Features of python: 1)Python is an interpreted language :

Python is an interpreted language which means that the python

program is executed one line at a time. Python is a
2)Cross-platform language : Python is a portable and
cross-platform language. The python code written on Windows will
give the same output on Linux OS as well.
3)Python is a free and open source language : Anyone can
download and use the source code of python without paying
anything. 4)Large standard library : Python has an extensive set
of libraries which can be used by the developer as needed. For
example : Numpy, Pandas 5)Static typing : The opposite of
dynamic typing is static typing. Static type checks are performed
without running the program.
Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of
two objects to see if they refer to the same object.
is: Returns True if two variables point to the same object
is not: Returns True if two variables do not point to the same object.
Membership operators are used to test if a value or variable exists
in a sequence such as strings, lists, or tuples.
in: Returns True if a value is found in the sequence.
not in: Returns True if a value is not found in the sequence.
Type Conversion : Implicit conversion : In the implicit type
conversion, the python interpreter automatically understands the
type of data on the basis of its value
Explicit Conversion : In the explicit type conversion, the data type
is manually changed by using the built-in methods as per the
specific data type. int() : This function converts the data type to
integer. float() : This function converts the data type to float.
Applications: Web Development: Building dynamic websites with
frameworks like Django and Flask.Data Analysis: Analysing and
visualising data using libraries like Pandas and Matplotlib.Machine
Learning: Developing AI models with libraries such as TensorFlow
and scikit-learn. Automation: Automating repetitive tasks and
workflows with scripts. Software Development: Creating desktop
applications with tools like PyQt and Kivy.
The precedence of operators is useful in an expression with more
than one operator to determine which operation to perform first.
The precedence of operators decides how the expression will be
evaluated. The precedence of operators is decided on the basis of
PEMDAS rule. Here, P : Parenthesis E : Exponentiation M :
Multiplication D : Division A : Addition S : Subtraction

Version control system (VCS) is a tool that helps manage

changes to files over time, allowing multiple users to collaborate on
the same project. It tracks modifications, maintains a history of
changes, and enables reverting to previous versions if needed.
Examples include Git and Subversion.
Key Functions of VCS: 1) Track Changes: Monitors and records
changes to files over time. 2)History Management: Maintains a
history of all modifications for easy reference.
3)Collaboration: Allows multiple users to work on the same project
and merge changes. 4)Revert Changes: Enables reverting to
previous versions or undoing changes.
5)Branching and Merging:Supports creating branches for different
development paths and merging them back into the main project.
Benefits of VCS: 1)Change Tracking: Keeps a detailed record of
modifications for better accountability and review.
2)Collaboration: Facilitates teamwork by managing concurrent
changes from multiple users. 3)Backup: Provides a history of
versions to restore previous states if needed.
4)Branching: Allows experimentation with new features without
affecting the main codebase. 5)Conflict Resolution: Helps resolve
conflicts when merging changes from different contributors

Git Bash is a command-line interface that provides a Unix-like

environment on Windows for using Git. It combines Git’s
functionalities with a Bash shell, allowing users to run Git
commands and Unix commands in a terminal window.
Types of VCS: Centralised Version Control System (CVCS): In
this system, a single central repository contains the entire history of
the project. Users check out files from this central repository, and all
changes are committed back to it. This setup makes it easier to
manage and track changes but can create a single point of failure.
Examples include Subversion (SVN) and CVS.
Distributed Version Control System (DVCS): Each user has their
own complete copy of the entire repository, including its full history.
This allows users to work offline and independently, with the ability
to merge changes from different users later. It also enhances
collaboration and resilience, as there is no single point of failure.
Examples include Git and Mercurial.

