SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 OR 4 MARKS EACH)

Q.1. When did the French Revolution take place? Explain its impact on Europe.
Or
Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of
Europe.
Ans. The French Revolution took place in 1789.
Impact on Europe :
(i) Formation of Jacobin Clubs : When the news of the Revolution reached the different cities of Europe, students
and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin Clubs. Their activities and campaigns
prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the
1790s.
(ii) Liberalisation of people : The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the
French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, in other words to help other peoples of Europe to become
nations.
(iii) Rise of Napoleon and its impact : The conditions created by the revolution paved way for Napoleon who
took several steps to reform the economy of Europe. He introduced uniform laws, standardised weights and
measures, and a common national currency.
Q.2. What were Jacobin Clubs? How did their activities and campaigns help to spread the idea of
nationalism abroad ? Explain.
Ans. Jacobin Club was a political club that came into existence in the aftermath of the French Revolution. The activities and
campaigns of this club helped spread the idea of nationalism abroad in the following manner :
(i) A collective identity among the French was created by the club members.
(ii) The notion of equal rights for the people was stressed upon by the club members giving rise to a centralised
idea of equality among people.
(iii) Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland,
Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.
Q.3. Explain any four reasons how the initial enthusiasm of the people of France soon turned to
hostility after Napoleon' s takeover of France.
Or
What were the reactions of the local population to the French rule in the areas they conquered
?
Ans. (i) Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz,
Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.

(ii) The local . population turned to hostility because they were losing political freedom.

(iii) Increased taxation and censorship outweighted the advantages of the administrative changes.
(iv) People were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
Q.4. Explain the concept of economic liberalism which developed in Europe in the 1 8 t h century.
Or
Explain any four ideas of liberal nationalists in the economic spheres.
Or
Interpret the concept of liberalisation in the field of economic sphere during the 19th century
Europe.
Ans. (i) In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed
restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

(ii) The system also favoured abolition of multiple currency system.

(iii) The system also supported common weight or measurement system.

(iv) Creation of unified economic territory.
Q.5. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by

the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe .

Ans. (i) State imposed restrictions : There were many state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods
and
capital.
(Ii) Multiple confederations : Most of the countries of Europe were the patchwork of small states .and kingdoms
making it difficult for traders to trade.
(Iii) Differen t currencies, weights and measures :Each of these small confede rations possessed its own
currency, weights and measures.
Q.6. Who were revolutionaries ? What were their political ideology ?
Ans. They were the liberal nationalists who saw the creation of nation states as a necessary part of their struggle for
freedom.
(i) They were against the monarchial governments that were established after the Vienna Congress.
(ii) They believed in the unification of nations.
(iii) They were in favour of liberty and freedom.
Q.7. Who was Otto Von Bismarck ? Explain his rnle in the unification of Germany.
Or
Explain the role of Otto Von Bismark in the Unification of Germany.
Ans. Otto Von Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Prussia.
(i) Under his command Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification.
(ii) Otto Von Bismarck was the chief architect of the process of unification which was carried with the help of
Prussian army and bureaucracy.
(iii) On 18th January, 1871 Prussian Ministers including the Chief Minister Otto Von Bismarck gathered in the unheated
Hall
of Mirrors in the Royal Palace of Versailles to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.
Q.8. "Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. " Justify.
Or
"The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, was a patchwork of many different regions
and peoples. " Justify the statement with suitable examples.
Ans. (i) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire.
(ii) It was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian Princely House.
(iii) Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.
Q.9. In Britain, the formation of the nation state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution.
Elaborate ·with the help of suitable examples.
Ans. (i) Formation of Britain was the result of a long drawn-out process.
(ii) The English Parliament, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be
forged.
(iii) The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the 'United
Kingdom
of Great Britain'.
(iv) Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. A new 'British nation' was forged
through the propagation of a dominant English culture.
Q.10. Enumerate any three features of the conservative regimes set up in Europe following the defeat
of Napoleon in 1815.
Or
"Conservative regimes set up in 1815 in Europe were autocratic in nature." Justify with suitable
examples.
Or
Describe the spirit of conservation in Europe governments brought after the defeat of Napoleon in
1815.
Ans. (i) Basic beliefs : Conservatives believed tha: established traditional institutions of state anc society -like the
monarchy, the Church, socia. hierarchies, property and the family -shou..:. be preserved.
(ii) Belief in modernisation : Most conservatives, supported modernisation because they believed that it could
help in strengthening traditional institutions like the monarchy.
(iii) Ways to strengthen autocratic rule : A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic
economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.
(iv) Against freedom and liberty : They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sotiaht to curb activities
that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control public
opinion.
Q.11. Why were the Europeans driven by the spirit of Conservatism ?
Ans. (i) Most of the governments prevailing in Europe were autocratic.
(ii) Conservatism supported autocratic dynastic rules.
(iii) They were in favour of restoring the dynastic rules whereever possible.
1797
1814-1815 SOME IMPORTANT DATES
1821
Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic wars begin.
1848
Fall of Napoleon ; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
Greek struggle for independence begins.
Revolutions in Europe : Artisans, industrial workers and peasants revolt
1859 – 1870 against
the economic hardships; middle classes demand constitutions and
1866 - 1871
representative
1905 governments; Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles, Czechs, etc. demand
nation-
states.

