THE IMPACT OF MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY ON SENIOR

HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS CAREER CHOICE

Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Rationale
Criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal

justice system. It is a multidisciplinary field that uses insights from sociology,

psychology, law, anthropology and other related disciplines to understand the causes

and consequences of criminal behavior. Criminologists attempt to analyze patterns of

criminal activity, examine factors that contribute to criminal behavior, and evaluate the

effectiveness of various criminal justice strategies and interventions.

The field of criminology, a discipline closely linked to the concepts of justice,

crime and social order, has significantly influenced the complex picture presented by

contemporary media. In a time characterized by a dynamic and ever-changing media

landscape, the influence of media on our lives is more pervasive than ever. It is a reality

that extends to all aspects of society, including the way individuals perceive and make

important decisions about their future career paths.

In the area of academic research, recent research has shed light on the complex

relationship between media representations and career choice, particularly in the field of

i
criminology. In-depth analysis shows that media representations not only reflect public

perception but also actively shape the understanding of the criminological profession.

Smith's work (2022). illustrates how the portrayal of criminal justice professionals,

detectives, and forensic scientists in popular media contributes to students' perceptions

of these professions and potentially influences their career aspirations. For example,

movies and TV shows often depict forensic scientists as glamorous and highly skilled

individuals who solve complex cases using cutting-edge technology, which can create

an unrealistic expectation of the profession among students.

Furthermore, media narratives, whether in crime television series, in the news, or

in online content, have the power to romanticize or demonize the world of criminology.

Research shows that such portrayals can encourage young minds to consider a career

in criminology as they find it heroic and intellectually stimulating, or conversely can

discourage them by reinforcing negative stereotypes and fears about the field of

criminology.

Jones & Lee et. al 2021, findings highlight the critical importance of

understanding how media representations influence the career decisions of students

interested in criminology and related disciplines. The influence of media representations

on career choice goes beyond criminology. In recent years, an increasing number of

studies emphasize the broader social implications of the media's role in career

decisions. Study highlights the importance of recognizing the complex interaction

between media, personal desires, and educational choices.

In this context, our study attempts to demonstrate the multiple dimensions of the

relationship between media representations of criminology and students' career

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trajectories. This is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how the media shapes

perceptions, desires, and ultimately career decisions in the field of criminology. By

examining the media's different narratives, the stereotypes it perpetuates, and their

broader impact on young people, the researchers hope to shed light on the complex

connections between media portrayals and students' career choices.

Theoretical Background of the Study

This study incorporates the following theories - social learning, symbolic

interactionism, and culture offer complementary perspectives for exploring the complex

interplay between individual experiences, social interactions, and the broader cultural

context.

Social learning theory, introduced by Albert Bandura (1977), assumes that

individuals learn by observing others and imitating their behaviors. It emphasizes the

interactive nature of learning, in which individuals absorb knowledge and acquire new

skills by modeling the behavior of those around them emphasizes the role of

reinforcement and suggests that the consequences positive or negative that result from

a behavior influence the likelihood of its repetition.

Symbolic interactionism, which has its roots in the work of theorists such as

George Herbert Mead and Herbert Blumer (1981), focuses on the symbolic meanings

and shared interpretations that individuals attach to symbols and interactions. This

theory posits that human behavior is not solely determined by external stimuli, but is

strongly influenced by the subjective meanings that people attribute to objects,

gestures, and words.

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 Cultivation Theory (Gerbner, 1960), emphasizes the cumulative, long-term

impacts of media exposure on people's views and ideas. The study of cultivation theory

looks at how media portrayals affect people's opinions on topics like crime, gender

roles, and social standards and how they help to create social reality. It draws attention

to how important the media is in preserving a shared cultural framework and influencing

public perception.

