Mathematics

Internal Assessment

By: - Md. Ayaanur Rahman

 Contents: -

What is a Quadratic Polynomial …………………………………………… 3

What is Quadratic Equation ………………………………………………… 4
Similarities between quadratic equation and quadratic polynomial 5
Algebraic conditions on which general shape of graph of an 8
quadratic polynomial depends
Deriving Quadratic Formula by completing the square method…… 10
Solving Quadratic Equations by different methods…………………….. 12
How to check nature of roots by Graphical Method…………………… 14
Real Life example of Quadratic Equation…………………………………. 16
Example of objects in our surrounding present in form of graph 18
of quadratic equation
Why quadratic polynomial can’t form Arithmetic Progression……. 19

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 Acknowledgement: -

I “Md. Ayaanur Rahman” would like to express my sincere

Gratitude towards my mathematics teacher “Pushkal sir”
who guided me about this project which was about
“Quadratic Equations and Quadratic polynomials”. I would
also like to thank my family members, my friends, my
relatives, my peers, for helping me throughout this project.

Lastly, I would like to thank “brainfuse.com”

“brainfuse.com” “mathsisfun.com” “google.com”
“openai.com” “youtube.com” for helping and providing me
context for this project.

Md. Ayaanur Rahman

Class – X-A
Roll no. – 25

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 What is a Quadratic Polynomial

A polynomial of degree 2 is a quadratic polynomial because it has terms

with variables raised to the power of 2. It is said as follows:

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c,

If "x" is the variable, "a," "b," and "c" are coefficients. The quadratic term is
denoted by "ax2," the linear term is denoted by "bx," and the constant term
is denoted by "c."

A parabola is the shape of a quadratic polynomial's graph. The concavity

of the parabola is determined by the coefficient "a". The parabola opens
either upward or downward depending on the value of "a." If "a" is
positive, the parabola opens upward.

The values of "x" for which a quadratic polynomial is equal to zero are its
roots or solutions. These can be discovered by applying techniques like
factoring, square-rooting, or the quadratic formula. Depending on the
discriminant of the quadratic equation (b2 - 4ac), there may be zero, one,
or two roots.

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 What is a Quadratic Equation

A quadratic equation is a single-variable, second-degree polynomial

equation that is typically expressed as follows:

ax2 + bx + c = 0,

If "x" is the variable, "a," "b," and "c" are coefficients. Since it would turn
this equation into a linear equation rather than a quadratic equation, "a"
cannot be equal to 0 in this equation.

The values of "x" that satisfy the equation and set it equal to zero are
known as the solutions or roots of a quadratic equation. These roots are
frequently discovered using the quadratic formula:

x = (-b (b2 - 4ac)) / (2a).

Given that the quadratic equation can have two separate real roots, one
real root with multiplicity 2, or a complex conjugate pair of roots, the sign
± denotes that there are typically two solutions that can be found. The
nature of the solutions is determined by the discriminant, b2 - 4ac,
beneath the square root. There are two real solutions if the discriminant
is positive; one real solution of multiplicity 2 if it is zero; and two complex
conjugate solutions if it is negative.

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Similarities between quadratic equation
and quadratic polynomial
Due to their shared quadratic nature, quadratic polynomials and
quadratic equations have several commonalities. The two are comparable
in the following ways:

1. Degree: A quadratic polynomial and a quadratic equation both have

a degree of two. This indicates that the variable's greatest power in
both scenarios is 2.

2. Coefficients: The shape, location, and orientation of the graph or

solutions are determined by the coefficients of the quadratic
equation as well as the quadratic polynomial. The linear coefficient,
the constant term, and the quadratic coefficient are among the
coefficients. The quadratic coefficient is the coefficient of the
squared term.

3. Solution: Quadratic polynomial and quadratic equation both have

potential solutions or roots. The values of the variable for which the
polynomial evaluates to zero are the roots of a quadratic polynomial.

4. Graph: On a coordinate plane, one can plot both the quadratic

equation and the quadratic polynomial. Together, they create a
parabola, a U-shaped curve. A quadratic equation's or polynomial's
graph can provide details about its characteristics, including the
vertex, axis of symmetry, and concavity.

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5. Quadratic Formula: The quadratic formula can be used to solve
both the quadratic equation and the quadratic polynomial. Finding
the roots of a quadratic polynomial is also possible using the
quadratic formula, which offers a way to solve quadratic equations.