Unification of Italy.
Unification of Germany.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 & 5 MARKS)

Q.1. Analyse the theme of Frederic Sorrieu's paintings.
Or

How has the French artist, Frederic Sorrieu, visualised in his first print of series of four prints his dream of a

world made up of 'democratic and social republics' ?

Ans. (i) In one of his print he has shown people of Europe and America offering homage to the statue of Liberty
which is a symbol of democracy and liberty.

(ii) As per his vision absolutist institutions will also perish.

(iii) People of the world will be identified through the national flags and national costumes.
(iv) People of United States and Switzerland with their flags have passed the statue of liberty symbolizing they are already
democratic nation states.
(v) Flags and other allegories will unify a nation.
Q.2. When did the first clear-cut expression of nationalism come in France ? Howdid the French Revolution lead

to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens ? Explain any three measures

taken by the French revolutionaries in this regard.

Or

Analyse the measures or practices which created a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.

What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to French
Revolution in Europe ? Explain.

Describe any five measures introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective
identity amongst the French people.
Ans. The First clear cut expression of nationalism came in France with the French Revolution in 1789. French
Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.

(i)The introduction of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united
community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(ii) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard .
(iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens, and renamed 'the National Assembly' .
(iv)New hymns were composed. oaths taken, and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
Regional dialects were discouraged and French was declared as the common language of the nation.
Q.3. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories
ruled by him ?
Explain any four provisions of the Napoleon Civil Code, 1804.
Or
Explain the revolutionary principles incorporated by Napoleon in the administration of France during his

reign.
Or
After 1804 how did the peasants, artisans and new businessmen enjoy freedom in the towns of Europe?
Or
"Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he had incorporated
revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient." Analyse the
statement with arguments.
Ans. (i) Napoleon introduced the Napoleonic Code which did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality
before the law and secured the right to property.

(ii)In many parts of Europe like in the Dutch Republic, Switzerland. Italy and Germany, he simplified the
administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(iii)Napoleon removed the guild restrictions from the towns.
(iv)He laid stress on infrastructure i.e., transportation, communication and the banking system. These new
reforms were appreciated by the peasants, workers. businessmen, traders and even by the common people.
(v)Uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency was introduced.
Q.4. Explain the major political features of mid-eighteenth century, Europe.
Orr'
"Till mid eighteenth century there were no nation states in Europe." Support the statement with four
examples.

Ans. (i) Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms duchies and cantons whose rulers had their
autonomous territories.

(ii)Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse peoples.
(iii)The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was a patchwork o: many different regions and
peoples.
(iv) During the middle of the nineteenth century. Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-
Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
(v) There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the
British Isles were ethnic ones - such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
Q.5. Explain the concept of liberal nationalism which developed in Europe in the early 19th century.
Or
What did the concept of liberal nationalism politically emphasise during the 19th century Europe ?
Or
Explain liberalism in political and economic fields prevailing in Europe in the 19th century.
Or
Explain the ideas associated with liberalism in early 19th century Europe.
Or
Examine the ideas of liberal nationalism in Europe during the nineteenth century.
Or
How did idea of national unity in the early 19th century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism.
Explain.
Or
"Ideas of national unity in the early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of
liberalism." Examine the statement.

