Journal iof iScience iand iTechnology i

ISSN: i2456-5660 iVolume i4, iIssue i4, iJuly-August i2019, iPP i01-08
www.jst.org.in

Analysis and Control Of Grid Connected Multi Terminal HVDC

i i i i i i i i

System i

G.Balaji1, K.S.Srikanth2 i i

1
(EEE iDepartment, iAIMS iCollege iof iEngineering, iMummidivaram) i
2
(EEE iDepartment, iAIMS iCollege iof iEngineering, iMummidivaram) i

Abstract i: iWhen iconnecting ia iwind ipark i(WP) ito ithe imain igrid i(MG) iby iway iof ian iHVDC iLight itransmission
isystem, ithe iWPbecomes idecoupled ifrom ithe iMG, iwhich iresults iin iseveral itechnical iand ieconomical ibenefits, ion
ia ivariety iof iaspects, ifor itransmission isystem ioperators i(TSOs), iWP idevelopers iand iWTG imanufacturers.
iPerhaps imost iimportant ifor iTSOs iis ithat ian iHVDC-Light iconnected iWP ibecomes icomparable ito ia inormal

ipower iplant; ithe iMG-side iHVDC iLight iconverter ican ibe idirectly iconnected ito ia icontrol ior ipower idispatch

icenter. iA idesirable iconsequence iis ialso ithat iAC ifaults iappearing iin ithe iWP ior iMG igrid iwill inot ibe ipropagated

iby ithe iHVDC iLight itransmission isystem, iwhich ihas iseveral idesirable iconsequences isuch ias ipossibly ireduced

imechanical istresses ion ithe iWTGs.This ipaper ipresents ioperation iand icontrol istrategies iof imulti-terminal

iHVDC itransmission isystem i(MTDC) iusing ivoltage isource iconverters i(VSCs) ifor iintegrating ilarge ioffshore

iwind ifarms. iThe iframework iand ioperation iprinciples iof ithe iproposed isystem iare idescribed iand icontrol

istrategies ifor icoordinating ivarious iVSCs iare iproposed. iDC ivoltage icontrol ibased ion ithe iDC ivoltage-current

i(V-I) idroop icharacteristic iof igrid iside iconverters iis iimplemented, ito iensure istable isystem ioperation iand

iflexible ipower idispatch ibetween ivarious ionshore iAC igrids. iTo ivalidate ithe iperformance iof ithe iproposed

icontrol istrategies, ia itypical ifour iterminal iMTDC inetworks, iwhich iconnecting itwo ioffshore iwind ifarms iwith itwo

ionshore iAC igrids, iis iestablished iin iPSCAD/EMTEC. iSimulation iresults iunder inormal iand iabnormal ioperation

iconditions iverify ithe isatisfactory iperformance iof ithe iproposed icontrol istrategy iand iaccuracy iof ithe itheoretical

ianalysis.

Keywords: iControl, iHVDC, imulti-terminal, ivoltage isource iconverter, iwind ifarm.

I. Introduction i
As iwind ipower iis ia ikind iof ienvironmental ifriendly ienergy iand iabundantly iavailable iin inature, ithe iChina
igovernment ihas iset ia itarget iof ideveloping i200GW iwind ifarms iby i2020 iin iorder ito ideal iwith iglobal i warming

iand iachieve ia igoal ithat i15% iof ipower iconsumption iis iprovided iby irenewable ienergy. iOffshore i wind ifarms i will

iincrease ito i30GW iaccording ito ithe itarget iand iare ideveloping irapidly iin irecent iyears. iIntegrating ithe ioffshore

i wind ifarms ito ithe igrid iover ia ilong idistance iis ione iof ithe imain ichallenges ifacing iresearchers. iPrevious istudies

ihave iindicated ithat ihigh ivoltage iDC i(HVDC) itransmission ihas ia ilot iof iadvantages iover itraditional iAC

itransmission, iincluding ifewer icables irequired, inot iaffected iby ithe icable icharging icurrent iand iflexibly