Conceptual Framework

Social Learning Symbolic Interactionism

Cultivation Theory
Theory (Bandura, (Mead and Blumer,
(Gerbner, 1960)
1977) individuals 1981) focuses on the
emphasizes the
learn by observing symbolic meanings and
cumulative, long-term
others and imitating shared interpretations
impacts of media
their behaviors that individuals attach
exposure on people's
to symbols and
views and ideas
interactions iv
 Extent of influence
Level of exposure of of media
the students towards representation
media portrayal towards
criminology as
Career Choice

Figure 1. Theoretical-conceptual Framework of the Study

Social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura (1977), is a psychological

concept that emphasizes the importance of learning through observation, imitation, and

modeling in behavioral development. According to this theory, people learn by

observing others and imitating their actions, behaviors, and attitudes. Social learning

theory suggests that learning is based not only on direct experience but also on

v
observing and imitating the behavior of others in social contexts. One of the key

elements of social learning theory is the concept of reinforcement. Bandura argues that

reinforcement plays a key role in learning and repeating behavior. Positive

reinforcement, when a behavior is followed by a reward, increases the likelihood that

the behavior will be repeated. On the other hand, if the behavior results in the

elimination of the aversive stimulus, negative reinforcement also increases the

likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.

Numerous studies have confirmed and expanded the theory of social learning. A

notable study is the Bobo doll experiment conducted in 1961 by Albert Bandura himself.

In this experiment, children were shown a video of an adult behaving aggressively

toward a Bobo doll, an inflatable doll designed for this effect. Children who observed

aggressive behavior were more likely to imitate the same aggressive actions when

given the opportunity to play with the Bobo doll. This experiment provided empirical

evidence for the idea that observational learning and modeling influence behavior.

Another study that supports social learning theory is the research on media violence

conducted by Bandura in collaboration with others. They found that exposure to

aggressive behavior in the media can lead to increased aggression in people who

observe and identify with aggressive characters. This supports the idea that learning

through observation, even of fictional media characters, can influence behavior.

Research on the transmission of cultural practices and norms is also consistent

with social learning theory. Children often learn social norms, values, and behaviors by

observing and imitating the actions of adults and peers in their cultural environment.

Social learning theory has found significant support in various empirical studies, such as

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the Bobo Doll experiment and research on media violence. Emphasizes the importance

of observational learning, modeling, and reinforcement in shaping human behavior and

emphasizes the role of social context in the learning process.

Cultivation theory, developed by George Gerbner in the late 1960s, remains a

key model for understanding the long-term effects of media exposure on individuals'

cognition and behavior. As media consumption becomes an integral part of everyday

life, this theory challenges us to examine how the narratives presented in the media

shape our understanding of the world around us. Central to cultivation theory is the idea

that repeated exposure to media content, particularly television, leads to the cultivation

of shared beliefs and attitudes. This process, called “mainstreaming,” creates a

worldview that is shared by people who consume similar media narratives. (Chory-

Assad & Tamborini, 2003): This study examined the application of cultivation theory in a

non-Western context by examining the relationship between media exposure and

support for aggressive norms in India. The results suggest that exposure to aggressive

media content was associated with higher levels of norm endorsement and thus

contributed to the prevalence of cultivation effects. Mastro and Robinson (2018):

Investigated the influence of media portrayals of forensic scientists on viewers'

perceptions of the profession, highlighting the potential for unrealistic expectations

based on fictional representations.

Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that focuses on the role

of symbols and interactions in shaping human behavior and society. This theory,

developed by George Herbert Mead and further developed by Herbert Blumer (1981),

emphasizes the importance of symbols, language, and shared meanings in the

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construction of social reality. Symbolic interactionism places great emphasis on

personal development. In Mead's approach, “I” and “I” emphasize the interaction

between individual identity and social expectations. Berger and Luckmann's (1966) work

contributes to symbolic interactionism by examining how individuals collectively

construct their understanding of reality. They argue that social reality is a continuous

process of interpretation and negotiation. Fine and Powell (2018), Explored symbolic

interactionism in the context of organizational behavior, focusing on how employees

interpret and respond to symbols, rituals, and communication within workplaces. Hewitt

(2016): Conducted a study on symbolic interactionism and mental health, examining

how individuals with mental health challenges negotiate meanings, identities, and social

roles in their interactions with others and within societal frameworks.