Ans. (i) The ideology o f l i b e r a l i s m w a s a n important factor which promoted the sense of nationalism, and the
nation-state. The term, liberalism has been derived from the Latin word, liber' meaning 'free'. Different people
interpreted the meaning of liberalism differently in their own ways.
 (ii)For the new middle classes liberalism stood for the freedom of the individual and equality of all before the law.
(iii)Politically, it meant the concept of government by consent.
(iv)For some, it meant having the right of private property.
(v) In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets. The traders demanded free
movement of goods and capital.
Q.6. Why did nationalist tension emerge in the Balkans ?
Or
Why was Balkans after 1871, the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe ? Explain four
reasons.
Or
`The Balkan issue was one of the major factors responsible for the First World War.' Explain by giving
examples.
Or
What is meant by Balkan ? Why did it turn into perennial sources of tension and proved the battlefield
of First World War ?
A n s . ( I ) B a l k a n r e g i o n : The Balkans was 'a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day
Romania,,.Bulgarip, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and .
Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slays. A large part of the Balkans was under the
control of the Ottoman Empire.

(ii)Explosive region : The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, together with the disintegration of the
Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
(iii)Internal conflicts : As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the
Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous 'of each other, and each hoped
to gain more territory at the expense of the other.
(iv)Source of rivalry between big powers : Balkan became the source of intense rivalary among the major European
powers due to conflicting economic and political interests.
(v)Series of wars : Each power - R u s s i a . Germany, England, Austro Hungary were keen on countering the hold
- -

of other powers over the Balkans, and extending their own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the
region and finally, the First World War.
Q.7. What were the major proposals of the Vienna Congress ?
Or
Describe in brief any four features of the `Vienna Treaty of 1815'.
Or
Explain any three provisions of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.
Ans. (i) The basic objective of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was to undo most of the changes that had come about in
Europe.
(ii) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power and
France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(iii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in future.
(iv)Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
(v) The German Confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
Q.8. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini ? Explain his role in the unification of Italy.
Or
How did Mazzini realise that creation of nation-states was a necessary step in freedom struggle ?
Explain.
Or
What was Mazzini's contribution in creating a nation-state ?
Ans. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary.
(i) He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
(ii)He attempted a revolution in Liguria, but was captured and sent into exile in 1831.
(iii)He subsequently founded two secret societies, i.e., • Young Italy in Marseilles. ■ Young Europe in Berne.
(iv)The societies had a vast base with members from many countries like Poland, France, Italy and the German States.
 (v)Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. S o I t a l y c o u l d n o t
c o n t i n u e t o b e a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified
Republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.
(vi)Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini's
relentless opposition to monarchy, and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
Q.9. Why did Metternich describe Giuseppe Mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of their social order ?
Ans. (i) Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich was a conservative who supported traditional monarchy system
whereas Mazzini was a revolutionary.
(ii)Mazzini wanted to unify Italy into a single unified Republic.
(iii)Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
(iv) Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy, and his vision of democratic republics frightened the
conservatives.
Q.10. What was Romanticism ? How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist
sentiment ?
Ans. It was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the 18th century in Europe to develop a
particular form of nationalist sentiments. The movement glorified folk art and vernacular language.

(i)Romantic artists were against the glorification of reasoning and science, and focused on emotions, institutions and
mystical feelings.
(ii)They wanted to share a collective heritage, a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.
(iii) Romantic philosophers wanted to create a true spirit of nationalism through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances. So
according to them, collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation-building.
Q.11. Explain the role of languages in developing the nationalist sentiments in Europe.
A n s . ( i ) L a n g u a g e s p l a y e d a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n developing the nationalist sentiments.

(ii)After the French Revolution, regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the
nation.
(iii)When Russia occupied Poland, the Polish language was banned, and it was replaced by the Russian language.
(iv)In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russia took place. Though the rebellion was crushed, but it had far reaching
consequences on the people and the learned community of Poland.
(v)Many members of the Clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish was used
for the Church gatherings and all religious instructions.
(vi)The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against the Russian dominance.
Q.12. Describe the revolt led by the Silesian weavers against contractors in 1845.

Ans. (i) Food shortage, widespread unemployment burden of feudal dues, and high prices were the major factors
responsible for the revolt.
(ii)Contractors used to take advantage of the weavers and workers.
(iii)The misery of the workers was extreme.
(iv)Large number of weavers emerged from their homes in Paris and demanded high wages. As they were violent and
were causing damage to the property of contractors the army opened fire and killed many.
Q.13. 'The 1830s were the years of great economic hardships in Europe.' Give reasons.
Or
"The Decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe." Support the statement with
arguments.
Or
Describe the circumstances that led to the July Revolution of 1830 in Europe. Who led such revolutions
in Europe ?
Ans. (i) Population Explosion : The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over
Europe.