Cloud Based Solutions: 1)GitLab is a web-based DevOps

platform that provides a suite of tools for managing the entire
software development lifecycle. It integrates features for version
control, continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD),
project management, and more. GitLab uses Git for version control,
allowing teams to collaborate on code, track changes, and
automate workflows efficiently. Its built-in features support code
review, issue tracking, and pipeline management, making it a
comprehensive solution for modern software development.
2)Bitbucket is a web-based version control repository hosting
service owned by Atlassian. It supports both Git and Mercurial
version control systems, allowing teams to manage code
repositories, collaborate on projects, and track changes. Bitbucket
offers features like pull requests, code reviews, and branch
permissions. It integrates with other Atlassian tools, such as Jira for
issue tracking and Confluence for documentation, providing a
comprehensive solution for development workflows and team
collaboration.
Difference Git & GitHub : Git 1) A distributed version control
system that manages and tracks changes in your codebase locally
on your machine. 2)Focuses on tracking changes, branching,
merging, and managing code history. 3)Used locally on your
computer to handle version control tasks. 4)Repositories are stored
locally on your machine or a server that you control. 5)Collaboration
is managed through manual syncing and pushing/pulling changes
between local repositories.
GitHub: 1)A web-based platform that hosts Git repositories online,
facilitating collaboration and remote access.2)Provides additional
features like issue tracking, pull requests, and project management
tools on top of Git's version control capabilities. 3)Used to share
repositories, collaborate with others, and manage code remotely on
the internet.4)Repositories are hosted on GitHub’s servers, making
them accessible from anywhere with an internet
connection.5)Streamlines collaboration through features like forks,
pull requests, and team permissions, making it easier for multiple
users to work together on a project.
The Staging Area, also known as the Index, is a crucial component
of Git's version control system. It acts as a middle ground between
the working directory and the local repository

A repository in Git is a storage space where your project's files,

history, and metadata are kept. It contains all the information about
the project, including: 1)Files and Directories: All the project files
and their version history. 2)Commit History: A record of all
changes made to the files over time, including commit messages
and metadata. 3)Branches: Different lines of development, allowing
multiple features or fixes to be worked on simultaneously.
4)Tags: Labels for specific points in the history, often used for
marking release versions.
A branch in Git is a version of the repository that diverges from the
main project, allowing for independent development. It serves as a
pointer to a snapshot of changes, enabling you to work on new
features or bug fixes separately. Branches help manage and
organize code, making it easier to merge stable changes into the
main branch and clean up your project history.

The master branch in Git is the default main branch of a

repository, where the stable and production-ready code is typically
maintained. It's often renamed to main in newer repositories for
clarity and inclusivity.