The conceptual framework of the study includes social learning theory, symbolic

interactionism and cultivation theory in the context of media, career choice and the

mechanisms of their influence. The social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura

(1977) emphasized that individuals learn by observing the behaviors, attitudes, and

performance of others in media portrayals. Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the

importance of symbols and language used in media representations of different

professions. Cultivation theory, developed by George Gerbner (1960), examines the

long-term effects of media exposure in shaping certain career profiles and influence

individuals' attitudes and beliefs towards the world of work. Findings from this study

could include a comprehensive understanding of how media influences individuals'

career choices based on social learning theory, symbolic interactionism, and cultivation

theory. By integrating these theories and dimensions, a conceptual framework can

viii
provide a solid foundation for understanding the complex interplay between media,

social learning, symbolic interactions, cultivation processes, and career choices.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to address the influence of media portrayals on Criminology

towards the career choices of Senior High school students of the selected schools of

Maasin City Division for the S.Y. 2023-2024.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of exposure of the students towards media portrayal of

Criminology?

2. What is the extent of influence of media representation towards criminology as

Career Choice?

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 3. Is there a significant relationship between the level of exposure towards media

portrayal and extent of influence of media representation towards Criminology as

Career Choice?

Statement of the Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between the level of exposure towards media

portrayal and extent of influence of media representation towards Criminology as

Career Choice.

Significance of the Study

This study holds significant implications for various stakeholders. For students

considering careers in criminology or related fields, it offers insights into how media

portrayals shape career choices, aiding in informed decision-making and setting realistic

expectations. Educators and career counselors can leverage these findings to provide

tailored guidance and resources to students. Media professionals, including journalists

and filmmakers, can reflect on the ethical dimensions of their portrayals, recognizing

their impact on young people's career decisions. Criminology departments and

institutions can use the study to enhance recruitment strategies and understand factors

x
influencing student enrollment. Policy makers can derive valuable insights for creating

supportive policies in education and workforce development. At a societal level,

understanding the influence of media representations on career choices can inform

discussions on the criminal justice system, crime prevention, and public safety. Future

researchers can use the data and results as a benchmark for further exploration in this

field.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study, concentrated on how media portrayals of criminology affect students'

choices of careers. The research was conducted among senior high school students

with HUMMS as their strand during the academic year 2023-2024, aligning with the

institution's regular academic calendar. It is important to note that the findings of this

study should not be extrapolated to other educational institutions or contexts outside of

Saint Joseph College. The influence of media representations on criminology students'

career decisions may differ in various settings.

Definition of Terms

Media Representations This refers to the portrayal, depiction, or presentation of

criminology and related concepts in various forms of media, such as television, movies,

news, social media, and literature. It encompasses how the media portrays criminal

behavior, law enforcement, the criminal justice system, and related topics.

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Career Choice The process through which individuals make choices regarding their

future employment or profession. This involves assessing personal interests, skills,

values, and external factors to determine a suitable career path.

Level of Exposure refers to the extent or amount of exposure a person has to media

content, such as television, radio, newspapers, social media, or other forms of

information and entertainment.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The influence of media portrayals of criminology on high school students' career

choices is a fascinating area of research that examines the influence of popular culture

in shaping perceptions of careers in criminal justice. The aim of this chapter is to

examine how images of in films, television shows and online platforms can contribute to

stereotypes, romantic ideas or, conversely, realistic expectations of a career in

criminology. By examining the connection between media exposure and career

xii
preferences, researchers seek to better understand the complex relationship between

social perceptions and the decisions high school students make early in their careers.

On the Level of Exposure of Media Portrayals of Criminology

In modern society, the inescapable impact of media on person discernments and

choices is irrefutable. Inside the domain of criminology, media depictions run from the

captivating stories of crime-solving to the sensationalized portrayals of criminal

behavior. However, the degree to which senior school understudies are uncovered to

these representations and the consequent effect on their career choices remains an

zone ready for investigation. Understanding the level of introduction to media depictions

of criminology among this statistic is vital for unraveling the complicated relationship

between media utilization and career desires, shedding light on the pathways through

which media stories shape end of the directions of youthful minds.

Most people are intrigued by a career in criminology and criminal justice because

they are inspired by popular series such as Law and Order, CSI, Criminal Minds, and

Sherlock Holmes (Roufa, 2017). Criminology studies crimes as a criminal act punished

by society through the justice system and focuses on the areas of causes, prevention,

and correction of crime (Maryville University, 2022). Criminology also helped prepare

students for life in the real world. It allows them to learn about the criminal justice

system and put their knowledge into practice. This also helps them build a network of

local contacts (Manheim and Bernard, 2019).