icontrolled ipower iflow i[1], i[2].Compared i with iline icommutated iconverter i(LCC) iHVDC, ithe iVSC-HVDC

ishows imany iadvantages i[3]-[7]. iThese iinclude iavoiding icommutation ifailure, ithe iindependent icontrol iof iactive

iand ireactive ipower, ino ivoltage ipolarity ireversal irequired ito ireverse ipower, iproducing iless iharmonic, iless ifilters

irequired iand icontinuous iAC ibus ivoltage iregulation. iBecause iof ithe iabove ireasons, iVSC-HVDC iis iconsidered

ias ia ipromising isolution ito iintegrating ilarge ioffshore iwind ifarms iinto ionshore iAC igrids iand ihas iattracted ia ilot

iof iresearch i[5]-[8]. iIn iVSC-HVDC, iVSC imulti-terminal iHVDC i(VSC-MTDC) itransmission isystem, iwhich

iconsists iof imore ithan itwo iconverters iconnected ithrough iDC icables, ican ireduce ithe inumber iof iconverters iand

iimprove ithe iflexibility iand ireliability, i when icompared ito inumerous ipoint ito ipoint iHVDC isystems. iBut ithe

ichallenge iis ithat ithe ioperation iand icontrol iof iVSC-MTDC iis imore icomplex. iVarious icontrol istrategies ihave

ibeen iproposed ifor iVSC-MTDC i[9]-[11]. iIn i[9], ia ivoltage imargin icontrol imethod i was iproposed, iin i which ieach

iconverter istation iin ithe isystem i was igiven ia imarginally ioffset iDC ivoltage ireference. iAt iany itime, ionly ione

iconverter iis iused ito icontrol ithe iDC ivoltage iin ithis i method. iReference i[10] idesigned ia icontrol imethod ibased ion

ithe ivoltage-power icharacteristic iof ithe iconverters ifor ia iMTDC isystem i without ifast icommunication. iIn i[11], ia

icurrent imatching icontrol iwas iused ito icontrol ithe iDC icurrent iand ipower isharing iratio iamong ithe i AC igirds. iThis

ikind iof icontrol idepended ion ithe icommunication iequipment ito itransmit icurrent iinformation. iThe ideficiency iof

ithe iabove icontrol imethods iis ithat ithey ican’t iallow i multiple iconverters ito icontrol ithe iDC ivoltage iand ichange ithe

ipower isharing iratio ibetween ithe ireceiving iAC igirds iwithout icommunications isimultaneously. iThis ipaper

iproposes ia icontrol imethod, iwhich iallows i multiple iconverters ito icontrol ithe iDC ivoltage iand ican idispatch ithe

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 Analysis iand iControl iOf iGrid iConnected iMulti iTerminal iHVDC iSystem

ipower ibetween ithe ireceiving iAC igirds iof iMTDC isystem iat ia ipre-defined iratio iwithout ithe iuse iof
icommunications ibetween iterminals.
Transmission iSystem iOperators i(TSOs) istipulate ia ifault iride-through i(FRT) icapability iof iwind ifarms idown
ito izero ivoltage ifor ifault idurations iup ito i150 ims i[3], i[4]. iHowever, iIGBT ivalves ihave ino ireverse iblocking

icapability iand ithe ipower iflow i from ithe iOWFs icannot ibe iinterrupted iby ithe ioffshore iVSCs. iAs ithe ionshore

iVSCs iare inot iable ito ideliver ithe itotal iOWF ipower ito ithe ionshore iac igrid iduring ifaults, ithe iresulting ipower

iimbalance icharges ithe icapacitances iin ithe idc inetwork. iWithout iany icountermeasures, ithe idc inetwork ivoltage

imay iincrease iup ito iintolerable ilevels iand icause ioperation iof ithe idc iovervoltage iprotection iof ithe iHVDC

isystem. iThis ican ibe iavoided iby iusing ia idc ichopper i(or ichoppers) ito idissipate iall ithe i waste ienergy iin ibreaking

iresistors. iHowever, ithis isolution ileads ito ihigher iinvestment icosts. iTherefore, iFRT imethods ibased ion ifast