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 Algebraic conditions on which general
shape of graph of a quadratic polynomial
depends

The general form of the graph of the quadratic polynomial, the parabola,
depends on certain algebraic constraints. These conditions are
determined by the coefficients of a second-order polynomial and are
usually expressed in the form

f(x) = ax2+ bx + c

The algebraic constraints that affect the shape of the graph are:

1. Leading Coefficient (a): The leading coefficient 'a' determines

whether the parabola opens up or down. If 'a' is positive (a > 0), the
parabola opens and creates a U-shaped curve. If 'a' is negative (a <
0), the parabola opens downward, creating an inverted U-shaped
curve.

2. Axis of Symmetry: The axis of symmetry is the vertical line that

divides the parabola into two symmetrical halves. The axis of
symmetry equation is given by x = -b/(2a). Displays the x-coordinate
where the axis of symmetry lies on the coordinate plane.

3. Vertex: A vertex is a point on a parabola that lies on the axis of

symmetry. Its x coordinate is given by x = -b/(2a) and to find the

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 corresponding y coordinate, plug the x value into the quadratic
equation f(x) = ax2+ bx + c.
4. Discriminant: The discriminant denoted by Δ is calculated as
Δ = b2 - 4ac. Provides information about the number and type of
roots of quadratic equations. The discriminant helps determine
whether the parabola intersects the x-axis at two distinct points (Δ >
0), touches the x-axis at one point (Δ = 0), or doesn't intersect the x-
axis at all (Δ < 0).

5. Vertex Y Coordinate: The vertex Y coordinate represents the

minimum or maximum point on the parabola. If the parabola is
open (a > 0), the vertex corresponds to the minimum point. If the
parabola opens downward (a < 0), the vertex represents the
maximum point. The y coordinate can be obtained by computing
the quadratic equation with the x coordinate of the vertex:
f(-b/(2a)) = a(-b/(2a))2 + b (-b/ (2a)) + c.

By considering these algebraic conditions, we can determine the general

form and main features of the graph of the quadratic polynomial.

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 Deriving Quadratic Formula by: -
Completing the square method

 ax2 + bx + c=0

 x2 + bx/a + c/a = 0 (Dividing the equation by a)

 x2 + bx/a = -c/a (Putting c/a to LHS)

 x2 + bx/a + (b/2a)2 = -c/a + (b/2a)2 (Adding (b/2a)2 to both sides)

The left-hand side is now in the x2 + 2dx + d2 format, where "d" is "b/2a"
So, we can re-write it this way:

 (x + b/2a) 2= -c/a + (b/2a) 2 (Completing the Square)

(Square root)

(Move b/2a to RHS)

Multiply right by 2a/2a

Simplify:

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Which is the Quadratic formula we all know:

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 Solving Quadratic Equations by different
methods
Factorization: -
Set the equation equal to zero. If the quadratic side is factorable,
factor, then set each factor equal to zero.
Example: x2 = -5x-6
Move all terms to one side x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
Factor (x + 3) (x + 2) = 0
Set each factor to zero and solve x + 3 = 0 x+2=0
x = −3 x = −2

Completing the square: -

Example: Solve x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
Step 1 can be skipped in this example since the coefficient of x2 is 1

Step 2 Move the number term to the right side of the equation:

x2 + 4x = -1
Step 3 Complete the square on the left side of the equation and balance
this by adding the same number to the right side of the equation.

(b/2) 2 = (4/2) 2 = 22 = 4

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x2 + 4x + 4 = -1 + 4
(x + 2) 2 = 3
Step 4 Take the square root on both sides of the equation:

x + 2 = ±√3 = ±1.73 (to 2 decimals)

Step 5 Subtract 2 from both sides:

x = ±1.73 – 2 = -3.73 or -0.27

Quadratic Formulae: -
Example: Solve 5x2 + 6x + 1 = 0

Coefficients are: a = 5, b = 6, c = 1
Quadratic Formula: x = −b ± √(b2 − 4ac)/2a
Put in a, b and c: x = −6 ± √(62 − 4×5×1)/2×5
Solve: x = −6 ± √(36− 20)/10
x = −6 ± √(16)/10
x = −6 ± 4/10
x = −0.2 or −1
5x^2+6x+1
Answer: x = −0.2 or x = −1

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 How to check nature of roots by
Graphical Method
To determine the nature of roots of a quadratic equation using a
graphical method, you can follow these steps:

Plot the graph of the quadratic equation: Start by plotting the graph of the
quadratic equation on a coordinate plane. The equation should be in the
form of y = ax2+ bx + c, where 'a', 'b', and 'c' are the coefficients of the
equation.