Surette and Otto (2001) examined the influence of media portrayals of criminal

justice professionals on college students' career aspirations. The researchers found that

xiii
students who were exposed to positive portrayals of law enforcement officials were

more likely to express interest in pursuing careers in criminal justice compared to those

who were exposed to negative portrayals or had no exposure.

Furtheremore, Holmes and O'Driscoll (2001) investigated the impact of media

representations of forensic scientists on students' perceptions of the profession. They

found that students who watched crime dramas featuring forensic scientists in a positive

light were more inclined to consider forensic science as a career option. Their research

showed that consistent exposure to media representations, which frequently show

forensic scientists as highly competent and vital for solving crimes, had a noteworthy

impact on students' interest and view of the profession's appeal. Moreover, the research

pointed out that the media plays a role in influencing students' perception of the daily

responsibilities and obstacles in forensic science, often resulting in an idealized view of

the profession. Holmes and O'Driscoll's research highlights the influence of media in

both informing and motivating students' career decisions, demonstrating how positive

and engaging portrayals in media can spark interest in specific fields such as forensic

science.

Oleszkiewicz and Kazmierczak (2015) focused on the influence of media

portrayals of detectives on career choices among young adults. The study revealed that

exposure to TV shows or movies depicting detectives as heroic and intelligent

significantly increased participants' interest in pursuing careers in investigative fields.

Oleszkiewicz and Kazmierczak (2015) examined how media depictions of detectives

affect the career decisions of young adults. The research discovered that being

exposed to TV shows or movies portraying detectives as brave and smart greatly raised

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participants' enthusiasm for pursuing jobs in investigative fields. Characters depicted as

capable and morally upright thinkers were found to evoke respect and a motivation to

imitate these qualities in their own careers. Furthermore, the research pointed out that

media representations may create a glamorized perception of investigative jobs,

possibly eclipsing the everyday difficulties and demanding aspects of the career. The

writers observed that although favorable portrayals can spark interest in a career, they

could also lead to unrealistic expectations about the daily aspects of being a detective.

Bandura et. al, (2003) investigated the impact of watching others on career decisions,

especially by consuming various forms of media. Their research showed that people

frequently imitate behaviors and professional goals they see in the media. For example,

individuals shown as prosperous and content in their careers can be seen as

inspirations, motivating audiences to follow in their footsteps. This impact was especially

powerful among youthful viewers, who are more easily influenced and prone to be

persuaded by media depictions when shaping their professional goals. Gibson and

Cordova (2009) studied how media representations affect how genders perceive

different professions, such as criminology and law enforcement. Their study revealed

that how the media portrays gender can either question or support conventional gender

norms, impacting the career decisions of young people. One example is how having

powerful female characters in crime shows inspired more women to pursue jobs in law

enforcement, helping to combat gender prejudices from the past. On the other hand,

media that promoted typical gender stereotypes tended to discourage people from

seeking jobs seen as unconventional for their gender.

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 These studies highlight the significant impact of media representations on the

career decisions of young adults. Portrayals that are positive and captivating of certain

occupations have the potential to spark curiosity and influence viewpoints, potentially

impacting career choices. Nevertheless, media portrayals must strike a balance

between motivation and authenticity in order to help young audiences gain a thorough

grasp of their desired professions. Educators and media producers should be mindful

that well-rounded, truthful, and varied representations can greatly influence the

professional choices of upcoming generations.

On the Extent of Influence in Criminology as a Career Choice

Within the scene of career investigation, the charm of criminology as a calling

has drawn the intrigued of numerous people, especially among senior tall school

understudies exploring their future ways. The choice to seek after a career in

criminology is impacted by a horde of variables, extending from individual interface to

societal recognitions molded by different sources, counting media depictions.

Understanding the degree of impact applied by these components is fundamental for

directing understudies towards educated career choices and tending to potential

misinterpretations encompassing the field of criminology. This consider looks for to dive

into the nuanced elements of impact on criminology as a career choice among senior

high school students, shedding light on the variables that shape their goals and

recognitions of this teach.

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 The experiences of police officers without degrees in criminology in the Philippine

National Police are needed to determine whether internal and external factors influence

their motivation and decision to join the organization (Mojares et al., 2017). It is also

important that graduates of non-criminology studies can achieve their dreams as

officers by joining a police organization, even if they do not graduate from the

Criminology (Cepeda, 2020).

