ewan, ano ba 'to (2)
ewan, ano ba 'to (2)
ewan, ano ba 'to (2)
INTRODUCTION
Communicable Disease is one that can transmitted from one person to another
and is caused by an infectious agent that is transmitted from a source or reservoir
to a susceptible host. Communicable disease is one in which the causative
organism or pathogen is carried from one person to another either directly or
indirectly.
Transmission Modes
Transmission Modes
(DIRECT AND INDIRECT)
- DIRECT
Physical
Contact
Aerosis
Droplets
- INDIRECT
Vehicle involved
- ANIMATE
Biological Vector-
borne
ily,
madam!
ANIMATE → (MECHANICAL AND BIOLOGICAL)
- MECHANICAL
- BIOLOGICAL
Infectious agents
1. Viruses
Diseases: Common cold, Influenza, Measles, Mumps, Chicken pox, AIDS, Hepatitis-B
2. Bacteria
Diseases: Cholera, Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Tetanus, Anthrax, Food poisoning
3. Fungi
Diseases: Skin infections.
4. Protozoans
Diseases: Malaria, Kala-azar, Amoebic dysentery, Sleeping sickness.
5. Worms
Diseases: Intestinal infections, Elephantiasis.
Respiratory Infections
Are caused by germs-viruses, bacteria or other pathogenic microbes. Germs that
can infect the respiratory system-lungs, throat, airways - can often be spread
through mucus and saliva (also known as "respiratory secretions") expelled when a
person coughs, sneezes, talks or laughs.
Some of these germs are spread through droplets small enough to remain
suspended in the air and travel over long distances.
ily,
madam!
Tuberculosis
• Specific infectious disease primarily affecting the lungs (Pulmonary
tuberculosis-most common).
•It also affect all other vital organs like intestine, brain, bones, joints, lymph glands,
skin etc.
•Incubation period:
- From weeks, months to years depending upon
dose of infection & immunity of patient.
Mode of Transmission
Tuberculosis is mainly spread by,
1. Droplet infection (Produced by sputum of positive patient)
2. Coughing
Sign & Symptoms
1. Tiredness
2. Loss of appetite
3. Loss of weight
4. Anemia
5. Evening rise in temperature
6. Cough for long time
PREVENTION
1. Raising the resistance of the population to the disease by:
i. Good social conditions:
- Satisfactory housing & adequate diet.
ii. BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin) Vaccination:
- After birth
2. Elimination of tuberculosis infection in milk:
By pasteurization of milk.
CHICKEN POX
•Also called - Varicella
•Occur mainly in Children
under 10 years of age.
•Uncommon in adults.
•Incubation Period:
About 14-16 days.
Mode of Transmission
Chicken pox is mainly spread by,
1. Droplet infection
2. Freshly contaminated fomites used by patients can transmit disease.
3. Virus can cross placental barrier & may affect fetus.
Sign & Symptoms
1. Fever
2. Appearance of rash in the form of crop on trunk, face and limbs.
3. Macules (small flat colored spot on skin) appear first and with in 24 hrs. lesions are
appear.
4. them lesions becomes dry to form scabs.
ily,
madam!
PREVENTION
1. Use of local antiseptics like chlorhexidine.
2. If bacterial infection progress give antibiotics.
3. Transmission prevented by isolation of patient for 5-7 days.
4. Sterilization of all articles used by patient after cure.
MEASLES
•Also called - Rubeola
•Occur in children of 3-5 yrs of ages.
•Incubation Period:
About 8-14 days.
Mode of Transmission
Influenza is mainly spread by,
1. Droplet infection
2. Direct contact
Sign & Symptoms
Stage 1(Catarrhal stage)
•Fever
•Running nose
•Cough
•Appearance of red spot in mouth
•Watering of eyes
Stage 2(Stage of eruption)
•Red rash seen at back of ears & foreheads along hairline
•Rash spread all over body.
Prevention
1. Active immunization:
•By live attenuated measles virus over one year age.
2. Passive immunization
•By Human normal immunoglobulin.
ily,
madam!
MALARIA
•Occur in most topical regions.
•Protozoa disease (Protozoan infections are parasitic diseases caused by organisms).
•Transmit by bite of anopheles mosquitoes
•Incubation Period:
About 9-30days.
Mode of Transmission
Malaria is mainly spread by,
1. Vector transmission:
By bite of female anopheles mosquito
2. Direct transmission:
By injections of infected blood or plasma
3. Congenital:
Infected mother to new born
Sign & Symptoms
1. Cold Stage
•Onset of Fever with chills and sensation of extreme cold.
2. Hot Stage
•Temperature rise up to 106
•Intense headache.
3. Sweating stage:
•Fever decreases with sweating.
Prevention
1. Prevention against mosquito bite
2. Anti larval measures
3. Anti adult mosquito measures
4. Control of human reservoir
Plague
•Zoonotic or zoonosis disease (infection transmitted to man by infected rat fleas)
•Vector - Rat
Infected Rodent → Rat Flea → Human Host
Incubation Period:
About 9-30days.
Sign & Symptoms
Main symptoms of Pneumonic plague
Systemic: Fever
Central: Headache
Respiratory: Cough, Hemoptysis, Dyspnea, Chest pain
Muscular: Weakness
ily,
madam!
Prevention
1. General measures
• Prophylaxis for prevention bites of fleas -
by controlling rats.
•Early diagnosis, notification, isolation & disinfection of excretions like sputum.
•Attendant must wear protective measures like gloves etc.
2. Chemoprophylaxis
•Protect by using suitable drugs.
3. Vaccination
•Two vaccines used
a. Killed vaccine
b. Attenuated vaccine
Surface Infections
An infection of the skin that can be caused by bacteria, fungus, viruses or parasites.