Why Branch 1)Isolation: Work on new features or fixes without

affecting the main codebase. 2)Parallel Development: Allow
simultaneous development of different features.
3)Code Review: Separate branches facilitate easier review and
testing before merging. 4)Experimentation: Try new ideas without
impacting the main project. 5)Organised History: Keep project
history clean and organised by managing different lines of
development.
Git commands Branch
1. Create a Branch: git branch <branch-name>
2. Switch to a Branch: git checkout <branch-name>
3. Create and Switch to a Branch:git checkout -b <branch-name>
4.List All Branches: git branch
5. Delete a Branch: git branch -d <branch-name>
6. Rename a Branch: git branch -m <old-branch-name>
<new-branch-name>
7. Merge a Branch:git merge <branch-name>
8.Push a Branch to Remote: git push origin <branch-name>
9. Delete a Remote Branch:git push origin --delete<branch-name>
10. Fetch All Branches from Remote: git fetch --all
Basic Git commands
1.Initialise a Repository: git init
Creates a new Git repository in the current directory.
2.Clone a Repository: git clone ‘Repository link’
Creates a copy of an existing repository.
3. Check Repository Status: git status
Shows the status of your repository, including changes and the
current branch.
4.Add Changes: git add <file-name>
Stages specific changes, or use `git add .` to stage all changes.
5.Commit Changes: git commit -m "Initial commit"
Records the staged changes with a descriptive message.
6. Create a Branch: git branch <branch-name>
Creates a new branch.
7. Switch Branches: git checkout <branch-name>
Switches to a different branch.
8. Pull Changes: git pull origin main
Fetches and integrates changes from a remote repository.
9. Merge Branches: git merge <branch-name>
Merges changes from one branch into the current branch.
10. Push Changes: git push
Pushes your local changes to the remote repository.
Features of python: 1)Python is an interpreted language :
Python is an interpreted language which means that the python
program is executed one line at a time. Python is a
2)Cross-platform language : Python is a portable and
cross-platform language. The python code written on Windows will
give the same output on Linux OS as well.
3)Python is a free and open source language : Anyone can
download and use the source code of python without paying
anything. 4)Large standard library : Python has an extensive set
of libraries which can be used by the developer as needed. For
example : Numpy, Pandas 5)Static typing : The opposite of
dynamic typing is static typing. Static type checks are performed
without running the program.
Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of
two objects to see if they refer to the same object.
is: Returns True if two variables point to the same object
is not: Returns True if two variables do not point to the same object.
Membership operators are used to test if a value or variable exists
in a sequence such as strings, lists, or tuples.
in: Returns True if a value is found in the sequence.
not in: Returns True if a value is not found in the sequence.
Type Conversion : Implicit conversion : In the implicit type
conversion, the python interpreter automatically understands the
type of data on the basis of its value
Explicit Conversion : In the explicit type conversion, the data type
is manually changed by using the built-in methods as per the
specific data type. int() : This function converts the data type to
integer. float() : This function converts the data type to float.
Applications: Web Development: Building dynamic websites with
frameworks like Django and Flask.Data Analysis: Analysing and
visualising data using libraries like Pandas and Matplotlib.Machine
Learning: Developing AI models with libraries such as TensorFlow
and scikit-learn. Automation: Automating repetitive tasks and
workflows with scripts. Software Development: Creating desktop
applications with tools like PyQt and Kivy.
The precedence of operators is useful in an expression with more
than one operator to determine which operation to perform first.
The precedence of operators decides how the expression will be
evaluated. The precedence of operators is decided on the basis of
PEMDAS rule. Here, P : Parenthesis E : Exponentiation M :
Multiplication D : Division A : Addition S : Subtraction

Version control system (VCS) is a tool that helps manage

changes to files over time, allowing multiple users to collaborate on
the same project. It tracks modifications, maintains a history of
changes, and enables reverting to previous versions if needed.
Examples include Git and Subversion.
Key Functions of VCS: 1) Track Changes: Monitors and records
changes to files over time. 2)History Management: Maintains a
history of all modifications for easy reference.
3)Collaboration: Allows multiple users to work on the same project
and merge changes. 4)Revert Changes: Enables reverting to
previous versions or undoing changes.
5)Branching and Merging:Supports creating branches for different
development paths and merging them back into the main project.
Benefits of VCS: 1)Change Tracking: Keeps a detailed record of
modifications for better accountability and review.
2)Collaboration: Facilitates teamwork by managing concurrent
changes from multiple users. 3)Backup: Provides a history of
versions to restore previous states if needed.
4)Branching: Allows experimentation with new features without
affecting the main codebase. 5)Conflict Resolution: Helps resolve
conflicts when merging changes from different contributors

Git Bash is a command-line interface that provides a Unix-like

environment on Windows for using Git. It combines Git’s
functionalities with a Bash shell, allowing users to run Git
commands and Unix commands in a terminal window.
Types of VCS: Centralised Version Control System (CVCS): In
this system, a single central repository contains the entire history of
the project. Users check out files from this central repository, and all
changes are committed back to it. This setup makes it easier to
manage and track changes but can create a single point of failure.
Examples include Subversion (SVN) and CVS.
Distributed Version Control System (DVCS): Each user has their
own complete copy of the entire repository, including its full history.
This allows users to work offline and independently, with the ability
to merge changes from different users later. It also enhances
collaboration and resilience, as there is no single point of failure.
Examples include Git and Mercurial.

