TRIGONOMETRY

1. Introduction: OB
cos= = Base
The word trigonometry' is derived from two | OS OA h
Greek words 'trigons'and 'metron'. "Trigon' means Hypotenuse
triangle and 'metron' meansmeasure. Therefore, the tan
AB Y Perpendicular
work 'triginometry' means'three-anglemeasure'. That OB X
Base
1s, the word trigonometry means the study of
properties oftriangles. cosec= = ypotenuse
2. Different system of measurement of y Perpendicular
angles sec = Hypotenuse
English system or sexagesimal system X Base
1 = 60' (60 minutes)
cot == Base
I'= 60" (60 seconds)
l right angle = 90° y
Perpendicular
(i) French system or centegimal system 4. Domain and Range of Trigonometrich
I tions
right angle 100*(100 grades)
=

18 100 Trigonometric Domain

Range
I=100 Functions
(i) Circular system
sin 9 R H,
T radian (1)= 180°
0
Cose R -1,1
180
Tt tan 6 R-2n+1nez R
Relation between Degree, Grade and Radian cot R-{nt,n e Z} R
D G 2R
90 100
sec 6 R-2an+Dnez R--1,)
Where D is the number of degrees, G is the | COsec0 R-{na,ne Z} R(-1,1)
number of grades and R is the number of| Sign of Trigonometric Functions
radian.
3. Trigonometric Ratios and Functions
Y All positivee
sin and cosec 6,
are positive
(sin 6, cos 6, tan
cot t)
A(x, y) cosec 6, sec 8,

y X
X'
X' B
X
cos and sec
tan and cot
are positive are positive

sin
ABy
A h
Perpendicular
OA Hypotenuse Y
 gonometry, Geometry And Mensuration
of trigonometric ratios/ functions can be l (c)
memorised.accordingt the rule :
cos(A+B) =cosA.cosB- sinA.sinB
(d) cos(A-B) =cosA.cosB+sinA.sinB
Add Sugar To Coflee
(e) tan(A+B)= - tan A +tan B
All sine tan COS 1-tan A.tan B
:
Periodic Function
6.
Is said to be a periodic function if () tan(A-B) lanA-tan B
=

A function f() 1+ tan A.tan B

3 a real number k
> 0
such that fx+k)= fx)V-x.|
Ifk is the smallest real number suchthat f{x+k)= | (d cot(A+B)-Cot A.cotB-1

fx) Yx, then

k is called the fundamental period of cot A +cot B

B+1
Forexample: h) cot(A-B)=CotA.cot
a sine and
cosine are periodic functions with period cot B-cotA
2T
sin(27+8) sin 6;cos(2n +0) cos 6]
= =
|) tan A + tan
B=.sin(A+B)|A*m+,
cos A.cos B
B*ka
functions with period n
tan and cot are periodic
: tan(T+0) = tan 8 and cos(T+6) = c o t | G) cot Atcot B sin(BtA)A#m, B+ kT+
Sin A.sinB
m cosec and sec are periodic functions with period |
2m A+BA-B
2sin
(k) sin A+sin B
=

7. Important Trigonometric Identities: 2 2

1 1
(a) sin 6 cosec6 I (sinA-sin B = 2cos A+BA-B
.Sin-
COsece Sin 6 2
2
2A+B
cos/ A-B)
(b) cos= sec0 =.Cos 6 (m) cos A-cosB=2cos cOs
sec6

(c) tan 0
Sin 0
cos
(n) cos A-cos B=2s1n
(A+B
(2
sinA. B
T(o) sin(A+B) + sin(A-B) =2
cos

B
(p) sin(A+B)-sin(A-B) =2=2cosA.
cos
(d) cot Cos6 cosA.cosB
sin (q) cos(A+B)+cos (A-B)
)cos(A-B)-cos(A+B) =2sinA.sinB
9. Important formulasfor multiple/sub-multiple
e)tan cot6 =
cot 6 tan 6 ofan angle:
( sin'9 + cos 0 = 1 2 tan A
(a) sin 2A = 2sin A.cos A =.1+ tan A
1tan 0 sec0
(h) 1+cote = cosec-0 A
cos* A-sin' A =

(b) cos 2A
=

fundamental 1+ tan AA
ne last three identities are called
trigonometric identities orphthagorean identties.
8. Important Formulas A(2n+1)
Sin (A+B)= sin A. sin B + cos A.sin B 1-2 sinA
0 Sin (A-B) = sinA.sinB-cosA.Sin B =2 cos?A -1 =
 2 tan A ) cot(A+B+C)
(c)tan2A =
1- tan A cotA.cosB.cotC-cotA -cotB-cotC
(d) sin 3A=3 sin A -4 sin'A cotA.cotB+cotB.cotC+cotC.cotA -1
(e) cos 3A = 4 cos'A -3 cos A 11. Formulae for Trigonometric ratios.
(tan3A=3tan A-4tan' A +0, T+,t-6,27-6,27+0 etc.
1-3tan A
A (2n+1)
4 tan A-4 tan' A (a) sin(-=
tan 3A=-
1-6tan A+tan" A
(h) tan=cos sin (b)cos. -sin8
sin 1+ cos6

cot=tcos6
)tan0=cot 0
sin 6

d) cot-0 = tan
)sin =3sin-4sin
3 3
2

(k) cos0= 4 cos-3cos sin+0=cos

3 tan tan'
( sin+0=-sin
()tan9=-
1-3tan 3 ta tan+6 --cote
10. Some formulae for compound angles
(a) sin(A+B).sin(A-B) = sin?A-sin?B = cosB - | (h) sin(7-0) sin 0 =

cos A ) cos(T-0)= - cos0

(b) cos(A+B).cos(A-B) = cos'A-sin?B = cosB - I
)tan(-0) =- tan 6
sin'A
(k) sin(T+0)= - sin
(C) sin(A+B+C) sin A. cos B.cosC + cos
=

