Name : DE LEON, Klain Mikyla N.

Date : February 17, 2023

Course/Year/Sec: BS Psychology 1-YB-6 Teacher: Dr, Jeniffer V. Plueckebaum

EXERCISE NO. 5

SKELETAL AND ARTICULAR SYSTEM

GIO: To learn the different bones and cartilages comprising the skeletal system, their
functions and articulations.

SIO:
1. Describe the different functions of the bones.

The different functions of the bones are muscle attachment, protection and
support, hemopoiesis, and storge of minerals.

Muscle Attachment - It means that the muscle tissue attached to the bones
throughout the body.

Protect - The bones protects the internal organs of the body.

Support - The bones supports the body and facilitates the movement of the
body.

Hemopoiesis- The bones produces red blood cells that occurs in the red bone
marrow.

Storage of Minerals - The bone tissue acts as a storage container for a variety
of minerals essential to body function, particularly calcium and phosphorus.
These minerals, which are incorporated into bone tissue, can be released back
into the bloodstream to support physiological processes.

2. Discuss the histologic composition of bones.

The histologic composition of bones are classified into:

1. BONE CELLS - are the cells that make up bone tissue.
> OSTEOBLASTS - is the bone cells that is embryonic, baby or immature
bone, and it is active in bone formation.
> OSTEOCYTES - the bone cells that are mature osteoblasts.
> OSTEOCLASTS - the bone cells that are reabsorption/ resorption and
remodeling.

2. MATRIX - is the intercellular substance of bone tissue.

>COLLAGENOUS FIBERS - is a fiber in the extracellular matrix of connective
 tissues that is formed and composed of collagen. It's a strong, insoluble fiber. It
emerges itself in the skin, tendons, ligaments, bone, and cartilage and give
resilience to bones.
>CALCIFIED GROUND SUBSTANCE - its bind large amounts of water,
allowing for hydration, nutrient diffusion, and tissue nourishment, give hardness
to bones, and contains Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Carbonate.

3. Describe the role of the different bone cells.

The different bone cells are the following:

> OSTEOBLASTS -is the embryonic, baby, or immature bone cell, and it is
active and responsible for the formation of new bone; it is found in the growing
portions of bone.

> OSTEOCYTES - the bone cells that are mature osteoblasts and It manages
the mineral concentration of the matrix through enzyme secretion.

> OSTEOCLASTS - the bone cells that are responsible for break down bone,
reabsorption/ resorption and remodeling.

4. Explain the roles of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in the

calcium level in the blood.

The role of parathyroid hormone in the calcium level in the blood that the
parathyroid glands produce and release to increase the level of calcium in
the blood. It is also in charge of phosphorus and vitamin D levels. The
parathyroid gland may produce insufficient Parathyroid Hormones, resulting
in low calcium levels in the blood (hypocalcemia). On the other hand, the
role of calcitonin in the calcium level in the blood that It works in the
opposite direction of parathyroid hormone by lowering blood calcium levels.
(hypercalcemia). It lowers calcium levels in our blood by inhibiting
osteoclasts in bone tissue.

5. Describe the two types of bone.

COMPACT / DENSE > The type of bone that are dense, strong, and hard outer
layer. It is made up of many interosseous spaces. It provides levers for the
muscles to operate on, supports and protects by enclosing bones, and stores
calcium, other minerals, and lipids.

SPONGY / CANCELLOUS > The type of bone that are is made up of

trabeculae, or rod-like structures. It is less dense, lightweight, and more flexible
than compact bone. It is composed of cylinder-shaped components called
osteons, which have osteonic canals with two blood veins within to nourish the
bone.
6. Classify bones according to:
(a) shape

Long - It has a cylinder-like shape and is longer than it is wide. It located

in the upper and lower limbs, as well as the hands and feet, have long
bones. Long bones act as brittle bars that move in response to muscular
contraction.

Short - bones that are relatively equal in length, width, and thickness and
have a cube-like shape. Short bones give support and stability as well as
some constrained motion.

Flat - It is normally thin, sometimes curved, serves as attachment points

for muscles, and often shields internal organs.

Irregular - bones that is difficult to categorize and cannot be classified

under any other classification and these b ones typically have more
complicated structures.

Sesamoid - Sesamoid bones, which are small, rounded bones that

develop in tendons—dense connective tissues that link bones to
muscles—form in joints where there is a lot of strain. Sesamoid bones not
only assist tendons in resisting excessive stresses, but they also enhance
the efficiency of tendons and the muscles to which they are linked.