Determine the discriminant: The discriminant of a quadratic equation is

given by the formula Δ = b2- 4ac. It helps in determining the nature of the
roots.

a. If Δ > 0: The graph of the quadratic equation will intersect the x-axis at
two distinct points. This indicates that the equation has two real and
different roots.

b. If Δ = 0: The graph of the quadratic equation will intersect the x-axis at

a single point. This indicates that the equation has two real and identical
roots.

c. If Δ < 0: The graph of the quadratic equation will not intersect the x-
axis. This indicates that the equation has no real roots and the roots are
complex.

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Analyse the graph: Based on the position of the graph and the
discriminant, you can determine the nature of the roots.

a. If the graph intersects the x-axis, the equation has real roots.

b. If the graph is above the x-axis and does not intersect it, the equation
has no real roots.

c. If the graph is below the x-axis and does not intersect it, the equation
has no real roots.

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 Real Life example of Quadratic Equation
Suppose you have a rectangular garden that you know is 10 meters long
and you want to find the width of the garden that maximizes its area.

Let's express the width of the garden in "w" meters. The area of a
rectangle is given by the formula A = length * width. In this case, the
garden area can be expressed by the quadratic equation A=10w-w2.

To find the width that maximizes the area, we need to find the vertex of
the parabolic graph represented by the quadratic equation. The vertex is
at the maximum point of the parabola and corresponds to the maximum
area of the garden.

To find the width, you can set the quadratic equation as A = -w2 + 10w.
To find the width that maximizes the area, we can use the formula
x = -b/2a to find the vertex of the parabola.

In this case, a = -1 and b = 10. Substituting these values into the formula,
we have:
w = -10 / (2 * -1) = 5

Therefore, the width that maximizes the area of the rectangular garden is
5 meters. By substituting this value back into the equation, we can find
the maximum area:
A = 10w - w2
A = 10 * 5 - 52

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A = 50 - 25
A = 25 square meters

Hence, with a width of 5 meters, the rectangular garden will have a

maximum area of 25 square meters.

This example shows how to use quadratic equations in real-world

situations to find optimization or maximum or minimum values, such as
finding the width that maximizes the area of a garden.

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 Example of objects in our surrounding
present in form of graph of quadratic
equation
Let's consider the trajectory of a basketball being thrown into the air. We
can represent its height above the ground as a function of time using a
quadratic equation.

Let's say the equation that represents the height (y) of the basketball at
time (t) is given by y = -5t2+ 10t + 2.

In this equation, the coefficient of t2 (-5) represents the downward

acceleration due to gravity. The positive coefficient of t (10) represents
the initial upward velocity of the basketball. The constant term (2)
represents the initial height of the basketball above the ground.

This quadratic equation therefore describes the trajectory of the

basketball as it rises, reaches its maximum height, and then returns to the
ground.

The x-axis represents time (t) in seconds and the y-axis represents the
height of the basketball above the ground (y) in meters.

Note: Certain values and coefficients in this formula are fictitious and are
for illustrative purposes. Actual values will vary depending on factors such
as the basketball's initial velocity, launch angle, and other physical
characteristics.

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 Why quadratic polynomial can’t form
Arithmetic Progression
A quadratic polynomial cannot form an arithmetic progression (AP)
because there is a distinct difference between terms in a quadratic
polynomial, whereas an arithmetic progression has a common difference
between consecutive terms.

An arithmetic sequence is a set of numbers in which the difference

between two consecutive terms is constant. For example, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 are
arithmetic sequences with a common difference of 2. In this case, adding
2 to each term gives the next term in the sequence.

A quadratic polynomial, on the other hand, is a quadratic polynomial that

can be written in the form ax2+ bx + c. where a, b, and c are constants.
Evaluating this polynomial at different x values gives different results. The
difference between successive terms in the quadratic polynomial is not
constant because it depends on the values of a, b, and c.

For example, consider the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2. Evaluating for x
= 1, 2, 3, 4 gives values 1, 4, 9, 16 respectively, but the differences
between successive terms are 3, 5, 7, which are not constant. Therefore, it
does not form an arithmetic progression.

In summary, a quadratic polynomial cannot form an arithmetic

progression because, unlike an arithmetic progression, the difference
between successive terms is not constant.

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