Campong-Rogelyn

Campong, Rogelyn A.
11 HUMMS 4
1.Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically
considered to be an art form, especially prose, fiction, drama, poetry, and including both print and
digital writing.
2.Philippine literature in the pre-colonial era predominantly consisted of oral traditions passed down
through generations, as written records were limited. The literature of this time was rich in myths,
legends, folktales, and epic stories that were orally transmitted from one generation to the next. These
stories often revolved around themes of creation, nature, and the supernatural, and were important in
shaping the beliefs, values, and cultural identity of the early Filipino people.
One notable example is the "Hinilawod," an epic story from the Visayas region that recounts the
adventures and exploits of three brothers. Another well-known epic is the "Biag ni Lam-ang" from the
Ilocos region, which tells the story of the extraordinary life and heroic deeds of the mythical figure Lam-
ang.
Throughout the various regions of the Philippines, oral literature served as a means of preserving
history, traditions, and societal norms. These oral traditions continued to be an important part of
Filipino literature even after the arrival of Spanish colonizers in 1564.
3.During the Spanish colonial era in the Philippines from 1565 to 1898, literature underwent significant
changes with the introduction of written forms of expression and the influence of Spanish culture and
language. The early period of Spanish colonization saw the arrival of missionaries who began to
document the oral traditions of the indigenous people and translated religious texts and literary works
into native languages, such as Tagalog, Ilocano, and Visayan. This period saw the emergence of literary
forms such as corridos (narrative poems) and awits (metrical romances), which were written in the
native languages and often revolved around Christian themes.
The most significant literary work of this period is the "Nibelungenlied" (Song of the Nibelungs), a
Germanic epic poem that was translated into the Tagalog language as "Bugtong Bato" in 1756 by Gaspar
Aquino de Belen.
In the 19th century, the emergence of Filipino writers such as Jose Rizal and the propagandists who
advocated for political reforms against Spanish colonial rule marked a turning point in Philippine
literature. Rizal's novels, "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," critiqued the injustices and abuses
of Spanish colonial rule and inspired the nationalistic spirit of the Filipino people.
Overall, the Spanish colonial era in the Philippines significantly influenced the development of literature
by introducing new literary forms, spreading literacy through education, and fostering a national
consciousness that would later contribute to the formation of a distinct Filipino literary identity.
4.During the American colonial period in the Philippines, from 1899 to 1945, the literary landscape
continued to evolve as the influence of English language and American culture began to shape Filipino
literature. The period saw the emergence of a new generation of Filipino writers who expressed their
experiences and perspectives through various literary forms.
The American colonial period marked the proliferation of newspapers, magazines, and literary works
written in English. Many of the prominent Filipino writers of the time, such as Paz Marquez Benitez, Jose
Garcia Villa, and Manuel Arguilla, wrote in English and contributed to the development of modern
literature in the Philippines.
One of the most notable literary works of this period is Paz Marquez Benitez's short story "Dead Stars,"
which is considered a pioneering work of modern Philippine fiction written in English. The story explores
themes of love, longing, and the complexities of human emotions, reflecting the changing social
landscape during the American colonial period.
Furthermore, the period also saw the rise of literary movements and organizations, such as the
Philippine Writers League, which aimed to cultivate and promote literature written in English. These
movements played a significant role in the development and dissemination of English-language
literature in the Philippines.
Overall, the American colonial period contributed to the diversification of Philippine literature by
introducing the English language and American literary influences, paving the way for new voices and
literary expressions that reflected the experiences and aspirations of the Filipino people under American
rule.
5.The contemporary period refers to the time period from 1946 to the present day. This period has been
marked by rapid technological advancements, globalization, and significant political and social changes.
Key events and developments during this time include the Cold War between the United States and the
Soviet Union, the decolonization of many countries in Africa and Asia, the rise of the European Union,
the end of apartheid in South Africa, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Soviet Union, the
spread of the internet and social media, and the ongoing war on terror following the September 11
attacks.
In addition, the contemporary period has seen the rise of global trade and multinational corporations, as
well as significant progress in science, medicine, and environmental awareness.
Culturally, the contemporary period has been marked by diverse artistic movements, including abstract
expressionism, pop art, postmodernism, and multiculturalism. It has also been a time of rapid change in
popular music, fashion, and entertainment.
The contemporary period continues to be shaped by ongoing political and social issues, including
economic inequality, climate change, and the rise of nationalist and populist movements around the
world. It is also a time of great innovation and opportunity, as people continue to push the boundaries
of technology, science, and human creativity.

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