Cloud Based Solutions: 1)GitLab is a web-based DevOps

platform that provides a suite of tools for managing the entire
software development lifecycle. It integrates features for version
control, continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD),
project management, and more. GitLab uses Git for version control,
allowing teams to collaborate on code, track changes, and
automate workflows efficiently. Its built-in features support code
review, issue tracking, and pipeline management, making it a
comprehensive solution for modern software development.
2)Bitbucket is a web-based version control repository hosting
service owned by Atlassian. It supports both Git and Mercurial
version control systems, allowing teams to manage code
repositories, collaborate on projects, and track changes. Bitbucket
offers features like pull requests, code reviews, and branch
permissions. It integrates with other Atlassian tools, such as Jira for
issue tracking and Confluence for documentation, providing a
comprehensive solution for development workflows and team
collaboration.
Difference Git & GitHub : Git 1) A distributed version control
system that manages and tracks changes in your codebase locally
on your machine. 2)Focuses on tracking changes, branching,
merging, and managing code history. 3)Used locally on your
computer to handle version control tasks. 4)Repositories are stored
locally on your machine or a server that you control. 5)Collaboration
is managed through manual syncing and pushing/pulling changes
between local repositories.
GitHub: 1)A web-based platform that hosts Git repositories online,
facilitating collaboration and remote access.2)Provides additional
features like issue tracking, pull requests, and project management
tools on top of Git's version control capabilities. 3)Used to share
repositories, collaborate with others, and manage code remotely on
the internet.4)Repositories are hosted on GitHub’s servers, making
them accessible from anywhere with an internet
connection.5)Streamlines collaboration through features like forks,
pull requests, and team permissions, making it easier for multiple
users to work together on a project.
The Staging Area, also known as the Index, is a crucial component
of Git's version control system. It acts as a middle ground between
the working directory and the local repository

A repository in Git is a storage space where your project's files,

history, and metadata are kept. It contains all the information about
the project, including: 1)Files and Directories: All the project files
and their version history. 2)Commit History: A record of all
changes made to the files over time, including commit messages
and metadata. 3)Branches: Different lines of development, allowing
multiple features or fixes to be worked on simultaneously.
4)Tags: Labels for specific points in the history, often used for
marking release versions.
A branch in Git is a version of the repository that diverges from the
main project, allowing for independent development. It serves as a
pointer to a snapshot of changes, enabling you to work on new
features or bug fixes separately. Branches help manage and
organize code, making it easier to merge stable changes into the
main branch and clean up your project history.

The master branch in Git is the default main branch of a

repository, where the stable and production-ready code is typically
maintained. It's often renamed to main in newer repositories for
clarity and inclusivity.