(b) development

Endochondrial/Cartilaginous - It started as a cartilage formed bones

through calcium deposition ( Endochondrial/Cartilaginous ossification).

Intramembranous - It starts as a membrane and it will became a bone.

(intramembranous ossification)

7. Give examples of above various classifications.

a.) shape

Long - femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals,

phalanges,metatarsals, and phalanges.

Short - cuboid, carpals of the wrists, and tarsals of the ankles.

Flat - sternum, scapulae, cranial.

Irregular - vertebra, and jaw.

Sesamoid - patella, tendons of the hands, knees, and feet.

 b.) development

Endochondral/Cartilaginous - tibia, femur, metacarpals, and vertebrae.

Intramembranous - clavivles, flat bones in the skull, and pelvis.

8. Name the different bones composing the axial skeleton and their
common names.

SKULL
Cranial
2- Parietal
1- Frontal
2- Temporal
1- Occipital
1- Ethmoid
1- Sphenoid
Facial
2- Maxilla
2- Zygomatic
1- Mandible
2- Nasal
2- Palatine
2- Inferior nasal concha
2- Lacrial
1- Vomer

OSSICLES
2- Malleus(Hammer)
2- Incus(Anvil)
2- Stapes(Stirrup)

HYOID
1- Hyoid

STERNUM
1- Sternum

RIBS
14(7)- True Ribs (Vertebro-sternal)
6(3)- False Ribs (Vertebro-chondral)
4(2)- Floating Ribs (Vertebral)

VERTEBRAE
Cervical spine
7- vertebrae (C1–C7) (Atlas, Axis, Vertebra Prominens)
Thoracic spine
12 - vertebrae (T1–T12)

Lumbar spine
5- vertebrae (L1–L5)

Sacrum
5- (fused) (S1–S5)

Coccyx
4- (3–5) (fused) (Tailbone)
9. Draw and label the important features of the following:
(a) Frontal and lateral view of skull
(b) Vertebrae
- Cervical (atlas, axis, C3 to C6 & C7)

- Thoracic
- Lumbar

- Sacrum.
10. Name the bones composing the appendicular skeleton with their
common names.
Pectoral girdles
2- Clavicle
2- Scapula

Upper Extremity
2- Humerus
2- Radius
2- Ulna
16- Carpals
10- Metacarpals
28- Phalanges

Pelvic Girdle
2- Coxal(hip bones)

Lower Extremity
2- Femur
2- Tibia
2- Fibula
2- Patella
14- Tarsals
10- Metatarsals
28- Phalanges
11. Draw and label the following:
(a) Upper extremities
- shoulder girdle

- arm & forearm bones

(b) Lower extremities
- pelvic girdle

- thigh and leg bones

12. Identify different types of joints according to mobility and examples
for each.

SYNARTHROSIS - is the type of joints that are immovable.(Ex.

Cranium, Skull sutures, Sternum)

AMPHIARTHROSIS - is the type of joints that are slightly immovable.

(Ex. Pelvic girdle)

DIARTHROSIS - is the type of joints that are freely movable. (Ex.

elbow, ankle, shoulder)

13. Draw a typical synovial joint and label the parts.

14. Enumerate the different types of synovial joints and give typical
examples for each.

a. Spheroid (cotyloid/ball and socket)- the rounded surface of one

bone moves within a depression on another bone.(Ex. Shoulder joint)

b. Ginglymus/Hinge joint- the bone's slightly rounder end fits into

the other bone's little hollow end.(Ex. Elbow joint, Knee joint, Ankle
joint)

c. Trochoid/Pivot joint - consist of bone's rounded end fitting into a

ring formed by the other bone.(Ex. atlantoaxial joint, superior
radio-ulnar joint)

d. Condyloid joint- It consists of bone's oval-shaped end fitting into

another bone's similarly oval-shaped hollow.
(Ex.Metacarphophalangeal joint)

e. Ellipsoid joint- It is also consists of bone's oval-shaped end fitting

into another bone's similarly oval-shaped hollow. (Ex. radiocarpal
joint)

f. Sellar/Saddle joint- is shaped like a saddle, with concave and

convex sections that fit together. Saddle joints have a greater range
of motion than condyloid joints and can perform angular
movements.(Ex. - between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the
thumb)

g. Plane joint- have bones with articulating surfaces that are flat or
slightly curved.(Ex. between two carpal bones)