RABIES
Also called - Hydrophobia
•Caused by virus Infect CNS & salivary glands.
•Incubation Period :
o varies with patient to patient
o Shorter in children
o Also depends upon site of infection
o Face: 30 days
o Hands: 40 days
o Legs: 60 days
•Whole minimum time is 9 days - 4 to 8 weeks.
Rabies
HOW IT SPREADS
ANIMAL BITE: The farther away from brain, the longer virus takes to spread
VIRUS: Spreads through central nervous system
ily,
madam!
SYMPTOMS IN HUMANS
•Fever, depression
•Agitation
•Painful spasms followed by excessive saliva
•Death within a week without vacine
Treatment:
Hospitalization, immune globulin injections, anti- rabies vaccine
Foaming at mouth after drinking:
Produced by spasms in throat
Mode of Transmission
Mainly spread by,
1. Zoonosis
2. Spreads by wide range of animals
3. Mostly by bites or lick on broken skin
Sign & Symptoms
Animals
- may appear sick, crazed, or vicious ("mad dog")
- nocturnal animals alert during the day may also appear overly friendly, docile, or
confused
Human
- Pain, tingling, and/or itching at bite site.
- nonspecific – fever, chills, fatigue, muscle aches later – high fever, agitation,
confusion
- extreme hydrophobia and aerophobia death during later stages
Prevention
1. Pre-exposure prophylaxis
•Risky persons like zoo keepers should be immunized.
•Compulsory vaccination of pets & stray dogs.
2. Post-exposure prophylaxis
•Prompt & proper treatment
•Also take following measures,
•Wash area of bite using plenty of soap & water for about 5 min.
•Apply antiseptics like tincture of iodine
•Vaccination: 1 ml vaccine at 0,3,7,14,30 & 90 days.
LEPROSY
•Also called - Hansen's disease
•Chronic infections of human.
•Affect & damage superficial tissue
especially skin and peripheral nerves.
•Incubation Period :
About 3-5 years
ily,
madam!
Mode of Transmission
Mainly spread by,
1. Direct transmission
Prolonged close contact with an infected person.
2. Through air borne droplets
Sign & Symptoms
1. Initially nerve damage causes numbness of skin on face, hands & feet.
2. Affected skin may become thickened & discolored.
3. Loss of sensation
4. Lack of sensation leads to injury or even loss of fingers or toes.
Prevention
1. Isolation of patient
2. Early diagnosis & chemotherapy
3. Treated with some specific drugs such as dapsone.
4. Create awareness about leprosy
•Avoid over crowding
•Bad personal hygiene
•Avoid of sharing of cloths etc
5. For prophylactic purposes use BCG vaccine
SYPHILIS
•Is chronic systemic infection
•Incubation Period:
About 10 days - 10
weeks. average periods is
3 weeks. Mode of
Transmission Mainly
spread by,
1. By sexual contact with infected partner
2. Less common Through blood transmission Mother to child etc.
Prevention
1. Use of contraceptive device
2. Avoid unsafe sexual contact.
3. Create awareness about STD's.
ily,
madam!
Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
•Chronic infection with HIV
•Reduce immunity to other infections.
•Incubation Period:
For Adult's: 8-10 years
For Children's below 5 years: within 2 years
Mode of Transmission
•Sexual contact with infected person
•Through infected blood products or blood transfusion
•By sharing contaminated needles or syringes
•Infected mother to fetus
•Also through body fluids like semen.
•Also through unsterilized piercing, blades.
Sign & Symptoms
1. Ist symptoms appear within 6 weeks of infection
•Swollen lymph nodes
•Fever
•Fatigue
•Rash
•Sore throat etc.
2. Other symptoms are
•Fever persisting for more than one month
•Unexpected weight loss
•Diarrhea
•Tuberculosis
Prevention
1. Create awareness about HIV in children
2. Use protective measures like condoms.
3. Screening of all blood products and tissue for transplant
4. Use sterilization method for instruments used for piercing of nose & ear lobes.
5. Use of disposable single used needle & syringes
6. Use proper protection by health care workers like hand gloves while
handling infected patients.
INTESTINAL INFECTIONS
Intestinal infections are viral, bacterial or parasitic infections that cause
gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract involving both the
stomach and the small intestine. Some of Intestinal diseases are:
1. Poliomyelitis
2. Cholera
3. Typhoid fever
4. Hepatitis
5. Food poisoning
6. Hook worm infection
ily,
madam!
CHOLERA
•Severe acute GIT infection
•Incubation Period :
Few hours - 5 days.
Mode of Transmission
1. Through food & water (contaminated by flies, insects & improper storage)
2. Rarely with contaminated hands of persons who handle excreta, vomitus of
patients etc.)
Sign & Symptoms
1. Severe watery diarrhea,
2. Occasional vomiting.
3. Weakness.
4. Dehydration.
5. Sub normal temp.
6. Electrolyte imbalance.
Prevention
1. Strict personal hygiene.
2. Using boiling drinking water.
3. Early detection of cases.
4. Proper and immediate treatment.
5. Disinfection of infective discharges & clothing must be done
6. Sanitation should be maintained.
7. For prevention use vaccine.
8. Treatment is done by,
a. By giving ORS,
b. Antibiotics.
ily,
madam!
Sorry po love, sorry kanina, sorry kasi hindi ako nakapag iloveyou sa'yo kanina, feel
ko nagtatampo ka na sa'kin. Sorry din kasi ngangayon ‘to, hindi ko natapos kanina
tapos ngayon nung issend ko na sa'yo ay biglang nag error ta's ayun may kalahati
rin ata ang nawala kaya inulit ko ulit, idunno kung ginagawa mo pa rin ‘to, sana
hindi na. iloveyousomuchh po, bawi po ako sa'yo
ily,
madam!