Why Branch 1)Isolation: Work on new features or fixes without

affecting the main codebase. 2)Parallel Development: Allow
simultaneous development of different features.
3)Code Review: Separate branches facilitate easier review and
testing before merging. 4)Experimentation: Try new ideas without
impacting the main project. 5)Organised History: Keep project
history clean and organised by managing different lines of
development.
Git commands Branch
1. Create a Branch: git branch <branch-name>
2. Switch to a Branch: git checkout <branch-name>
3. Create and Switch to a Branch:git checkout -b <branch-name>
4.List All Branches: git branch
5. Delete a Branch: git branch -d <branch-name>
6. Rename a Branch: git branch -m <old-branch-name>
<new-branch-name>
7. Merge a Branch:git merge <branch-name>
8.Push a Branch to Remote: git push origin <branch-name>
9. Delete a Remote Branch:git push origin --delete<branch-name>
10. Fetch All Branches from Remote: git fetch --all
Basic Git commands
1.Initialise a Repository: git init
Creates a new Git repository in the current directory.
2.Clone a Repository: git clone ‘Repository link’
Creates a copy of an existing repository.
3. Check Repository Status: git status
Shows the status of your repository, including changes and the
current branch.
4.Add Changes: git add <file-name>
Stages specific changes, or use `git add .` to stage all changes.
5.Commit Changes: git commit -m "Initial commit"
Records the staged changes with a descriptive message.
6. Create a Branch: git branch <branch-name>
Creates a new branch.
7. Switch Branches: git checkout <branch-name>
Switches to a different branch.
8. Pull Changes: git pull origin main
Fetches and integrates changes from a remote repository.
9. Merge Branches: git merge <branch-name>
Merges changes from one branch into the current branch.
10. Push Changes: git push
Pushes your local changes to the remote repository.
Features of python: 1)Python is an interpreted language :
Python is an interpreted language which means that the python
program is executed one line at a time. Python is a
2)Cross-platform language : Python is a portable and
cross-platform language. The python code written on Windows will
give the same output on Linux OS as well.
3)Python is a free and open source language : Anyone can
download and use the source code of python without paying
anything. 4)Large standard library : Python has an extensive set
of libraries which can be used by the developer as needed. For
example : Numpy, Pandas 5)Static typing : The opposite of
dynamic typing is static typing. Static type checks are performed
without running the program.
Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of
two objects to see if they refer to the same object.
is: Returns True if two variables point to the same object
is not: Returns True if two variables do not point to the same object.
Membership operators are used to test if a value or variable exists
in a sequence such as strings, lists, or tuples.
in: Returns True if a value is found in the sequence.
not in: Returns True if a value is not found in the sequence.
Type Conversion : Implicit conversion : In the implicit type
conversion, the python interpreter automatically understands the
type of data on the basis of its value
Explicit Conversion : In the explicit type conversion, the data type
is manually changed by using the built-in methods as per the
specific data type. int() : This function converts the data type to
integer. float() : This function converts the data type to float.
Applications: Web Development: Building dynamic websites with
frameworks like Django and Flask.Data Analysis: Analysing and
visualising data using libraries like Pandas and Matplotlib.Machine
Learning: Developing AI models with libraries such as TensorFlow
and scikit-learn. Automation: Automating repetitive tasks and
workflows with scripts. Software Development: Creating desktop
applications with tools like PyQt and Kivy.
The precedence of operators is useful in an expression with more
than one operator to determine which operation to perform first.
The precedence of operators decides how the expression will be
evaluated. The precedence of operators is decided on the basis of
PEMDAS rule. Here, P : Parenthesis E : Exponentiation M :
Multiplication D : Division A : Addition S : Subtraction

Version control system (VCS) is a tool that helps manage

changes to files over time, allowing multiple users to collaborate on
the same project. It tracks modifications, maintains a history of
changes, and enables reverting to previous versions if needed.
Examples include Git and Subversion.
Key Functions of VCS: 1) Track Changes: Monitors and records
changes to files over time. 2)History Management: Maintains a
history of all modifications for easy reference.
3)Collaboration: Allows multiple users to work on the same project
and merge changes. 4)Revert Changes: Enables reverting to
previous versions or undoing changes.
5)Branching and Merging:Supports creating branches for different
development paths and merging them back into the main project.
Benefits of VCS: 1)Change Tracking: Keeps a detailed record of
modifications for better accountability and review.
2)Collaboration: Facilitates teamwork by managing concurrent
changes from multiple users. 3)Backup: Provides a history of
versions to restore previous states if needed.
4)Branching: Allows experimentation with new features without
affecting the main codebase. 5)Conflict Resolution: Helps resolve
conflicts when merging changes from different contributors

Git Bash is a command-line interface that provides a Unix-like

environment on Windows for using Git. It combines Git’s
functionalities with a Bash shell, allowing users to run Git
commands and Unix commands in a terminal window.
Types of VCS: Centralised Version Control System (CVCS): In
this system, a single central repository contains the entire history of
the project. Users check out files from this central repository, and all
changes are committed back to it. This setup makes it easier to
manage and track changes but can create a single point of failure.
Examples include Subversion (SVN) and CVS.
Distributed Version Control System (DVCS): Each user has their
own complete copy of the entire repository, including its full history.
This allows users to work offline and independently, with the ability
to merge changes from different users later. It also enhances
collaboration and resilience, as there is no single point of failure.
Examples include Git and Mercurial.

