Overview of Operating System

 Operating System Definition :

Operating System can be defined as an interface between user and the
hardware of computer program.
It controls the execution of application of programs.
Operating System is also called as resource manager.

 Need of Operating System ://2 marks

An operating system is the most important software that runs on
a computer.
It manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of its
software and hardware.
It also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing
how to speak the computer's language.

 Components of operating system ://4 list with explation

1. Process Management :
A process is a program in execution.It is a unit of work within the
system.
The five major activities of an operating system in regard to process
management are
Creation and deletion of user and system processes.
Suspension and resumption of processes.
A mechanism for process synchronization.
A mechanism for process communication.
A mechanism for deadlock handling.

2. Main-Memory Management :
Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory or Main
Memory.
An Operating System does the following activities for memory
management −
Keep track of which part of memory are currently being used and by
whom.
Decide which process are loaded into memory when memory space
becomes available
Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.
 3. File Management
A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation
and usage.
The main major activities of an operating system in regard to file
management are
1. The creation and deletion of files and directories.
2. The backup of files on stable storage media
3.Provide access to files and allocation of storage space for files
4.File Security

4. Device Management
The Device Management tasks includes :
1.Open,close and write device drivers
2.Communicate,control and monitor the device drivers

5. Security
By means of password and similar other techniques, it prevents
unauthorized access to programs and data.

6. User Interface or command interpreter

The role of operating system is to work as interface between the user
and hardware of the computer.This interface provided by operating
system through set of commands or it is GUI.

 Types of OS -//4 marks

1.Batch Operating Systems
2.Multiprogramming
3.Multitasking
4.Time-Sharing Systems
5.Desktop Systems
6.Distributed system
7.Clustered system
8.Real Time system

Batch Operating System –4 marks explanation-2 diagram-2

 In this type of system, there is no direct interaction between user and
the computer.
 The user has to submit a job (written on cards or tape) to a computer
operator.
 Then computer operator places a batch of several jobs on an input device.
  Jobs are batched together by type of languages and requirement.
 Then a special program, the monitor, manages the execution of each
program in the batch.
 The monitor is always in the main memory and available for execution.
 Example: Payroll system, stock control and billing systems

Advantages of Simple Batch Systems

1. No interaction between user and computer.
2. No mechanism to prioritise the processes.

MultiPrgramming – 4mark
 MultiProgramming means more than one process in main memory which are
ready to execute.
In multiprogramming, more than one program lies in the memory.
The scheduler selects the jobs to be placed in ready queue from a number of
programs.
The ready queue is placed in memory and the existence of more than one
program in main memory is known as multiprogramming.
Since there is only one processor, there multiple programs cannot be
executed at a time.
Instead the operating system executes part of one program, then the part of
another and so on.
Example of multiprogramming: user can open word, excel, access and other
applications in a system.

Advantages-
1.High CPU utilization
2.Less waiting time,response time etc.

Disadvantges :
1.Difficult Scheduling.
2.Main memory management required.

Describe with diagram CPU utilization in multiprogramming

system.//4marks

Multiprogramming needed for efficiency:

Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times.
Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always has one to
execute.
A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory.
One job selected and run via job scheduling.
When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another job.

Example :
 In the above diagram, three processes are shown.
When CPU is allocated to the process it goes into executing state.
When process A is executing other two processes (B,C) are in waiting state.
When process B is executing processes (A,C) are in waiting and when
process C is executing processes (A,B) are in waiting state.
At a time only one process can have CPU for execution.

Time-Sharing Operating Systems /Multitasking:

Time sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming.
A time sharing system allows many users to share the computer resources
simultaneously.
The time sharing systems were developed to provide an interactive use of
the computer system.
It allows many users to share the computer resources simultaneously.
As the system switches rapidly from one user to the other, a short time slot
is given to each user for their executions.
The OS allocates a set of time to each user. When this time is expired, it
passes control to the next user on the system.
 In above figure the user 5 is active but user 1, user 2, user 3, and user 4 are
in waiting state whereas user 6 is in ready status.
As soon as the time slice of user 5 is completed, the control moves on to the
next ready user i.e. user 6. In this state user 2, user 3, user 4, and user 5 are
in waiting state and user 1 is in ready state. The process continues in the
same way and so on.

