listing 10: Continue statement example

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Goto Statement

The goto statement transfers control to a labeled statement.

1 # include < stdio .h >

2
3 int main () {
4 int num = 0;
5
6 start :
7 num ++;
8 printf ( " num ␣ is : ␣ % d \ n " , num );
9 if ( num < 5) {
10 goto start ; // jump to the label ’ start ’
11 }
12 return 0;
13 }

Listing 11: Goto statement example

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Conclusion

Selection statements and looping constructs are fundamental for

controlling the flow of a program.
The if, if-else, nested if, and switch-case statements enable
conditional execution.
The for, while, and do-while loops allow for repetitive execution.
Control statements like break, continue, and goto provide
additional control over the loop’s behavior.

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Dr. Shem Mbandu Angolo, PhD BCSC 1102 : Intro To Programming Week 3 18 / 18