(ii)Mass migration : In most of the European countries, the supply of workers exceeded the demand. Population from
rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
(iii)I n d u s t r i a l i s a t i o n a n d i t s i m p a c t o n local producers : Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff
competition from import of cheap machine-made goods from England.
(iv) High food prices : The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to the widespread revolts in towns and
countries.
 (v)Revolts in different regions : Food shortage and wide spread unemployment brought the population of many cities
like Paris, Silesia to the roads.
Q . 1 4 . E x a m i n e a n y f o u r r e a s o n s f o r t h e n a t i o n a l i s t i c u p s u r g e i n 1 9 t h c e n t u r y Europe.

Ans. (i) Impact of French Revolution : French Revolution occurred in 1789. The success of French Revolution inspired
the revolutionaries throughout the world.

(ii)Industrialisation and the middle class: The growth of industrialisation lead to emergence of new social
groups i.e., middle class of industrial workers, businessmen, professionals.
(iii) Role of languages common : Language became a binding force for the people for example when Russia
occupied Poland and the Polish language was banned and replaced by Russian language people revolted against the
Russian government.
(iv) Romanticism : It was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the 18th century in Europe to
develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments. They wanted to share a collective heritage, a common cultural past as
the basis of a nation.
(v) Economic Liberalisation : The ideology of liberalism was an important factor which promoted the sense of
nationalism, and the nation state. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for the freedom of the
individual and equality of all before the law.
Q.15. Briefly trace the process of the unification of Italy.
Or
Example the efforts made by various personalities in the process of Italy unification.
Ans. (i) Italy a fragmented State : D u r i n g the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states,
of which only one, Sardinia- Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.

(ii)Role of Giuseppe Mazzini : He was the leader of the Republican party. While in exile in 1831, he founded a new
association called the Young Italy. It was a secret society which was formed to bring about the regeneration of Italy
through education.
(iii)Role of Cavour : Cavour became the Chief Minister of Piedmont in 1852. His main aim was to affect the
emancipation of Italy from Austria. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, he succeeded in defeating the
Austrian forces in 1859.
(iv)Role of Giuseppe Garibaldi : Garibaldi was the hero of Red Shirts, revolutionary movement. In 1860, he
marched into South Italy and the kingdom of two Sicilies, and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in
order to drive out the Spanish rulers.
(v) Victor Emmanuel II : In 1861, the first Italian Parliament representing the whole of Italy except Rome and
Venetia, assembled in Turin which formally conferred upon Victor Emmanuel II, the title of the 'King of Italy'.
Q.16. Explain the political situation of Italy before its unification.
Or
Give a brief account of political fragmentation of Italy.
Ans. (i) Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.
(ii) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multinational Habsburg Empire.
(iii)During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-
Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
(iv)The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the
domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
(v)Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form, and it still had many regional and local variations.
Q.17. What was the impact of the Act of Union on Scotland ?
Or
When was the Act of Union passed and what was its result ?
(i) The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom.
(ii) Scotland's distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed.
(iii) The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression, whenever they
attempted to assert their independence.
(iv) The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress and large
numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
Q.18. Why is the time period from 1830 to 1848 known as the age of revolutions ? Explain.
Or
 In many European countries, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way in the year
1848. Explain with suitable examples.
Ans. (i) Upheaval in France : The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings, who had been
restored to power after the Vienna Congress by the conservatives were now overthrown by the liberal revolutionaries
who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as its head.
( i i ) U p r i s i n g i n B r u s s e l s : T h e J u l y Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking

away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

(iii) Uprising in Greece : Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The
growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which
began in1821.
Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile, and also from many West Europeans who had
sympathies for the ancient Greek culture. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an
independent nation.
Q.19 'The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion.'
Explain.
Or
Explain the role of Romantic imagination in national feeling.
Ans. (i) Though wars and territorial expansions played a major role in arousing the feeling of nationalism, but culture, art,
poetry, stories and music also played their role.