Advantages :
It provides the advantage of quick response.
It reduces CPU idle time.

Disadvantages
Complex to design.
Problem of reliability.
Extra -Question of security and integrity of user programs and data can be
raised.

MultiProcessing Operating System :

Multiprocessor Operating System refers to the use of two or more central
processing units (CPU) within a single computer system.
These multiple CPUs are in a close communication sharing the computer
bus, memory and other peripheral devices. These systems are referred
as tightly coupled systems.
 Types of Multiprocessors
There are mainly two types of multiprocessors i.e. symmetric and
asymmetric multiprocessors. Details about them are as follows −
Symmetric Multiprocessors
In these types of systems, each processor contains a similar copy of the
operating system and they all communicate with each other. All the
processors are in a peer to peer relationship i.e. no master - slave relationship
exists between them.
Asymmetric Multiprocessors
In asymmetric systems, each processor is given a predefined task. There is a
master processor that gives instruction to all the other processors.
Asymmetric multiprocessor system contains a master slave relationship.

Advantages of Multiprocessor system:

 Increased throughput -result fast
 Cost Saving
 Increased reliability
 battery efficient.

DisAdvantages –
Large Main Memory Required
More Complex

 Distributed operating system :

Distributed Operating System is a model where distributed applications
are running on multiple computers linked by communications.
 In such system the processors do not share memory or a clock; instead
each processor has its own local memory.
 In such systems, if one machine or site fails the remaining sites can
continue operation.
 So these types of systems are the reliable systems.
  The processors communicate with one another through various
communications lines, such as a high speed buses or telephone lines.
 These systems are usually referred to as Loosely Coupled Systems or
Distributed Systems

 The structure shown in figure contains a set of individual computer

systems and workstations

Advantages :
● Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
● If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially
continue operating.
● Better service to the customers
● Reduction of delays in data processing

Disadvantages
Trouble shooting is very difficult
Difficult to manage network complexity
Security problem due to sharing

 Real time operating system//imp -2marks

The real-time operating system used for a real-time application means for
those applications where data processing should be done in the fixed and
small quantum of time.
Types of real time operating system
 1. Hard real-time
2. Soft real-time

Hard Real Time :

In Hard RTOS, the deadline is handled very strictly which means that given
task must start executing on specified scheduled time, and must be
completed within the assigned time duration.

Example: Medical critical care system, Aircraft systems, etc.

Soft Real Time:

Soft Real time RTOS, accepts some delays by the Operating system. In this
type of RTOS, there is a deadline assigned for a specific job, but a delay for
a small amount of time is acceptable. So, deadlines are handled softly by this
type of RTOS.

Example: Mobile phone,Online Transaction system and Livestock price

quotation System.

Applications:
1. Flight Control System
2. Simulations
3. Industrial control
4. Military applications
5.Medical Care System.

Time Sharing OS Real Time OS

Emphasis on providing a quick response It focuses on accomplishing a
to a request. computational task before its specified
deadline.
In this operating While in this operating
system Switching method/function is system Switching method/function is
available. not available.
In this operating system any While in this modification does not take
modification in the program can be place
possible.
Shared between the user. No sharing takes.
More than one application Single application at a time.
simultaneously.
 MultiProgramming MultiTasking
In MultiProgramming multiple MultiTasking is when more than one
processes run concurrently at the task is executed at a single time
same time on a single processor. utilizing multiple CPU’s.
It is based on the concept of context It is based on the concept of time
switching. sharing.
The idea is to reduce CPU idle time The idea is to allow multiple
for as long as possible. processes to run simultaneously via
time sharing.
Throughput is less. Throughput is moderate.
It utilizes CPU efficiently. It utilizes CPU as well as I/O devices
efficiently.

