Java

This cheat sheet is a crash course for Java beginners and help review the basic syntax of the
Java language.

# Getting Started
Hello.java

public class Hello {

// main method
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Output: Hello, world!
System.out.println("Hello, world!");
}
}

Compiling and running

$ javac Hello.java
$ java Hello
Hello, world!

Variables

int num = 5;
float floatNum = 5.99f;
char letter = 'D';
boolean bool = true;
String site = "quickref.me";

Primitive Data Types

Data Type Size Default Range

byte 1 byte 0 -128 to 127

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 Data Type Size Default Range

short 2 byte 0 -215 to 215-1

int 4 byte 0 -231 to 231-1

long 8 byte 0 -263 to 263-1

float 4 byte 0.0f N/A

double 8 byte 0.0d N/A

char 2 byte \u0000 0 to 65535

Strings

String first = "John";

String last = "Doe";
String name = first + " " + last;
System.out.println(name);

See: Strings

Loops

String word = "QuickRef";

for (char c: word.toCharArray()) {
System.out.print(c + "-");
}
// Outputs: Q-u-i-c-k-R-e-f-

See: Loops

Arrays

char[] chars = new char[10];

chars[0] = 'a'
chars[1] = 'b'

String[] letters = {"A", "B", "C"};

int[] mylist = {100, 200};
boolean[] answers = {true, false};

See: Arrays

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 Swap

int a = 1;
int b = 2;
System.out.println(a + " " + b); // 1 2

int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
System.out.println(a + " " + b); // 2 1

Type Casting

// Widening
// byte<short<int<long<float<double
int i = 10;
long l = i; // 10

// Narrowing
double d = 10.02;
long l = (long)d; // 10

String.valueOf(10); // "10"
Integer.parseInt("10"); // 10
Double.parseDouble("10"); // 10.0

Conditionals

int j = 10;

if (j == 10) {
System.out.println("I get printed");
} else if (j > 10) {
System.out.println("I don't");
} else {
System.out.println("I also don't");
}

See: Conditionals

User Input

Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

String str = in.nextLine();

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 System.out.println(str);

int num = in.nextInt();

System.out.println(num);

# Java Strings
Basic

String str1 = "value";

String str2 = new String("value");
String str3 = String.valueOf(123);

Concatenation

String s = 3 + "str" + 3; // 3str3

String s = 3 + 3 + "str"; // 6str
String s = "3" + 3 + "str"; // 33str
String s = "3" + "3" + "23"; // 3323
String s = "" + 3 + 3 + "23"; // 3323
String s = 3 + 3 + 23; // 29

- StringBuilder

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(10);

┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| | | | | | | | | |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

sb.append("QuickRef");

┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| Q | u | i | c | k | R | e | f | |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

sb.delete(5, 9);

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 ┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| Q | u | i | c | k | | | | |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

sb.insert(0, "My ");

┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| M | y | | Q | u | i | c | k | |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

sb.append("!");

┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| M | y | | Q | u | i | c | k | ! |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Comparison

String s1 = new String("QuickRef");

String s2 = new String("QuickRef");

s1 == s2 // false
s1.equals(s2) // true

"AB".equalsIgnoreCase("ab") // true

Manipulation

String str = "Abcd";

str.toUpperCase(); // ABCD
str.toLowerCase(); // abcd
str.concat("#"); // Abcd#
str.replace("b", "-"); // A-cd

" abc ".trim(); // abc

"ab".toCharArray(); // {'a', 'b'}

Information

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 String str = "abcd";

str.charAt(2); // c
str.indexOf("a") // 0
str.indexOf("z") // -1
str.length(); // 4
str.toString(); // abcd
str.substring(2); // cd
str.substring(2,3); // c
str.contains("c"); // true
str.endsWith("d"); // true
str.startsWith("a"); // true

Immutable

String str = "hello";

str.concat("world");

// Outputs: hello
System.out.println(str);

String str = "hello";

String concat = str.concat("world");

// Outputs: helloworld
System.out.println(concat);

Once created cannot be modified, any modification creates a new String

# Java Arrays
Declare

int[] a1;
int[] a2 = {1, 2, 3};
int[] a3 = new int[]{1, 2, 3};

int[] a4 = new int[3];

a4[0] = 1;

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 a4[2] = 2;

Modify

int[] a = {1, 2, 3};

System.out.println(a[0]); // 1

a[0] = 9;
System.out.println(a[0]); // 9

System.out.println(a.length); // 3

Loop (Read & Modify)

int[] arr = {1, 2, 3};

for (int i=0; i < arr.length; i++) {
arr[i] = arr[i] * 2;
System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
}
// Outputs: 2 4 6

Loop (Read)

String[] arr = {"a", "b", "c"};

for (int a: arr) {
System.out.print(a + " ");
}
// Outputs: a b c

Multidimensional Arrays

int[][] matrix = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5} };

int x = matrix[1][0]; // 4
// [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]]
Arrays.deepToString(matrix)

for (int i = 0; i < a.length; ++i) {

for(int j = 0; j < a[i].length; ++j) {
System.out.println(a[i][j]);
}
}
// Outputs: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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 Sort

char[] chars = {'b', 'a', 'c'};

Arrays.sort(chars);

// [a, b, c]
Arrays.toString(chars);

# Java Conditionals
Operators

+ - * /

% = ++ --

== != > >=

< <=

&& || ?:

instanceof

~ << >> >>>

& ^ |

If else

int k = 15;
if (k > 20) {
System.out.println(1);
} else if (k > 10) {
System.out.println(2);
} else {