(ii)Romantic artists were against the glorification of reasoning and science, and focused on emotions, institutions and
mystical feelings. They wanted to share a collective heritage, and a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.
(iii)Romantic philosophers wanted to create the true spirit of nationalism through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.
The emphasis was laid on vernacular language, and the collection of local folklore.
(iv)Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
(v)Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and
language. Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances
like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
Q.20. Explain the 1848 revolution of the liberals in Europe. What were the political, social and economic ideas
supported by the liberals ?
Or
Critically analyse the Liberal Revolution of 1848.
Ans. (i) It was the revolt which was led by unemployed, workers, peasants and educated middle class of the European countries.

(ii)Liberals demanded the creation of a nation-state on Parliamentary principles.

(iii)They supported the freedom of press and freedom of association.
(iv)They opposed the uncontrolled powers of dynastic rulers.
(v)They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments.
(vi)In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on
the movement of goods and capital.
Q.21. Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Or
Describe the four stages of the unification of Germany.
Or
Examine the main features of the process of German unification under the leadership of Otto Von
Bismarck.
Ans. (i) Frankfurt Parliament 1848 : The Frankfurt Parliament tried its best for the unification of Germany under the
leadership of King Wilhelm IV of Prussia, but it failed.

(ii) Unification under the leadership of Prussia : Prussia took on the leadership of the Movement for national
unification. Its Chief Minister, Otto Von Bismarck, was the architect of the process, and carried out the movement for
national unification with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy.
(iii) Role of Bismarck : Bismarck was one of the greatest sons of Prussia who accomplished the supreme task of the
unification of Germany with the help of the army bureaucracy. He was convinced that the unification of Germany
 could be achieved only by the Princes, and not by the people. He wanted to achieve his aim by not merging Prussia
into Germany but rather, by expanding Prussia into Germany.
(iv) Three Wars : Bismarck's object of unifying Germany was accomplished by three wars, which were fought during
a brief period of seven years (1864 - 1870).
(v) Final unification of Germany : The above wars ended in Prussian victory and helped in completing the process
of unification. On January 18, 1871, in the Royal Palace of Versailles, the King of Prussia was crowned as
the German Emperor and the ceremony symbolised in the eyes of the world, the newly born unity of the German
people.
Q.22. Briefly trace the process of the unification of Britain. [CBSE 2015 (D)]
Or
Describe in brief the process by which the British nation came into existence.
Ans. (i) Economic Prosperity : T h e i n d u s t r i a l revolution helped in the economic prosperity of the English nation.
With the help of trade and wealth, it succeeded in extending its influence over other nations of the Island.

(ii)Role of Parliament : The English Parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a
protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.
(iii)The Act of Union : T h e A c t o f U n i o n ( 1 7 0 7 ) b e t w e e n E n g l a n d a n d S c o t l a n d resulted in the
formation of the United Kingdom.
(iv)Incorporation of Ireland into the United Kingdom : Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom
in 1801 under the Act of Union, 1801.
(v) National Symbols: A new 'British nation' was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture.
The symbols of the new Britain—the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem ( God Save Our Noble King),
the English language—were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this
union.
Q.23. Who were Marianne and Germania ? What was the importance of the way in which they were
portrayed ?
Or
How were different nations visualised by the artists in the 18th and the 19th centuries ? Explain by
giving examples.
Or
Explain the significance of portraying nations as female figures by the European artists of the 18th and
19th centuries.
Or
How had the female figure become an allegory of the nation during nineteenth century in Europe ?
Analyse.
Ans. (i) Artists in the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries started representing nations in human forms. Nations were then
portrayed as female figures.

(ii)The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it
sought to give an abstract idea of the nation in a concrete form. That is, the female figure became an allegory of the
nation.
(iii)E v e n a f t e r t h e F r e n c h R e v o l u t i o n , artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice
and the Republic.
(iv)These ideals were represented through specific objects or symbols. The attributes of Liberty were the red cap, or the
broken chain, while Justice was generally a blindfolded woman. carrying a pair of weighing scales.
(v)In France, she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people's nation.
Her.characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic - the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade.
To popularise the national symbols. the statues of Marianne were erected in public squares. Marianne's images were
also marked on coins and stamps.
(vi)Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations. Germania wears a crown of
oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

NCERT EXERCISE
Q.1. Write a note on :
(a) Giuseppe Mazzini
(b) Count Camillo de Cavour
 (c) The Greek War of Independence
(d) Frankfurt Parliament
(e) The role of women in nationalist struggles.
Or
How did the Greek War of Independence mobilize nationalist feeling among the educated elite across
Europe ? Give four points.
Or
Explain any three reasons for the Greeks to win the Greek War of Independence.
Ans. (a) Giuseppe Mazzini : Refer Q.No. 8 upto points (Long Answer Type Questions).