The experiences of police officers within the organization are also beneficial for

those who do not have the opportunity to choose a professional interest which

subsequently gives them the image of a police officer who does not graduate from

criminology. This is still relevant today where the Philippine National Police employs a

majority of non-criminologists such as computer science graduates, nurses, doctors,

teachers and social workers (Caliwan, 2019). These are beneficial to the department of

criminology, regardless whether or not a criminology graduate has advantages in

pursuing a police career, such as conditions, training and guidelines for organizing a

police force (Patty, 2022).

A police organization such as the Philippine National Police is a hierarchical and

personnel organization that separates frontline units from support units (Taguig City

University, 2021). In PNP administrative support units such as pastoral services,

engineering services and financial services, police officers without training in

criminology are needed, largely staffed by chaplains, doctors, accountants and others

whose profession is adapted to their environment. In addition, non-criminological police

officers also work in operational support units such as medical and dental centers and

xvii
the civil relations department, which include qualified and professional personnel

including dentists, teachers and social workers (Dalizon, 2023).

On the Level of Exposure of Media Portrayals of Criminology and the Extent of

Influence in Criminology as a Career Choice

Within the perplexing transaction between media representations and career

choices, the domain of criminology stands as a captivating central point, particularly for

senior tall school understudies exploring the pathways to their future employments.

Media depictions of criminology, extending from grasping crime-solving accounts to

sensationalized portrayals of criminal behavior, hold influence over the discernments

and desires of youthful minds. This study points to light the double features of this

relationship: first, by looking at the level of presentation senior tall school understudies

need to media depictions of criminology, and moment, by unraveling the degree to

which these depictions impact their contemplations of criminology as a potential career

choice. Through this investigation, we point to reveal the nuanced flow forming the

career goals of tomorrow's criminologists in the midst of the scenery of media impact.

Choosing a major in high school is heavily influenced by many variables,

including the choice of major between 11th and 12th grade, as this may result in them

continuing on the academic path they previously chose. University or transfer to a

different academic address for your student. Additionally, their skills, possible career

path, parents' choices, peer pressure, and personal preferences are some of the

variables that influence students' choice of major, regardless of their major in high

school.

xviii
 Career guidance programs emerged in the Philippines as the Philippine

government became concerned about the growing number of unemployed college

graduates and people working in fields outside their area of expertise. The country's

unemployment rate is often associated with the shortage of graduates from universities

and colleges as well as workers needed by various companies. According to a report by

the Philippine Statistics Authority PSA (2021), the unemployment rate in the Philippines

is influenced by mismatches between the skills and qualifications of job seekers and the

requirements of available positions in the labor market."

Choosing the right career path is becoming increasingly important for today's

young students. There are many things that students need to consider when choosing a

career and major. According to Carnevale et.al. (2011), the subject of study is of great

importance. So much so that graduates of certain disciplines can earn more than

master's graduates. The authors found that the highest-paying specializations were in

STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields, and the lowest-

paying specializations were early childhood education, social services, and community

organizing.

Academic institutions have tried to respond to the needs of customers, potential

students and other customers such as industry partners when preparing an educational

program (Hrnciar & Madzík, 2013). Academic programs and other student services are

developed to promote the university's image (Nadelson et, al. 2013). Pafili and

Mylonakis (2011) pointed out that by making the right decision in choosing a career,

students can appropriately use their skills and knowledge to gain relevant experience

that could contribute to the development and well-being of society, but Koni, Zainal and

xix
Ibrahim (2012) noted that some studies show that not all students entering college

intend to earn a college degree. as cited by Blumberg et, al.(2019).

The impact of media depictions of criminology on tall school students' career

choices speaks to a intriguing range of investigate, enlightening the effect of prevalent

culture on recognitions of careers in criminal equity. This chapter has investigated how

pictures in movies, tv appears, and online stages can contribute to generalizations,

romanticized standards, or, on the other hand, reasonable desires of a career in

criminology. By exploring the association between media introduction and career

inclinations, analysts point to pick up a more profound understanding of the perplexing

relationship between social discernments and the early career choices of tall school

understudies. Furthermore, this chapter has highlighted the significance of career

direction programs and the part of scholastic educate in reacting to the advancing

needs and desires of understudies as they explore their instructive and proficient

ventures. As society proceeds to advance, understanding these impacts gets to be

progressively vital in directing people towards satisfying and significant career ways.

