Acids and Bases – Formula Sheet:

Arrhenius Definition: Acid-Base Equations: (0.1 M HCl or 0.15M KOH)

• Acids produce H+ ions in solutions.
• Bases produce OH- ions in solutions. 𝑝𝐻 = − log[𝐻 + ] 𝑝𝑂𝐻 = − log[𝑂𝐻 − ]

Bronsted-Lowry Definition: 𝑝𝐻 + 𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 14

• Acids are proton donors.
• Bases are proton acceptors. [𝐻 + ] = 10−𝑝𝐻 [𝑂𝐻 − ] = 10−𝑝𝑂𝐻

Lewis Definition: [𝐻 + ][𝑂𝐻− ] = 1 𝑥 10−14

• Acids are electron pair acceptors.
[𝐻 + ] = [𝐻3 𝑂+ ]
• Bases are electron pair donors.
Strong Acids: Autoionization of Water:
HCl / HBr / HI / HNO3 / HClO4 / H2SO4
𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻3 𝑂+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞)
Weak Acids:
HF / HNO2 / HClO / HCN / HC2H3O2 𝑲𝒘 = [𝐻 + ][𝑂𝐻 − ]

Strong Bases: NaOH / KOH Weak Bases: NH3 𝑲𝒘 = 1 𝑥 10−14 𝑎𝑡 25 ℃

pH of a Weak Base: (0.25 M NH3) pH of a Weak Acid: (0.5M HC2H3O2)

𝐵(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻𝐵 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞) 𝐻𝐴(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻3 𝑂+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐴− (𝑎𝑞)

[𝐻𝐵 + ] [𝑂𝐻− ] [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] [𝐴− ]

𝑲𝒃 = 𝑲𝒂 =
[𝐵] [𝐻𝐴]

If 𝑲𝒃 < 1 x 10-4, then → [𝑂𝐻 − ] ≈ √[𝐵] ∙ 𝐾𝑏 If Ka < 1 x 10-4, then → [𝐻 + ] ≈ √[𝐻𝐴] ∙ 𝐾𝑎

𝑝𝑂𝐻 = − log[𝑂𝐻 − ] 𝑝𝐻 = 14 − 𝑝𝑂𝐻 𝑝𝐻 = − log[𝐻 + ]

1 1
𝑝𝐻 = (14 + 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + log[𝐵]) 𝑝𝐻 = (𝑝𝐾𝑎 − log[𝐻𝐴])
2 2
Percent Ionization for Acids:
Acidic Ions: Neutral Ions: Weak Basic Ions:
𝑁𝐻4 + 𝐶𝑙 − 𝐹− [𝐻 + ]
% 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100%
𝐴𝑙 3+ 𝐵𝑟 − 𝐶𝑁 − [𝐻𝐴]
𝐹𝑒 3+ 𝐼− 𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2 −
𝐶𝑢2+ 𝑁𝑂3 − 𝑁𝑂2 − Percent Ionization for Bases:
𝐶𝑙𝑂4 − 𝐶𝑙𝑂−
𝐻𝑆𝑂4 − 𝐶𝑂3 2− [𝑂𝐻 − ]
% 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100%
[𝐵]
Strong Base Ions: 𝑂𝐻 − 𝑂2− 𝐻− 𝑁𝐻2 −

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Acid-Base Dissociation Constant Equations:
Acid: Ka Value:
𝐻𝑁𝑂2 4.0 × 10−4 𝑝𝐾𝑎 = − log 𝐾𝑎 𝑝𝐾𝑏 = − log 𝐾𝑏
𝐻𝐹 7.2 × 10−4
𝐻𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2 1.8 × 10−5 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + 𝑝𝐾𝑏 = 14
𝐻𝐶𝑙𝑂 3.5 × 10−8
𝐻2 𝑃𝑂4 − 6.2 × 10−8 𝐾𝑎 = 10−𝑝𝐾𝑎 𝐾𝑏 = 10−𝑝𝐾𝑏
𝑁𝐻4 + 5.6 × 10−10
𝐻𝐶𝑁 6.2 × 10−10 𝐾𝑎 × 𝐾𝑏 = 1 × 10−14
Note: A buffer solution is made up of a weak acid pH - Buffer Solution: (0.5M NH4Cl / 0.4M NH3)
and its conjugate weak base. Buffer solutions Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation:
resist changes to its pH.
[𝐴− ]
𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + log ( )
Examples of Buffer Solutions: [𝐻𝐴]
1. HF / NaF
2. NH4Cl / NH3 [𝐴− ]
3. HC2H3O2 / NaC2H3O2 = 10𝑝𝐻−𝑝𝐾𝑎
[𝐻𝐴]