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 System.out.println(3);

Switch

int month = 3;
String str;
switch (month) {
case 1:
str = "January";
break;
case 2:
str = "February";
break;
case 3:
str = "March";
break;
default:
str = "Some other month";
break;
}

// Outputs: Result March

System.out.println("Result " + str);

Ternary operator

int a = 10;
int b = 20;
int max = (a > b) ? a : b;

// Outputs: 20
System.out.println(max);

# Java Loops
For Loop

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

System.out.print(i);

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 }
// Outputs: 0123456789

for (int i = 0,j = 0; i < 3; i++,j--) {

System.out.print(j + "|" + i + " ");

Enhanced For Loop

int[] numbers = {1,2,3,4,5};

for (int number: numbers) {

System.out.print(number);
}
// Outputs: 12345

Used to loop around array's or List's

While Loop

int count = 0;

while (count < 5) {

System.out.print(count);
count++;
}
// Outputs: 01234

Do While Loop

int count = 0;

do {
System.out.print(count);
count++;
} while (count < 5);
// Outputs: 01234

Continue Statement

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

if (i == 3) {
continue;
}
System.out.print(i);

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 }
// Outputs: 01245

Break Statement

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

System.out.print(i);
if (i == 3) {
break;
}
}
// Outputs: 0123

# Java Collections Framework

Java Collections

Thread
Collection Interface Ordered Sorted Duplicate Nullable
safe

ArrayList List Y N N Y Y

Vector List Y N Y Y Y

List,
LinkedList Y N N Y Y
Deque

CopyOnWriteArrayList List Y N Y Y Y

One
HashSet Set N N N N
null

One
LinkedHashSet Set Y N N N
null

TreeSet Set Y Y N N N

One
CopyOnWriteArraySet Set Y N Y N
null

ConcurrentSkipListSet Set Y Y Y N N

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 Thread
Collection Interface Ordered Sorted Duplicate Nullable
safe

One
HashMap Map N N N N (key) null
(key)

HashTable Map N N Y N (key) N (key)

One
LinkedHashMap Map Y N N N (key) null
(key)

TreeMap Map Y Y N N (key) N (key)

ConcurrentHashMap Map N N Y N (key) N

ConcurrentSkipListMap Map Y Y Y N (key) N

ArrayDeque Deque Y N N Y N

PriorityQueue Queue Y N N Y N

ConcurrentLinkedQueue Queue Y N Y Y N

ConcurrentLinkedDeque Deque Y N Y Y N

A Bl ki Q Q Y N Y Y N
ArrayList

List<Integer> nums = new ArrayList<>();

// Adding
nums.add(2);
nums.add(5);
nums.add(8);

// Retrieving
System.out.println(nums.get(0));

// Indexed for loop iteration

for (int i = 0; i < nums.size(); i++) {
System.out.println(nums.get(i));
}

nums.remove(nums.size() - 1);
nums.remove(0); // VERY slow

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 for (Integer value : nums) {
System.out.println(value);
}

HashMap

Map<Integer, String> m = new HashMap<>();

m.put(5, "Five");
m.put(8, "Eight");
m.put(6, "Six");
m.put(4, "Four");
m.put(2, "Two");

// Retrieving
System.out.println(m.get(6));

// Lambda forEach
m.forEach((key, value) -> {
String msg = key + ": " + value;
System.out.println(msg);
});

HashSet

Set<String> set = new HashSet<>();

if (set.isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("Empty!");
}

set.add("dog");
set.add("cat");
set.add("mouse");
set.add("snake");
set.add("bear");

if (set.contains("cat")) {
System.out.println("Contains cat");
}

set.remove("cat");
for (String element : set) {
System.out.println(element);
}

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 ArrayDeque

Deque<String> a = new ArrayDeque<>();

// Using add()
a.add("Dog");

// Using addFirst()
a.addFirst("Cat");

// Using addLast()
a.addLast("Horse");

// [Cat, Dog, Horse]

System.out.println(a);

// Access element
System.out.println(a.peek());

// Remove element
System.out.println(a.pop());

# Misc
Access Modifiers

Modifier Class Package Subclass World

public Y Y Y Y

protected Y Y Y N

no modifier Y Y N N

private Y N N N

Regular expressions

String text = "I am learning Java";

// Removing All Whitespace
text.replaceAll("\\s+", "");

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 // Splitting a String
text.split("\\|");
text.split(Pattern.quote("|"));

See: Regex in java

Comment

// I am a single line comment!

/*
And I am a
multi-line comment!
*/

/**
* This
* is
* documentation
* comment
*/

Keywords

abstract continue for new switch assert

default goto package synchronized boolean do

if private this break double implements

protected throw byte else import public

throws case enum instanceof return transient

catch extends int short try char

final interface static void class finally

long strictfp volatile const float native

super while

Math methods

Math.max(a,b) Maximum of a and b

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 Math.min(a,b) Minimum of a and b

Math.abs(a) Absolute value a

Math.sqrt(a) Square-root of a

Math.pow(a,b) Power of b

Math.round(a) Closest integer

Math.sin(ang) Sine of ang

Math.cos(ang) Cosine of ang

Math.tan(ang) Tangent of ang

Math.asin(ang) Inverse sine of ang

Math.log(a) Natural logarithm of a

Math.toDegrees(rad) Angle rad in degrees

Math toRadians(deg) Angle deg in radians

Try/Catch/Finally

try {
// something
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
System.out.println("always printed");
}

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