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Mod 5

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11 views28 pages

Mod 5

Uploaded by

Jagruti Chavan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module 5-

Memory Organization
Course Outcome: Apply different memory mapping techniques in memory
organization

-Neha Surti
Characteristics of Memory
• Location
• Capacity
• Unit of transfer
• Access method
• Performance
• Physical type
• Physical characteristics
• Organization
Characteristics of Memory
• Internal
Location • External

• Internal - typically expressed in terms of bytes or words


Capacity • External - typically expressed in terms of bytes

• Internal - number of electrical lines into & out of memory module


Unit of transfer • External - Usually a block which is much larger than a word
Characteristics of Memory
Sequential
• Start at the beginning and read through in order
• Access time depends on location of data and previous location
• e.g., tape
Direct
• Individual blocks have unique address
• Access is by jumping to vicinity plus sequential search
Access • Access time depends on location and previous location
method • e.g., disk
Random
• Individual addresses identify locations exactly
• Access time is independent of location or previous access
• e.g., RAM
Associative
• Data is located by a comparison of desired bit locations within a word
for a specified match
• Access time is independent of location or previous access
• e.g., cache
Characteristics of Memory
Access time
• Time it takes to perform a read or write operation, i.e.,
the time from the instant that an address is presented to
the memory to the instant that data have been stored or
made available for use
Performance Memory Cycle time
• Access time plus any additional time required before a
second access can commence
Transfer Rate
• Rate at which data can be transferred into or out of a
memory unit
Characteristics of Memory

Semiconductor - RAM
Physical Types Magnetic - Disk & Tape
Optical - CD & DVD

• Volatile (e.g. Semiconductor memory)


Physical • Non-volatile (e.g. Magnetic-surface memories,
Semiconductor memory)
Characteristics • Erasable
• Non-erasable (e.g. ROM)
Characteristics of Memory

Organization • Physical arrangement of bits into words


Types of RAM and ROM
Random Access Memory (RAM)
• The programs and data that the CPU requires during the execution of a program are stored in
this memory.
• It is a volatile memory as the data is lost when the power is turned off.
• Types
1. Static RAM (SRAM)
-It is a form of a semiconductor
-It is widely used in microprocessors
-SRAM comprised of flip flops

2. Dynamic RAM (DRAM)


-It is made of Capacitors and has smaller data life span than Static RAM.
-DRAM changes its state from 0 to 1 over a period of time, due to the slow leakage of
charge from the capacitor.
-To prevent this, DRAM requires an external memory refresh, which rewrites the data in
the capacitors, restoring them to their original charge.
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
• It is used to permanently store data that does not need to be modified.
• ROM is non-volatile memory, which means that the data stored in it is retained even when the
power is turned off.
• Types
1. PROM (Programmable read-only memory)
-It can be programmed by the user.
-Once programmed, the data and instructions in it cannot be changed.

2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable read-only memory)


-It can be reprogrammed.
-To erase data from it, expose it to ultraviolet light.

3. EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory)


-The data can be erased by applying an electric field, with no need for ultraviolet light.
SRAM DRAM

SRAM It stores information as long as the power is supplied or a few milliseconds


It stores information as long as the power is supplied.
when the power is switched off.

Transistors are used to store information in SRAM. Capacitors are used to store data in DRAM.

VS Capacitors are not used hence no refreshing is required.


To store information for a longer time, the contents of the capacitor need to
be refreshed periodically.

SRAM is faster compared to DRAM. DRAM provides slow access speeds.

It does not have a refreshing unit. It has a refreshing unit.


DRAM These are expensive. These are cheaper.

SRAMs are low-density devices. DRAMs are high-density devices.

In this bit are stored in voltage form. In this bit is stored in the form of electric energy.

These are used in cache memories. These are used in main memories.

SRAM has higher data transfer rate DRAM has lower data transfer rate

SRAM is used in high-speed cache memory DRAM is used in lower-speed main memory
Memory Hierarchy
Cache Memory
Cache/Main Memory Structure
Cache Mapping Techniques

Set-
Direct Associative
Associative
Mapping Mapping
Mapping
Cache Mapping
Direct Memory Mapping
Direct Memory Mapping
Direct Memory Mapping
Direct Memory Mapping
Direct Memory Mapping
Direct Memory Mapping
Associative Mapping
Set Associative Mapping
Cache coherence
• Caches in multiprocessing environment introduce the cache coherence problem.
• In a shared memory multiprocessor with a separate cache memory for each processor, when
multiple processors maintain locally cached copies of a unique-shared memory location, any
local modification of the location can result in globally inconsistent view of memory.
• Cache coherence schemes prevent this problem by maintaining a uniform state for each
cached block of data.
Associative Memory
• It is also known as content addressable memory (CAM)
Interleaved Memory
• It is an abstraction technique that divides memory into many modules such that successive
words in the address space are placed in different modules.
• Interleaved memory is designed to compensate for the relatively slow speed of dynamic
random-access memory (DRAM) or core memory by spreading memory addresses evenly
across memory modules.
• Types of Interleaved Memory
• High order interleaving-
MSB of the memory address decides memory banks where a particular location resides.
• Low order interleaving-
LSB of the memory address decides memory banks where a particular location resides.
Thank You

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