Cloud Based Solutions: 1)GitLab is a web-based DevOps

platform that provides a suite of tools for managing the entire
software development lifecycle. It integrates features for version
control, continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD),
project management, and more. GitLab uses Git for version control,
allowing teams to collaborate on code, track changes, and
automate workflows efficiently. Its built-in features support code
review, issue tracking, and pipeline management, making it a
comprehensive solution for modern software development.
2)Bitbucket is a web-based version control repository hosting
service owned by Atlassian. It supports both Git and Mercurial
version control systems, allowing teams to manage code
repositories, collaborate on projects, and track changes. Bitbucket
offers features like pull requests, code reviews, and branch
permissions. It integrates with other Atlassian tools, such as Jira for
issue tracking and Confluence for documentation, providing a
comprehensive solution for development workflows and team
collaboration.
Difference Git & GitHub : Git 1) A distributed version control
system that manages and tracks changes in your codebase locally
on your machine. 2)Focuses on tracking changes, branching,
merging, and managing code history. 3)Used locally on your
computer to handle version control tasks. 4)Repositories are stored
locally on your machine or a server that you control. 5)Collaboration
is managed through manual syncing and pushing/pulling changes
between local repositories.
GitHub: 1)A web-based platform that hosts Git repositories online,
facilitating collaboration and remote access.2)Provides additional
features like issue tracking, pull requests, and project management
tools on top of Git's version control capabilities. 3)Used to share
repositories, collaborate with others, and manage code remotely on
the internet.4)Repositories are hosted on GitHub’s servers, making
them accessible from anywhere with an internet
connection.5)Streamlines collaboration through features like forks,
pull requests, and team permissions, making it easier for multiple
users to work together on a project.
The Staging Area, also known as the Index, is a crucial component
of Git's version control system. It acts as a middle ground between
the working directory and the local repository

A repository in Git is a storage space where your project's files,

history, and metadata are kept. It contains all the information about
the project, including: 1)Files and Directories: All the project files
and their version history. 2)Commit History: A record of all
changes made to the files over time, including commit messages
and metadata. 3)Branches: Different lines of development, allowing
multiple features or fixes to be worked on simultaneously.
4)Tags: Labels for specific points in the history, often used for
marking release versions.
A branch in Git is a version of the repository that diverges from the
main project, allowing for independent development. It serves as a
pointer to a snapshot of changes, enabling you to work on new
features or bug fixes separately. Branches help manage and
organize code, making it easier to merge stable changes into the
main branch and clean up your project history.

The master branch in Git is the default main branch of a

repository, where the stable and production-ready code is typically
maintained. It's often renamed to main in newer repositories for
clarity and inclusivity.

Why Branch 1)Isolation: Work on new features or fixes without

affecting the main codebase. 2)Parallel Development: Allow
simultaneous development of different features.
3)Code Review: Separate branches facilitate easier review and
testing before merging. 4)Experimentation: Try new ideas without
impacting the main project. 5)Organised History: Keep project
history clean and organised by managing different lines of
development.
Git commands Branch
1. Create a Branch: git branch <branch-name>
2. Switch to a Branch: git checkout <branch-name>
3. Create and Switch to a Branch:git checkout -b <branch-name>
4.List All Branches: git branch
5. Delete a Branch: git branch -d <branch-name>
6. Rename a Branch: git branch -m <old-branch-name>
<new-branch-name>
7. Merge a Branch:git merge <branch-name>
8.Push a Branch to Remote: git push origin <branch-name>
9. Delete a Remote Branch:git push origin --delete<branch-name>
10. Fetch All Branches from Remote: git fetch --all
Basic Git commands
1.Initialise a Repository: git init
Creates a new Git repository in the current directory.
2.Clone a Repository: git clone ‘Repository link’
Creates a copy of an existing repository.
3. Check Repository Status: git status
Shows the status of your repository, including changes and the
current branch.
4.Add Changes: git add <file-name>
Stages specific changes, or use `git add .` to stage all changes.
5.Commit Changes: git commit -m "Initial commit"
Records the staged changes with a descriptive message.
6. Create a Branch: git branch <branch-name>
Creates a new branch.
7. Switch Branches: git checkout <branch-name>
Switches to a different branch.
8. Pull Changes: git pull origin main
Fetches and integrates changes from a remote repository.
9. Merge Branches: git merge <branch-name>
Merges changes from one branch into the current branch.
10. Push Changes: git push
Pushes your local changes to the remote repository.