𝑝𝐻 > 𝑝𝐾𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 [𝐴− ] > [𝐻𝐴] Note: 𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 [𝐴− ] = [𝐻𝐴]
𝑝𝐻 < 𝑝𝐾𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 [𝐴− ] < [𝐻𝐴]
Dissociation Constants for H3PO4 pH of a Polyprotic Acid: (0.25M H3PO4)
𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐾𝑎1 = 7.5 × 10−3
𝐻3 𝐴(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻3 𝑂+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝐴− (𝑎𝑞)
𝐻2 𝑃𝑂4 − 𝐾𝑎2 = 6.2 × 10−8
𝐻𝑃𝑂4 2− 𝐾𝑎3 = 4.8 × 10−13 [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] [𝐻2 𝐴− ]
𝑲𝒂𝟏 =
[𝐻3 𝐴]
Note: The 1st step is most important for
calculating the pH of the solution: 𝑝𝐻 = − log[𝐻3 𝑂+ ]
-------------------------------------------------------------
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = [𝐻2 𝐴− ] 𝐻2 𝐴− (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻3 𝑂 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻𝐴2− (𝑎𝑞)

𝐾𝑎2 = [𝐻𝐴2− ] [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] [𝐻𝐴2− ]

𝑲𝒂𝟐 =
[𝐻2 𝐴− ]
Amphoteric Ion Reactions in Water: pH of an Amphoteric Salt: (0.4M NaH2PO4)

𝐻2 𝐴− (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻3 𝑂+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻𝐴2− (𝑎𝑞) 𝑲𝒂𝟐 1

𝑝𝐻 ≈ (𝑝𝐾𝑎1 + 𝑝𝐾𝑎2 ) "𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡"
2
𝐻2 𝐴− (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻3 𝐴(𝑎𝑞) 𝑲𝒃𝟑
𝐾𝑤
[𝐻 + ] ≈ √𝐾𝑎1 ∙ 𝐾𝑎2 𝐾𝑏3 =
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ] [𝐻𝐴2− ] [𝐻3 𝐴] [𝑂𝐻 − ] 𝐾𝑎1
𝑲𝒂𝟐 = 𝑲𝒃𝟑 =
[𝐻2 𝐴− ] [𝐻2 𝐴− ]
[𝐻3 𝐴]
[𝐻 + ] = √𝐾𝑎1 ∙ 𝐾𝑎2 ∙
[𝐻2 𝐴− ]

www.Video-Tutor.net
Standard Form of a Quadratic Equation: pH of a Weak Acid / Weak Base Salt: (0.2M NH4F)

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝐻𝐴(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻3 𝑂+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐴− (𝑎𝑞) 𝑲𝒂

The Quadratic Formula: 𝐵(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻𝐵 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞) 𝑲𝒃

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻3 𝑂+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞) 𝑲𝒘

𝑥=
2𝑎
𝐾𝑎 𝐾𝑤
Dilution Formula: [𝐻 + ] ≈ √ 𝐼𝑓 [𝐵] ≈ [𝐻𝐴]
𝐾𝑏
𝑀1 𝑉1 = 𝑀2 𝑉2
𝐾𝑎 𝐾𝑤 [𝐵] [𝐻𝐵 + ]
Moles: [𝐻 + ] = √ ∙ ∙
𝑛 = 𝑀𝑉 𝐾𝑏 [𝐻𝐴] [𝐴− ]

Acid-Base Titrations:
Titration: pH at Equiv. point • ICE Tables – Use Molarity
Strong Acid – Strong Base pH = 7 • BCA Tables – Use Moles
Weak Acid – Strong Base pH > 7
Weak Base – Strong Acid pH < 7 At ½ Veq (Equivalence Volume):

𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 [𝐴− ] = [𝐻𝐴]

Acid-Base Indicators:
Indicator: 𝑲𝒂 𝒑𝑲𝒂 𝑯𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝑰𝒏−
Methyl Orange 3.4 × 10−4 3.5 𝑹𝒆𝒅 𝑡𝑜 𝒀𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘
Methyl Red 7.9 × 10−6 5.1 𝑹𝒆𝒅 𝑡𝑜 𝒀𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘
Bromthymol Blue 1.0 × 10−7 7.0 𝒀𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑡𝑜 𝑩𝒍𝒖𝒆
Phenolphthalein 5.0 × 10−10 9.3 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒌

www.Video-Tutor.net