 Describe evolution of operating system//4marks

Generations of operating system
1. The 1940's - First Generations
2. The 1950's - Second Generation
3. The 1960's - Third Generation
4. The 1980’s-The Fourth Generation

First generation 1945 – 1955 - vacuum tubes, plug boards: The earliest
electronic digital computers had no operating systems. Machines of the time
were so primitive that programs were often entered one bit at time on rows
of mechanical switches (plug boards). Programming languages were
unknown (not even assembly languages).

The 1950's - Second Generation: Second generation 1955 – 1965 -

transistors, batch systems.
By the early 1950's, the routine had improved somewhat with the
introduction of punch cards. The General Motors Research Laboratories
implemented the first operating systems in early 1950's for their IBM 701.
The system of the 50's generally ran one job at a time. These were called
single-stream batch processing systems because programs and data were
submitted in groups or batches.
 The 1960's - Third Generation:
Third generation 1965 – 1980 - ICs and multiprogramming. The systems of
the 1960's were also batch processing systems, but they were able to take
better advantage of the computer's resources by running several jobs at once.
So operating systems designers developed the concept of multiprogramming
in which several jobs are in main memory at once; a processor is switched
from job to job as needed to keep several jobs advancing while keeping the
peripheral devices in use.

The Fourth Generation Fourth generation 1980: Present personal computers

with the development of LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuits, chips,
operating system entered in the system entered in the personal computer and
the workstation age. Microprocessor technology evolved to the point that it
becomes possible to build desktop computers as powerful as the mainframes
of the 1970s.

 Describe function of OS in detail. (Any four functions - 1 Mark each)imp-5

point
The major functions of an operating system are:
1. Resource Management : This function of OS allocates computer resources
such as CPU time, main memory, secondary storage and input and output
devices for use.
2. Data management: It observes input and output of the data and their
location, storage and retrieval.
3. Task management: Task is a collection of one or more related programs
and their data. This function prepares, schedules, controls and monitors jobs
submitted for execution to ensure the most efficient processing.
4. Allocation of Resources: Handles system resources such as computer's
memory and sharing of the central processing unit (CPU) time by various
applications or peripheral devices
5. Communication between User and Computer : Provides a user interface,
e.g. command line, graphical user interface (GUI)
6. Operating system enables startup application programs. OS must have text
editor, a translator and an editor.
7. Operating system provides number of services such as for the
programmer it provides utilities i.e. debugger, editors, file management
which refers to the way that the operating system manipulates, stores,
retrieves and saves data.
What is Unix ?
The Unix operating system is a set of programs that act as a link between
the computer and the user.

 Describe architecture of UNIX OS with the help of diagram. (Description -

2 Marks, Diagram -2 Marks)

Hardware:
The hardware is Centre of structure that provides the Operating System with basic
services.
The hardware consists of all peripherals like memory (RAM, HDD, FDD etc)
processor, mouse, and other input devices, terminals, printers etc.

Kernel:
The kernel is the heart of the system - a collection of programs mostly written in
‘C’ which communicate with the hardware directly.
Kernel is an interface between hardware of the system and shell. It is loaded into
the memory when the system is booted.
It manages the system’s memory, schedules processes, decides their priorities and
performs other tasks.

Shell:
 The shell is an interface between the user and the kernel that isolates the user from
knowledge of kernel functions.
The shell accepts the commands keyed by the users and checks for their syntax
and gives out error messages if something goes wrong.
It is a command interpreter of user requests.

Application programs:
The various compilers for languages like c, c++, pascal, fortran and other
application programs written by programmers which are used by users for their
operations falls in this layers.
Only those persons who maintain on “account” with the computer system can use
the UNIX system.
User can directly access application programs through which they can interact
with the system.

List and explain major features of unix.//4 marks

MULTI USER CAPABILITY:

In multi user system all users share various computer resources (hard disk, printer,
and memory).