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 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methodology which includes the; research design,

research locale, research respondents, research instrument, data collection procedure

and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design
This study used primarily mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative

and qualitative data. This design mix method involves integrating both quantitative and

qualitative research methodologies to gain a comprehensive understanding of the

complex phenomenon under investigation. In the context of studying the impact of

media representations on senior high students' career choices, the approach would

involve collecting and analyzing numerical data (quantitative) alongside exploring the

richness of individual experiences and perceptions (qualitative). By incorporating both

quantitative and qualitative methods, this mixed-methods approach allows researchers

xxi
to capture both the breadth and depth of the relationship between media

representations of criminology and senior high school students' career choices. It also

helps address the limitations of relying on a single methodological approach.

Research Locale
This study was conducted at Saint Joseph College, an educational institution

founded on February 20, 1928, located at Tomas Oppus Street, Tunga-tunga, Maasin

City, Southern Leyte. It is committed to providing quality excellent, integral education to

its students. on this academic school year 2023-2024. The research will be conducted

among senior high school HUMMS students at Saint Joseph College during the

academic year 2023-2024, the Senior High School Department of Saint Joseph College

offers the following strands ABM, GAS, HUMMS, STEM, and TVL track. aligning with

the institution's regular academic calendar. We choose HUMMS to be our target

respondents on the manner that it can lead to many other college courses and one of it

is Criminology.

Research Respondents
The respondents of the study taken out from the different strands of the senior

high school department of Saint Joseph College, Manhilo National High School, and

Ibarra National High School. The respondents will be identified through purposive

sampling where respondents are selected according to the following criteria a. a Grade

12 level students, b. took HUMMS strand.

Research Instrument
The instrument that was used in the study is a researcher-made questionnaire

The instrument comprises of three parts. Part I will determine the demographic profile of

xxii
the respondents, part 2 is a ten-item Likert Scale Questionnaire that will determine the

media exposure and preferences and part 3 is also a ten-item Likert Scale

Questionnaire to identify the perception of the students on criminology.

Data Collection Procedure

The conduct of the study started with the submission of permission letter to the

Dean of the Criminology Department. Once approved the researcher will formulate a

questionnaire based on several readings from related literature and duly approved by

the expert, while waiting for the approval, the researchers will start identifying the

respondents of the study based on/using stratified random sampling. Once identified the

respondents will be grouped and orientation will be conducted which is to orient them

about the purpose of the study, their rights as respondents such as rights to privacy,

right to confidentiality, right to anonymity, and their right to withdraw anytime. Once they

have already understood the purpose and their rights they will be made to signed

informed consent, once signed the collection of data will commence. The questionnaire

will be distributed to the respondents and they will be assisted by the members of the

group when they answer the questionnaire just in case there will be items not clear to

the respondents. After that retrieval, the respondents will be given enough time, once

done the researchers will retrieve the questionnaire and tabulate the data, once

tabulated they will submit the data to a statistician for interpretation. All questionnaires

xxiii
while the data is on process with the statistician, the questionnaires will be kept in a

safe place to avoid the identification of the respondents. Once the analysis is done and

the interpretation already been obtained and the researchers are already building on the

conclusion and findings of the study then the questionnaires will now be destroyed.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tool was utilized in the analysis of data.

Frequency and Percentage to identify the dominant portrayals of Criminology

and mainstream media

Weighted Mean to determine the level of exposure of these dominant media

representations as well as the perceptions of students towards Criminology as career

choice.

Pearson r to assess if there is any significant relationship between the level of

exposure and perceptions of students towards criminology as a career choice.

Ethical Considerations
Ensure that ethical guidelines are followed, especially when collecting data from

human participants. Obtain informed consent and maintain confidentiality. Honesty on

all the answers should be given outmost consideration. No bias information just to set

things right for the researchers. Informed consent must be discussed, voluntariness

must be guaranteed to the participating party. Confidentiality likewise must all the time

xxiv
be noted. Continuous monitoring is the key to evaluate the progress of the needed

things to be done and will be done on the process of the conduct of the study.

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26