( b ) C o u n t C a m i l l o d e C a v o u r : C a v o u r became the Chief Minister of Piedmont in 1852. His main aim

was to Effect the emancipation of Italy from Austria. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. But he is
known as the 'real maker of Italy'. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, he succeeded in defeating
the Austrian forces in 1859.
( c ) The Greek War of Independence :
(i)Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
(ii)The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks
which began in 1821.
(iii)Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans, who
had sympathies for the ancient Greek culture.
(iv)Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization, and mobilised public opinion to
support its struggle against a Muslim empire.
(v)The English poet, Lord Byron organised funds, and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.
(vi)Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople o f 1 8 3 2 r e c o g n i s e d G r e e c e a s a n independent nation.
(d)Frankfurt Parliament : It is the name of the German National Assembly founded during the Revolution of
1848 that tried to unite Germany in a democratic way. The assembly was attended by 831 deputies. The members
had drafted the constitution for a new German nation. The new constitution was rejected by Friedrich Wilhelm
IV, the King of Prussia. Though the Frankfurt Parliament failed to unite Germany, it had far-reaching consequences
on Germany.
(e)T h e r o l e o f w o m e n i n n a t i o n a l i s t struggles : A large number of women p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e
m o v e m e n t f o r t h e unification of Germany. They had formed their own political associations, started newspapers and
taken part in political meetings, and demonstrations. Universal male suffrage was adopted in the country, and the
women were hoping for the voting right. But when the Frankfurt Parliament was convened in the church of St.
Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitor's gallery.
Q.2. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French
people?
Ans. Refer Q.No. 2 ( Long Answer Type Questions.)
Q.3. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were
portrayed ?
Ans. Refer Q.No. 23 (Long Answer Type Questions).
Q.4. Briefly trace the process of the German unification.
Ans. Refer Q.No. 21 (Long Answer Type Questions.)
Q.5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories
ruled by him?
Ans. Refer Q.No. 3 (Long Answer Type Questions).
Q.6. What is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals ? What were the political, social and economic ideas
supported by the liberals?
Ans. Refer Q.No. 20 (Long Answer Type Questions).

Q.7. How was the history of the nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Or
How was the formation of the nation-state, the result of a long drawn-out process in Britain ? Explain.
Ans. (i) No revolution : In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It
was the result of a long drawn-out process, whereas in most of the other European nations, a revolution was
responsible.

(ii)Different cultures : The spirit of nationalism occurred in Britain in spite of many ethnic groups, like English, Welsh,
Scot or Irish, whereas in most of the other European nations, people belonged to some ethnic group.
 (iii)Role of Parliament : The English Parliament, which has seized power from the monarchy was the instrument through
which the nation-state came into existence, whereas in other European countries, kings or other national heroes
played a major role in the formation of a nation state.
Q.8. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe ? Explain.
Or
Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
Or
"Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe." Support the statement
with examples.
Or
How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe ? Explain it by giving
examples.
Ans. (i) Romanticism : Romanticism, was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of
nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists were against the glorification of reasoning, and science, and focused on
emotions, institutions and mystical feelings. They wanted to share a collective heritage and a common cultural past as
the basis of a nation. Johann Gottfried was one of the famous Romantic German philosophers who claimed that
true German culture was to be discovered among the 'common people' — das yolk.

(ii) Poland : Culture played an important role in arousing the spirit of nationalism in Poland, also which had been
partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the great powers -Russia, Prussia and Austria.

Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive through music
and language. Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk
dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

Slavic Culture : Different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence. This
struggle also led to the First World War.

