Group number: - 7

Date: - 16/10/2024

EXPERIMENT NO: - 8

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

• AIM: Study of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of Analog

• COMPONENTS: MATLAB 2024.

• THEORY:
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is a modulation technique that combine
s both amplitude and phase modulation to transmit information efficiently1. Here'
s a breakdown of the theory behind QAM:
Basics of QAM:
1. Amplitude Modulation (AM): Varies the amplitude of the carrier wave to represent
the information signal.
2. Phase Modulation (PM): Varies the phase of the carrier wave to represent the inf
ormation signal.
3. QAM: Combines both AM and PM, allowing for the transmission of two signals si
multaneously over the same frequency band, effectively doubling the bandwidth
efficiency1.

Working Principle:
1. Carrier Signals: Two carrier signals, typically sine and cosine waves, are used. T
hese are 90 degrees out of phase with each other, hence the term "quadrature."
2. Modulating Signals: The information signal is split into two components, one mod
ulating the amplitude of the sine wave and the other modulating the amplitude of
the cosine wave.
3. Combining Signals: The two modulated signals are then combined to form the Q
AM signal. The resulting signal has variations in both amplitude and phase, repre
senting the information.
 Mathematical Representation:
The QAM signal can be represented as: s(t) = I(t) [cos(2*pi*f_c t)] + Q(t) [sin(2*pi*
f_c t)] where:
I(t) is the in-phase component (amplitude-modulated signal).
Q(t) is the quadrature-phase component (phase-modulated signal).
fc is the carrier frequency.

• QAM Transmitter: -

• QAM Receiver: -

Constellation Diagram:
A constellation diagram is used to represent the QAM signal, where each point (c
onstellation point) represents a unique combination of amplitude and phase. For
example, 16-QAM has 16 points, each representing 4 bits of information.
• Applications:
Digital Communications: Used in modern digital communication systems like Wi-
Fi, cable television, and cellular networks1.
Efficiency: QAM is highly efficient in terms of bandwidth usage, making it suitable
for high-data-rate applications1.

• ADVANTAGES:
1. High Spectral Efficiency: QAM allows the transmission of a large amount of data
within a given bandwidth, making it highly efficient. This is crucial for applications
requiring high data rates, such as broadband internet and digital television.
2. Robustness to Noise and Interference: Higher-order QAM schemes can provide a
more robust signal that can better withstand noise and interference, improving
signal quality and reliability in communication systems.
3. Flexibility: QAM can be easily adapted to different channel conditions by changing
the modulation order. For example, lower-order QAM (e.g., 16-QAM) can be used
in poor signal conditions, while higher-order QAM (e.g., 64-QAM) can be used in
better conditions to increase data rates.

• DISADVANTAGES:
1. Complexity: Implementing QAM requires more complex transmitter and receiver
circuitry compared to simpler modulation schemes like AM or FM. This can lead to
increased costs and power consumption.
2. Sensitivity to Phase and Amplitude Distortions: QAM signals are sensitive to phase
and amplitude distortions, which can degrade the performance in environments
with significant multipath propagation or non-linearities.
3. Higher Error Rates in Noisy Environments: Higher-order QAM schemes (e.g., 256-
QAM) are more susceptible to noise, resulting in higher error rates in poor signal
conditions.

• CODE:

M = 16; % 16-QAM
numSymbols = 20000;
Fs = 10000;
Ts = 1/Fs;
EbN0_dB = 0:2:20;
Pe = zeros(length(EbN0_dB), 1);
x = (0:M-1);
y = qammod(x,M);
scatterplot(y)
data = randi([0 M-1], numSymbols, 1);
% QAM Modulation
modulatedSignal = qammod(data, M);
t = (0:length(modulatedSignal)-1) * Ts;
for i = 1:length(EbN0_dB)
Pe(i) = qam_probability_of_error(M, EbN0_dB(i));
end
 % Plotting probability of error
figure;
semilogy(EbN0_dB, Pe, 'b-o', 'LineWidth', 1.5); % Plot probability of error
grid on;
xlabel('E_b/N_0 (dB)');
ylabel('Probability of Error (P_e)');
title('Probability of Error vs. E_b/N_0 for 16-QAM');
axis([0 20 1e-6 1]);
% Plotting the Waveform
figure;
% Waveform of the Modulated Signal
subplot(2, 1, 1);
plot(t, real(modulatedSignal), 'b');
title('Waveform of Modulated Signal (16-QAM)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude (In-phase)');
grid on;
axis([0 0.01 -4 4]);
subplot(2, 1, 2);
plot(t, imag(modulatedSignal), 'r');
title('Waveform of Modulated Signal (16-QAM)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude (Quadrature-phase)');
grid on;
axis([0 0.01 -4 4]);
% Function to calculate probability of error for QAM
function Pe = qam_probability_of_error(M, EbN0_dB)
% Convert Eb/N0 from dB to linear scale
EbN0 = 10.^(EbN0_dB/10);
EsN0 = EbN0 * log2(M); % Es/N0 = Eb/N0 * log2(M)
k = sqrt(3 / (M - 1));
Pe = 2 * (1 - 1 / sqrt(M)) * qfunc(k * sqrt(EsN0));
End

• OUTPUT:
• Conclusion: