5.

Body Movements

Learning 0utcomes
At the end of this lesson, learners will be able to:

list the terms used to describe the locomotion of different animals.

define the terms vertebrates and invertebrates.

describe the human skeleton

explain how the human skeleton works.

define the terms bones, joints and muscles.
explain the working of various types of joints.

Recap Quiz
Tick (/)the correct options to fil in the blanks.
4. The breast bone is also called as
1. Anadult human body has
bones.
sternum C. joint
a. 206 C. ]201
d. tendon
b. skull
b. 250 d. 216
5. The -protects
2. Ribs are present in the the brain.
region. a. skull C. hip bone

small intestine d. backbone

b. rib cage
b head 6. cannot fly.
Owls
C. chest region
a |Crows C.

d.
b.Emus d. Sparrows
partof
pelvic region
7. A is

Our backbone made up of together

the body where two bones
is fit
3.
bones.
and are able to bend.
a. 35 C. 31 a. tendon C. |ligament
muscle
b.42 d. 33 b. joint
d.

Colour the correct q '9 p 'E

picture.
SHIMSN
Ifound the quiz easy.

74
Every living thing on the Earth is made up of cells.

Cells arethe building blocks of life. Organisms in which

all bodily functions are performed by a single cell
called unicellular organisms. For example, Amoeba,
Paramecium (Fig. 5. 1), bacteria and
diatons. Those organisms whose
bodies are composed of organs and
Fig. 5.1 Amoeba and Paramecium
organ systems formed by numerous unicellular organisms

cells are called multicellular

organisms. Most plant and animal species as well as most fungi

(Fig. 5.2) are multicellular.
Fig. 5.2 Mushroom-
a multicellular organism
Inmulticellular organisms, cells unite together to form tissue.
Different tissues together form an organ and many organs together form an organ

system. The organ systems combine to form the organism.

Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems A multicellular organism

Unlike plants, most animals can move from one place to another. This type of movement
iscalled locomotion. There are various ways by which animals move. They can walk,
run, jump, hop, crawl, leap. fly and swim (Fig. 5.3). Even animals with a primitive body
structure such as sponges and polyps that are rooted to one spot in the sea, can move
some parts of their body.

cheetah runs fish swims snail cravwls

bird flies jellyfish swims kangroos hop snake slithers

Fig 5.3 Movementin different animals

 In this lesson, we will learn aboutthe body structures of animals, including
human
beings, which enable them to move easily.

MOVEMENT IN ANIMALS

Animalsmove for a variety of reasons. They move

in search of food and shelter.

toprotect themselves against adverse climatic conditionsor anunfavourable place

to protect themselves against their predators' and enemies.

to find suitable partners for reproduction.

The organ system that supports the body, protects the organs and enables body

movement is called the skeletal system.

Different types of animals have different body structures that are best suited to living

and moving in a particular habitat or natural environment, such as land,water and air.

Observe the body movements of afish, a lizard, a bird and your friend. Are they the same'

Identify and name theorgans they use for their respective movements.

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS BASED ON BODY STRUCTURE

According tothe body structure, animals can be classified as vertebrates-those

with a backbone, for example, elephant [Fig. 5.4 (a)], snake, whale and human beings

and invertebrates-those without a backbone, for example, housefly, spider, snal.

earthworm,cockroach, butterfly [Fig. 5.4 (b)] and honeybee.

KnowMore
97 % of animals on
the
all

Earth are invertebrates.

(a) elephant-a vertebrate (b) butterfly--an invertebrate

Fig. 5.4 Types of animals

'predators:animals that kill and eatother animals

76
MOVEMENT IN INVERTEBRATES

Invertebrates generally have soft bodies,

MOst of them have a hard covering on the

outside, called exoskeleton (Fig, 5.5) that (a) oyster (b) crab

protects the body and also allows movement. Fig. 5.5 Exoskeleton

Invertebrates move in a variety of ways. They may have a single muscular foot such
as in a snailor multiple feet such as in a centipede. Theycan run on the ground,crawl,

climb, jump and fly.

Checkpoint

Tick (/)the invertebrateanimals in the following list.

1. crab 2. elephant 3. snail 4. spider 5. goat

How do earthwormsmove?
Earthworms are invertebrates that have a liquid skeleton, a fluid present in spaces

inside their body. The muscles contract and expand against this fluid. This aids

intheir movement.

Earthworms have tiny hair-like structures called bristles on their undersides which

prov ide thefriction needed to grip the soil in which they move.

When an earthworm moves, the front end rear end

front end

becomes long and thin and the rear end

becomes shortand thick as shown in Figure
Itront end becomes long
5.6. This is due to the contraction and rear end becomes short and thick

and thin
expansion of muscles, An earthworm thus
moves through

and expansion
soil

of its
by repeated contraction

musclests body also

rear end detaches
from surface
itself |
|front

to
end gets attached
the surface

secretes a slimy substance which helps in

its movement.
rear end shortens
front end elongates5
Take a ceramic tile, blotting paper and a D

glass plate. Now observe the movement of the

earthworm on different surfaces.
Fig. 5.6 Movement of earthworm

77
 How do snails move?

Observe a snail carefully. The body of a snail is soft and

unsegmented. It has a shell which is the outer skeleton.

Snails have two pairs of tentacles. The large pair of tentacles

bear eyespots (Fig. 5.7) at their tips. Snails move slowly

Fig. 5.7 Eyespots in snalls

with the help of a muscular footpresent under their belly

The foot shows wavy motion and produces a slimy substance

called nmucus. A trail of mucus is left behind when a snail crawls on a surface.

The shell is dragged along with the foot.

Howdoes a cockroach move?

The body of a cockroach is divided into three parts,

namely the head, thorax and abdomnen (Fig. 5.8). It has

head

three pairs of legs which help it in wallking and running.

The muscles in the legs help in The body of

walking.
hard exoskeleton, made thorax
a cockroach is covered with a

up of different units joined together. This also helps in abdomen

movement.There are two pairs of wings attached to its

thorax or breast. The breast muscles move the wings when

Fig. 5.8 Body of a cockroach
the cockroach flies. Thus, a cockroach can walk,climb, as

well as fly in the air.

Know More
A cockroach native to Madagascar (Fig. 5.9) is almost as big
as asmall mouse. It is dark brown with orange markings on
itsback. The cockroach hisses loudly when disturbed.
Fig. 5.9 The cockroach native to Madagascar

MOVEMENT IN VERTEBRATES

All vertebrates have a hard inner structure or framework supporting their body called

askeleton. The skeleton is made up of bones. The bones give the body its form and

shape and enable it to move with the help soft tissues called muscles, cartilage. of

ligaments and tendons attached to them. Bones also protect the internal organs

Thistype of skeleton system present inside the body is called endoskeleton.

78
Howdo fish move?

Afish has a streamlined body which tapers at both ends. This kind of shape reduces
water resistance and makes it easier for the fish to swim in water.) A fish possesses fins

toswim inwater.
and tail, which
pectoral fins
help
dorsal fins
it
A2
(Afish has different types of fins (Fig
5.10) that help it in different ways

during locomotion. The dorsal, pelvic

caudal fin

and anal fins balance the body of a fish,

anal fin

thepectoral fins help a fast-moving fish

pelvic fin

to suddenly stop.The tail of a fish with

Fig. 5.10 Fins of a fish

its caudal fin is like a rudder' in a boat.

The skeleton of a fish is covered with muscles. While swimming, the muscles curve

the opposite side, thus

the front part of the body to one side and the tail part swings to

Then,very quickly, the body and the tail curve to the other
curving the fish's body.

side, giving a jerkand pushing the fish's body forward (Fig. 5.11).

sideways thrust

Fig. 5.11 Movement in fish

Howdo snakes move?

We use the word 'slither' todescribe a snake's movement, because it is so smooth, like

flowing liquid. Snakes are vertebrates with a long, flexible backbone and thin muscles.

These muscles interconnect the backbone, ribs and skin. They have rectangular scales

that line the underside of their body. The scales help in gripping the surface and
pushing the snake forward. The long body of the snake makes many loops and each
loop gives it a push by pressing against the ground.

'rudder: a flat piece of wood or other material at the back of a boat or plane that is moved to change
the direction of travel

79
 This makes the snake nove forward very fast. Snakes do not move in a strairh+ :
The movement of snakes is shown in Figure 5.12.

body curves into loops the curves push against the ground the snake is pushed forward

Fig. 5.12Movementin snakes

How do birds fly?

Birds can fly as well as walk. Some birds such as ducks,

penguins and swans can alsO SWim in water.

Every part of a bird is adapted for flight.

They have a spindle-shaped (streamlined) body

(Fig. 5. 13) that reduces air resistance.

Their hollow bones make them light in weight.

The forelimbs are modified into wings. The wings
are covered with feathers. Fig. 5.13 Spindle-shaped body of bird

They have very powerful chest muscles that help in moving wings up and down.
The breast bones of birdsare modified to hold the
flight muscles.
The bones of the hindlimbs help in
walking and perching.
(Birds are the only living animalsto have feathers which
enable them to fl There are
two kinds of flight feathers-the wing
feathers and tail feathers.
The wings are spread out wide when the
bird glides or soars. They flap up
down. The upward movement au
during the flapping of wings is called
The downward movement of the wings upstrok
iscalled downstroke. The
flying patter
birds is shown in Figure 5.14.

The tail feathers balance the bird when it lands, perches on a

branch or walks on
ground. They also allow it tochange direction
when in the air.
upstroke
downstroke

1 2 3

Fig.5.14 Flight pattern in birds

30
 Flightless birds have larger and well-developed legs but have

reduced wings, for example, ostriches and emus. Penguins,

which live in Antarctica, have wings modified into paddles

(Fig.5.15) that help in swimming.

Flg.5.15 Paddles in
penguins

MOVEMENT IN THEHUMAN BODY skull

Human beings can perform a number of

movements. They can not only wallk on two

legs,they can crawl on all four limbs, climb.

sternum
jump, leap and swim. Like other vertebrate ribs

thoracic
animals, human beings too, have a backbone humerus
vertebrae

and other bones making up the skeleton.

ulna

radius
The human skeleton

The skeleton (Fig. 5.16) provides the basic

framework of the body. It has 206 bones,

femur

cartilages, about 600 muscles, ligaments

and tendons.

The human skeleton is classified into two tibia

distinct parts, namely, fibula

axialskeleton

appendicular skeleton
Fig. 5.16 The humanskeleton

Axial skeleton: The axial skeleton consists of bones of the

skull,vertebral columnand rib cage.

Skull: The human skull (Fig. 5.17) has 22 bones. All the bones

of the skull are fixed except the lower jaw. These bones protect

thebrain and sensory organs. Fig. 5.17 The human skull

81
 Vertebral column: It is made up of 33 ring-shaped bones which

are called vertebrae (Fig. 5.18).

Rib cage:Rib cage (Fig. 5.19)is a box-like structure

consisting
bones.
of twelve pairs of

the vertebral
They join
column at the back and the
ribs

sternum in the front. The last

sternum

two pairs of ribs are free and

are known as o
Roatingribs)
Fig.5.18Vertebrae
Some important internal

our body such as Fig. 5.19Rib cage

organs of

the heart and lungs are protected by the rib cage.

21t
CENTURY
Activity 1
(Hands-on Science) Experiential Learning SKILLS
Critical Thinking

Aim: To find the bones in one's chest

Procedure: Pull in your stomach so that your chest rises upward and forward. Run your hands
over the bones in your chest on either side.

Observation:The ribs form a cage from front to back.

Conclusion:The the organs in the chest, such as the heart and

ribs protect lungs. They are
connected to the backbone and are thus curved.

Appendicular skeleton: It consists of

two pairs of girdles and the bones of

the arms and legs.

Girdles: Girdles provide support to

the bones of the limbs. The girdle that

supports the bones of the arms is called

the,pectoral girdle [Fig. 5.20 (a)].

The girdle into which the bones of the

(a) pectoral girdle (b)pelvic girdle
legs are fitted is called the pelvic girdle
Fig. 5.20 The girdles

[Fig. 5.20 (b)].

 Bones of the arms: In the upper arn, there is only one bone

called humerus, On the lower side, it has a broad surface wlich

is conected to the two bones, radius and ulna of the lower humerus

arm. The wrist, palm and fingers are made of many small bones.
The bones of pper and lower arm are shown in Figure 5.21.

Get it Right! radius

The so-caled funny bone' is neither funny nor a bone! It is actually a nerve ulna

from the shoulderto the hand. It tingles when you hit your elbow
running

accidentally and can be painful.

Bones of the legs: The bone present in the thigh Fig. 5.21 Bones of the

upper and lower arm

is the longest bone of the body. It is known as
femur
has ball-shaped head that can be fitted into a cavity formed
femur. It a

femur is articulated'with
by the pelvic girdle.The lower end of the
there is an additional
patella
two leg bones called tibiaand fibula. Atthe knee,
a number of small bones.
tibia bone called patella.The ankle and feet have
The bones of the leg are shown in Figure 5.22.

fibula
X-ray images
When we are hurt or have an accident, doctors use
injury to the
(Fig. 5.2s)to find out any
of the
Fig. 5.22 Bones of
bones. X-rays show the shapes
the leg
bones. Look at anX-ray film by holding

it against the The bones show up as white against

light.
numberof bones
a dark background. One can count the
(a)knee (b)elbow
easily in an X-ray. Fig. 5.23 X-ray images of joints

Roentgen.
X-ray was discovered by Wilhelm
21
CENTUWY Critical Thinking
SNILLS
Science) TEM Experiential Learning
Activity 2 (Hands-on

how the shape of the bone adds to

Aim: To understand

itsstrength

Materials required: chart paper, glue, books

Procedure: Take three rectangular pieces of chart paper.

Fold them along their lengths tomake three tall columns.

lo make a squarecolumn, fold in four, three to make a

riangle and curve the paper to make a circular column.

'articulated forming a
jont
83
 Secure theedges of the three columns with tape.

Stand each column ona table. Place books one by one on one of the columns. Use the same
books forthe other columns and place the books in the same order each time. Note the number
of books each column can hold before collapsing.

Observation:

Shape of thecolumn Number of books

circular

triangular

square

Draw a bar graph of your results.

Conclusion:Which is the strongestcolumn? Which column resembles the bones of your body?
Do youthink bones are strong and can withstand large weights?

Functions of the skeleton

It supports the body and gives a definite shape to it.

It helps protect the delicate and vital organs such as the heart, lungs and brain.

With the help of muscles, it helps in the movement of body parts.

It is a storehouse of minerals.

The bone marrow present inside long bones isthe place for the formation of

blood cells.

Joints

A joint is a place where two or more bones

meet. Bones are held together at a joint by CareerWise

ligaments. The ends of bones are covered

Orthopedic surgeon: An orthopedic
with a soft tissue called cartilage. It prevents surgeon treats all kinds of ailments
the bones from grinding against each other. related to bones and muscles.

It also acts as a shock absorber. A fluid called

Read more about this profession.

synovial fluid is also present between the

joints to lubricate' the bones.

'lubricate:to apply a substance which will reduce frution between moving parts and alloU
Smooth movement

84
 21
CENTURY Critical Thinking
(Hands-on Science)
Activity3
Experiential Learning NKILLS

Aim:To study how human limbs move

Materials required: a wooden ruler (one foot long), cords

your arms, palm facing upwards. Ask friend to tie a wooden

Procedure:Stretch out one of a

from the upper arm to the wrist. Now, try to bend your arm
ruler beneath your arm, stretching

at the eibow.

youcannot bend your arm because the joint at the elbow has
Observation: Youwill find that

been disabled with the rule.

walk with your legs stretched straight out, without bending them at
Procedure:Next, try to

the knees.

bending your legs at the knees, it is awkward

Observation: Although you can walk without
and slow!
are
Conclusion: There are places inside the body where two bones are joined. Such joints

necessary for smooth movement.

21
CENTURY Critical Thinking
Learning SKILLS
Experiential
Activity 4 (Hands-on Science)

our ears
Aim:To study the type of tissue present
in

lobe. Do you find any

upper portion of the ear and the ear
Procedure:Feel your ear. Feel the
a joint?
hard bone in the ear that has
ear has
or joint. The upper part of the
Observation: can feel that the ear lobe has no bone
You
soft tissue.
is also found in the joints of the body.
called cartilage. Cartilage
Conclusion: This soft tissue
is

our body. These are:

jointspresent in
Ihere are three major types
of

joints do not allow any novement.

Run your fingers
Fixed orimmovablejoints: Fixed
example of a fixed
face. Bones of our skull arean
Over the contours' of your head and
protection.
are also fixed. Their main function is to provide
joint. Joints in the upperjaw

pad of flexible cartilage is present

Slightly movable joints: In these joints, a
ribs
possible. Thejoints between the
between the bones whichmakes slight movement
function is to
slightly movable joints. Their main
and the breastbone areexamples of

prov ide support.

oints allow tree movement in various directions.
Freely movable joints: These
movable joints, amely, hinge joint, ball-and
There are four major types of freely
socket joint,pivot joint and gliding joint.

ontours the shape of the outside edge of something

85
 Hinge joint: Just like door hinges allow the opening bone

and closing of doors, that is, a back and forth

movement, hinge joints in our body are similar. hinge

joint

They allow the limb to be stretched forward and

backwards. The elbow joint and knee joint are hinge
bone

joints (Fig, 5.2+).

Fig. 5.24 Hinge joint

bone
Ball-and-socket

Socket joint(n this type of joint, the rounded end of one

bone is fitted in the socket (cavity)of another bone.
ball

The ballcan move inside the socket. Such a joint

bone y allows movement in all directions. Ball-and-socket

Fig. 5.25 Ball-and-socket joint
joint (Fig, 5.25) is found in thg hip and shoulder
region.
Row
Pivotjoint: We carn move our head up and down and also sideways. AIlthesemovements

are possible because of the joint between the skull and vertebrae. In this type of

joint, the rounded surface of one bone fits

into a cavity formed by the other. Pivotjoints

(Fig. 5.26) occur between the first two
vertebrae of the backbone.
Fig. 5.26 Pivot joint

Gliding joint: In thisjoint, one bone slipsover the other

at the point of contact. It allows sliding movement in

which two bones can slide over each other. Gliding jonts

(Fig 5.27) are found in wrists and ankles.

Fig.5.27 Gliding joint

Checkpoint
Fill in the blanks. Know More
1 The hyoid bone
The joints inthe human body are lubricated with
fluid.
(U-shaped) in the
throat is the only bone
2.
There are two ball- and-socketjoints located in the in the human body
and that is not joined to
another bone.
3. Our skeletonis a storehouse of

86
HOW DO BONES MOVE?
in our body cannot move on their own. The muscles attached to the bones
Bones present
help intheir movement. Muscles are attached to the bone with the help
of tendons.

Muscles work in pairs. Therefore, to move a bone at the joint, at least two sets of
muscles work together. Muscles contract and relax to move the bones. Look at Figure
contract
5.28 to understand howthe arm moves when the muscles (biceps and triceps)

and relax
The muscle relaxes.

movement
The muscle contracts. It becomes
movement short, stiff and thick and pulls the

bone. The arm bends.)

The muscle contracts and

pulls the bone to its original

position.The arm straightens. )

The muscle relaxes. Fig. 5.28Movementof the arm

21st
CENTURY Information Literacy
My India.. Experiential Learning
SKILLS

Activity 5 (Inquiring Science)

My Prides
cross-crricular focus: Physical Education

Aim: To know India's contributionin yoga to the world

connection
Materialsrequired: a device with an Internet
as directed.
Procedure: Read the paragraph below and do
asanas. It also includes breathing techniques
Yoga is a combination of specific exercises, called
been known to Indianssince
and meditation. Yoga origin ated in ancient Indiaand its benefits have
then. However, it was Swami Vivekananda
who introduced this mind and body healing technique
Yoga Day.
to the Western world, and since2015, 21st June is observed as International
the spine flexible and helps
Given below is the correct way of doing Dhanurasana that makes
in broadening our ribs and chest. Refer to the Internet
and find out some more asanas that
way of doing them.
help strengthen bones and muscles. Find out their benefits and the correct
Collect pictures and
make a colourful

collage. Practice
these asanas under
the guidance of your
PE teacher or yoga
instructor. G00 HEALTH
OWElBENS

The taskaligned with the United Nations'Sustainable Development Goal 3

is

Good Health and Well-being.