A.sin
B.cos C+ cos A. cos B. sin C-sinA. sinB.sinC cos(T+0) = - cos0
=
cos A. cos B. cos C (tan AttanB + tan C-tan (m) tan(I +0) = tan 6
A. tan B. tanC)
(n) sin(2n-0) -sin 0 =

(d) cos(A+B+C) coSA.cosB.cosC

sinA.sinB.cosC sinA.cosB.sinC (o) cos(2t-0)= cose
cosA.sinB.sinC (p) tan(2T-0) tan 0 = -

= cosA.cosB.cosC(1-tanA.tanB-anB.tanC-|
(q) sin(2n+0) sin =

tanC.tanA)
() cos(2T+0)=cos
(e) tan(A+B+C)
(s) tan(2n +0) tan 6 =

tanAttanB+tanC-tanA.tanB.tanC
1-tanA.tanB -tanB.tanC- tanC.tanA () sin(nt +0) =(-1)' sin
 (u) cos(nT +6) (-1)" cos0
=

3-1
(V) tan(nt +0)
=
tan 0 (h) cos 75 =

=sin15
22
(w) sin(nt-0) (-1)* sin0 =

(xcos(nt-6) = (-1)" cos0 ) tan 03+2+3 V3-2+5

)tan (nm-6)
= -

tan0 13. Trigonometric Equations:

(z1) sin (2mt +0) sin 6 = a) The solutions in the interval [0,2 n] are called
(2) cos(2nt +0) = cos principal solutions.
(b) Th equations considered over R are called
(Z3) tan (7m +0) tane =

general solutions.
I (c) General solutions of some trigonometric
A) tan*"tan, equations:
ifn is even (0 Equations Solutions
sin x = 0 X nn,n EZ
(z5) sin+9 )*cos,if nisodd|
(-1P cos6, n is even cOS =0 x=2n+1)5,neZ
tan x = 0
+I X nT,n EZ

(a6) coas+0|= -1)2 sin ,ifnisodd Sin x= sin a x=(-1"'a+mt, nEZ

-1 cos,n is even coSX = COsd x = 2nT ta,neZ

12. Trigonometric Rations of Some specific | tan x = tan a X= nT + a, n EZ

angles: Properties ofTriangles :
(a) Sine Formula
(a) sin 9 In any AABC,
a b
where R is the
( cos9-+5
4
+5- sinA sinB sinC
=2R,

radius of the circum-circle of A ABC.

)sin18= cos 72 Note: In any A ABC,
4
A abe
( A = Area of AABC)
(d) cos36 V5+1 Sin 54 2R
4
(b) Cosine Formula:
In any A ABC,
Sin 36 V1O-2/5
a = b2+ c*- 2bc cosAcos A
4
=
b+c-a
sin18 V10+2/5 2bc
4
(i) b= c*+ a -
2ca cos BcosB

sin 75=V*=cos15°
cos15
ta-b
22 2ca
 (1) C C> cos C
a+b2-2ab cos
tan- s-aXs-b
N
a +b -c s(s-c)
2ab Area Formulae:
Projection Formula: In any triangle ABC,
In any A ABC,
() a =b cos C+ccos B () A ar (AABC)= absin C=besin
2 A
(i) b=c cos A+ a cos C
(in) Ca cos B +b cosA 1
c a sin A
Tangent Formula or Napier's Formula :
In A ABC,
() A ar (AABC)="
A
anC_b-Cot- 4R
2 btc 2 Note - I

() tan C-A_C-acot sin

A2 sin
B=,
2A
Sin C=24
sin C24
Cta 2 bc ca
ab
Here, A = area of A ABC.
1) tan A-B a-b
2 atb cot INote - II
Semi-angle Formulae A A tan B A
tan tan-
2 s(s-a) 2 s(s-b)
sin (s-bsc)
bc tan C A
2 s(s-c)
sin (-s-a TIn-radius ():(For Eng. Entrance Exam.)
ac

r
cos s(s-a) S
bc
A B C
I (i) r= 4R.sinsin.sin
2
ss-b)
ca B
| (m) r=(S-a)tan=s-b)tan
tan=(s-)mn
() onA
tan| (s-b-c)
s(s-a) B.C A C
I (iv) r=
a sin.Sin-
2 bsin.S
tan (s-c s-a) | A B
tan ss-b) COS-
2
COS

sinC_ s-a) s-b)

C
ab
COs
C s(s-c)
coS
ab cosA+cos B+ cos C=1+