Q.9. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.
Ans. In Britain, the formation of the nation state was not the result of sudden upheaval or revolution. It was a result of a
long .drawn-out process. Before the 18th century, there was no British nation. The primary identities of the people who
inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones — such as the English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had
their own cultural and political traditions.
Also Refer Q.No. 22 (Long Answer Type Questions.)
Q.10. Why did nationalist tension emerge in the Balkans ?
Ans. Refer Q.No. 6 (Long Answer Type Questions).
FORMULATING, CREALYSING AND EVALUATION BASED QUESTIONS
Q.1. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new
commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe.
Or
Describe any three main features of the economic condition of the German speaking regions in the first
half of the 19th century.
A n s . (i) Different currencies, weights and measures : Each of these small confederations possessed its own
currency, weights and measures.
( i i ) State imposed restrictions : There were many state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods
and capital.
( i i i ) Multiple confederations : Most of the countries of Europe were the patchwork of small states and kingdoms
making it difficult for traders to trade.
( i v ) Tariff barriers : There were various types of tariffs which were imposed on goods.
( v ) Lack of transportation : Lack of means of transportation hampered the movement of goods.
Liberals Conservatives Q.2. Compare the views of
( i ) Most of the people of middle classes (i) Most of the people who belonged to liberals and conservatives.
followed the principle of liberalism. upper class or associated with
them followed conservatism.
Ans. ( i i ) Liberalism argued for a representative,
elected parliamentary government, but (ii) They believed in autocracy.
did not believe in universal adult
franchise. (iii) They favoured only those which
could strengthen autocratic
( i i i ) They were in favour of radical changes. monarchies of Europe.
Q.3. `By the last quarter of the 19th century nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic
sentiment of the first half of the 19th century, but became a narrow creed with limited ends.'
Explain.
Or
Justify the statement with suitable examples that "Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to
disaster in 1914."
Or
`Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914.' Explain this statement with
suitable arguments.
Ans. (i) By the last quarter of the nineteenth century nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic
sentiment of the first half.

(ii)Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war.

(iii) The major E urope a n powe rs, i n t urn, manipulated the nationalist aspirations of the subject peoples in Europe to
further their own imperialist aims.
(iv)Many great powers were involved into Balkan. The region became an area of intense conflict.
(v)The rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies was increasing day by day.
(vi) There were series of wars among big powers like Russia, Germany, England, etc. which finally led to the First
World War.
Q.4. Who was Count Camillo de Cavour ? Mention any two of his contributions.
Or
Analyse the role of Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unite the regions of Italy.
Or
How did Cavour overcome the obstacles that came in the ways of unification of Italy.
Ans. Cavour was the Chief Minister of the kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia.
Contributions :
(i)His main aim was to emancipate Italy from Austria.
(ii)He led the movement of Italian unification tact's and diplomacy.
(iii)Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France by the Chief Minister Cavour, Sardinia - Piedmont defeated the
Austrian forces in 1859.
(iv)This defeat of Austria paved the way for unification of Italy.
Q.5. What was Sorrieu Utopian vision? Name the nations which were leading the procession when it past
the statue of Liberty.
Ans. Sorrieu prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of democratic and Social Republics.
United States and Switzerland were the nations which were leading the procession when it past the Statue of
Liberty.
Q.6. What happened when the news of revolutionary events in France reached the different cities of
Europe? Explain.
Ans. (i) When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of
educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin Clubs.
(ii) Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which had entered into Holland, Belgium,
Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.
(iii) With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
Q.7. Explain the statement "when France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold".
Ans. (i) There were the remarks of Metternich.
(ii)The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution of 1789. The
Revolution of 1789 had a far reaching impact on the whole world.
(iii)The period from 1830 - 1848 is known as the age of revolutions and even in this case the first upheaval took
place in France in July 1830.
 (iv)The July Revolution in France sparked an uprising in Brussels and even in other parts of Europe.
Q.8. Carefully analyse the given figure and answer the following questions:

(i) Identify the figure.

(ii) Why was the given allegory produced?

Ans. (i) Germania - allegory of the German nation.

(ii) It was produced to represent Germany, to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to
identify with it.
Q.9. (i) Carefully study the given picture and identify the historical event.

Ans. The Frankfurt Parliament.

(ii) Examine the importance of the event on the history of Europe.
Ans. • This event was one of the important steps for the creation of Parliamentary principles.
In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals,
businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-
German National Assembly.
On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the
Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.
They drafted a Constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a Parliament.
 When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it
and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
Q.10. Carefully study the given picture and answer the following questions.

(i) Who prepared the given print ?

Ans. Frederic Sorrieu
(ii) Evaluate the theme of the print.
Ans. • In the given print people of Europe and America are offering homage to the statue of Liberty which is a symbol of
democracy and liberty.
 As per the vision of Frederic vision absolutist institutions will also perish.
 People of the world will be identified through the national flags and national costumes.
 People of United States and Switzerland with their flags have passed the statue of liberty symbolizing they are already
democratic nation states.
 People are holding flags that symbolises flags and other allegories will unify a nation.