87
 Key Words Concept Recall
bone marrow: soft, fatty
substance inside a bone in snails

which blood (muscular fish birds

cells are produced
foot) (fins) (wings),
cartilage: a firm and flexible cockroaches snakes
earthworms
connective tissue found in the
(bristles) (legs,wings) (scales)
external human ear and joints
(cell: the smallest structural

and functional unit of a living

other animals
organism) ALS)
exoskeleton: a rigid external Movements
covering found in some
human beings
invertebrates
A2
invertebrate: an animal
without a backbone
human
ligament: a short band of tough, joints
fibrous tissue that connects two skeleton

bones or cartilages, or holds a

joint together

locomotion: the ability to move

axial appendicular
from one place to another ball-and pivot
skeleton skeleton socket
pivot: a fixed point or pin that joints
somethingturns or balances on joint

streamlined: a shape to offer

least resistance to air or water hinge gliding
rib joint joint
tendon:a strong, flexible
skul!
but inelastic cord of tissue Cage pelvic pectoral
attaching a muscle to a bone girdle girdle
vertebral |bones of
tentacles: long thin structures
column the legs
present on the upper surface of
bones of
a snail's head, used for feeling
the arms
things femur tibia fibula
tissue: a group of specialised
cells
A witha humerusradius
vertebrate: an animal ulna
backbone

Exercises
A. Tick (/)
the correct options to fillin the blanks.

1. The main difference between vertebrates and invertebratesis that

a. vertebrateswalk and invertebrates crawl

b. vertebrates are mammals and invertebrates are insects

C. vertebrateshave a backbone and invertebrateslack one

d. vertebrates can smile and invertebrates cannot

B8
 2. Birds carfily as they
a. have thin, hollow bones b. have a lot of muscles

C. have no bones at all d. do not eat much

3 Insects have a hard exterior covering called the

a. skeleton b.v exoskeleton C. chitin d. shell

4. Earthworms have that provide friction.

a. Scales b. limbs C. tentacles d. bristles

5. The hingejoint is found in the human

C. shoulder d. wrist
a. elbow b. neck

6. The bones of a movable joint are lubricated by

d. ligaments
muscles b. |cartilages c.synovial fluid
a.

B. Complete the analogy.

1. Amoeba :unicellular :: mushroom:

2. single foot :snail :: multiple feet:.

upper leg
3. humerus: upper arm ::

4 elbow :hinge joint ::wrist :

5. fish:swim :: snakes :

C. Short Answer Questions

1. Define cell and tissue.

2. What is an exoskeleton?
locations.
3. Give two examples of movable joints. Statetheir
movement.
present in the hips?Explain
its
4.
What type of joint is

5. Explain the structure of the rib cage.

6. Name the bones that make up the armsand the legs. oie
D. Long Answer Questions

1. Explain how an earthworm moves.

2. How are birds adapted to fly?

3. How do fish move?

4. Explain the movement of the arm.

E. Give reasons.

body structures and parts for movement.

1 Different animals have different

2 Fish and birds have streamlinedbodies.

89
Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) 21
CENTURY
SKILLS
Critical
Thinking

Think and answer.

1. Arthritis is a painful ailment ofthejoints because of which it becomes

very difficult forpeople to walk and do daily activities. Osteoarthritis
is the most common type of arthritis.
Study the diagrams shown and explain how osteoarthritis can affect

the joints.
normal joint
affected
2. The diagrams show an athlete's leg muscles work joint

at thetime of the start of the race. Look carefully

at each picture and find out the muscle which:

a. bends the knee

b. straightens the knee C

C. bends the ankle

D
d. straightensthe ankle

21
CENTUKY Critical Thinking
Science Club (Hands-on Science) TEM Experiential Learning SKILLS

Working model of a hand

We will need:
a string an incense stick adhesive tape a chart paper

two 6 inch plastic scales a pair of safety scissors

Procedure:

Step 1: Step 2:

Use a lighted incense stick to Make the scales lie sideby

make two holes in one scale and side. Put adhesive tape at thejunction
one hole in the other. of two scales in such a way that there is
them.This
gap of half an inch between
a

with the
gap should be securely covered
Take care not to
help of the adhesive tape.
make the scales overlap.