MULTI TASKING CAPABILITY:

It is capable of carrying out more than one job at the same time. It allows user to
type in a program in its editor while it simultaneously executes some other
commands like sort, copy a huge file.

COMMUNICATION:
The communication may be within the network of a single main computer or
between two or more such computer networks. The users can easily exchange mail,
data programs through such networks.

SECURITY:
Unix has 3 inherent provisions for protecting data.
i) Assign passwords and login name to user’s area.
ii) Provide read, write and execute permission to each file.
iii) Encrypt files into an unreadable format, and decrypting the file is
also possible.
PORTABILITY:
Unix is a highly portable OS. It can be ported to a variety of hardware platforms.
UNIX can be ported to almost any computer architecture because it is coded in ‘C’

Machine-independence:
The System hides the machine architecture from the user, making it easier to write
applications.

 Differentiate Between linux and unix.//4 marks

CRITERIA LINUX UNIX
Definition It is an open-source Unix is an operating
operating system which system that is very
is freely available to popular in
everyone. universities,
companies, big
enterprises etc..
Examples It has different distros like IBM AIX, HP-UX
Ubuntu, Redhat, Fedora, and Sun Solaris.
etc
Processing speed Low High
Security It provides higher security. Unix is also highly
Linux has about 60-100 secured. It has about
viruses listed till date.. 85-120 viruses listed
till date
Number of shells Sh, bash, csh and tsh,ksh B, C, K, Bash, tcsh,
zsh

Describe Layered Structure of Operating System

The modules of the operating system are divided into several layers stacked one
above the other, thus forming a hierarchical structure.
Hardware
This layer interacts with the system hardware and coordinates with all the
peripheral devices used such as printer, mouse, keyboard, scanner etc. The
hardware layer is the lowest layer in the layered operating system architecture.
CPU Scheduling
This layer deals with scheduling the processes for the CPU. There are many
scheduling queues that are used to handle processes.
Memory Management
Memory management deals with memory and the moving of processes from disk
to primary memory for execution and back again. This is handled by the third layer
of the operating system.
Process Management
This layer is responsible for managing the processes.The different algorithms used
for process scheduling are FCFS (first come first served), SJF (shortest job first),
priority scheduling, round-robin scheduling etc.
I/O Buffer
I/O devices are very important in the computer systems. They provide users with
the means of interacting with the system.
User Programs
This is the highest layer in the layered operating system. This layer deals with the
many user programs and applications that run in an operating system such as word
processors, games, browsers etc
Advantage:
This approach makes it easy to build, maintain and enhance the operating system.

Disadvantage:
Overall performance speed is slow as requests pass through multiple layers of
software before they reach the hardware.
Mobile operating system
A mobile operating system (OS) is software that allows smartphones, tablet
PCs (personal computers) and other devices to run applications and programs.

A mobile OS typically starts up when a device powers on, presenting a screen with
icons that present information and provide application access. Mobile operating
systems also manage cellular and wireless network connectivity, as well as phone
access.

Types of mobile operating systems

There are numerous mobile device operating systems available today, and two of
the most widely adopted are the iPhone's OS, Apple iOS, and Google's open source
OS, Google Android.
DOS

Stands for "Disk Operating System". DOS was the first operating system used
by IBM-compatible computers. It was originally available in two versions that
were essentially the same, but marketed under two different names.

DOS uses a command line, or text-based interface, that allows the user to type
commands. By typing simple instructions such as pwd (print working directory)
and cd (change directory), the user can browse the files on the hard drive, open
files, and run programs. While the commands are simple to type, the user must
know the basic commands in order to use DOS effectively (similar to Unix). This
made the operating system difficult for beginer to use, which is why Microsoft
later bundled the graphic-based Windows operating system with DOS.

What is Linux?

LINUX is an operating system or a kernel distributed under an open-source

license. Its functionality list is quite like UNIX. The kernel is a program at the
heart of the Linux operating system that takes care of fundamental stufgf, like
letting hardware communicate with software.