ireduction iof ipower igeneration iin iOWFs ihave ibeen idiscussed iin irecent iliterature i[5]-[9]. iThese imethods ilimit

ithe idc inetwork ivoltage iincrease iand ihelp ireducing ithe isize iof ithe idc ichopper ior ieliminate iits irequirement

icompletely. iThis ipaper iillustrates ithe iimplementation iof ivarious iFRT imethods ito ia isystem iof iOWFs icomposed

iof idoubly ifed iinduction igenerator i(DFIG) itype i wind iturbines i(WTs) iand iconnected ito ian iac igrid ithrough ia

imodular imultilevel iconverter i(MMC) itopology ibased iMT-HVDC. iVarious irealistic ionshore iac ifault iscenarios

iare isimulated iusing iEMTPRV ito icompare ithe iperformances iof ithe iimplemented iFRT imethods. iThe isimulation

iresults idemonstrate ithat ithe iimplemented iFRT imethods ilimit ithe iincrease iin idc ivoltage iat itolerable ivalues iand

ieliminate ithe idc ichopper irequirement icompletely. iThe ifirst ipart iof ithis ipaper ipresents ithe iMMC-HVDC iand

iDFIG isystems ibriefly. iThe isecond ipart igives ian ioverview ion iFRT imethods iand itheir iimplementation ito ian iMT-

HVDC iconnected iOWF isystem. iThe isimulated isystem iand isimulation iresults iare ipresented iin ithe ilast ipart.

II. Modular iMultilevel iConverter i(Mmc)Hvdc

Recent itrends ion iVSC-HVDC itechnology iinclude iMMCs. iThe iMMC iuses ia istack iof iidentical imodules, ieach
iproviding ione istep iin ithe iresulting i multilevel iac i waveform i[10], i[11]. iFilter irequirements iare ieliminated iby

iusing ilarge inumber iof ilevels iper iphase. iScalability ito ihigher ivoltages iis ieasily iachieved iand ireliability iis

iimproved iby iincreasing ithe inumber iof iSMs i[12]. iThe iMMC itopology iconsidered iin ithis ipaper iis ibased ion ithe

ipreliminary idesign iof ia i401-level iMMC-HVDC isystem iplanned ito iinterconnect ithe i400 ikV inetworks iof iFrance

iand iSpain iby i2013 i[13]. iThe ionshore iMMCs iuse ia ivector icontrol istrategy ithat icalculates ia ivoltage itime iarea

iacross ithe iequivalent itransformer/arm ireactor iwhich iis irequired ito ichange ithe icurrent ifrom ipresent ivalue ito ithe

ireference ivalue. iThe ireference idq0-frame icurrents ifrom ithe iouter icontroller iare icalculated ibased ion ieither ipre-

set iAC iand iDC ivoltages, ior ipreset iactive iand ireactive ipower. iThe iinner icontroller ipermits icontrolling ithe
iconverter iAC ivoltage ithat i will ibe iused ito igenerate ithe imodulated iswitching ipattern. iThe iactive iand ireactive

icurrents iin ithe idq0-frame ican ithen ibe iindependently icontrolled ivia ia iproportional-integral i(PI) icontrol i[14].

iThe ireactive ipower icontrol iincludes ian iAC ivoltage ioverride iblock iintended ito imaintain ithe ivoltage i within

iacceptable ilimits. iThe ifunction iof ithe ioffshore iMMCs iis ito itransmit ithe iactive ipower igenerated iby ithe iOWFs

iand ito iset ia ivoltage ireference ifor ithe iDFIG itype iWT igenerators. iAs ishown iin iFig. i1, ithis iis iachieved iusing ia

isimple ivoltage imagnitude icontroller iconsisting iof ia iPI iregulator iand ifeedback ifrom imeasurement i( iac iv i). iA

ifixed inominal ifrequency i( iˆ if i) iis isupplied ito ithe ioffshore iMMC ioutput ivoltage i( ivˆ i). iIn iother iwords, ithe

ioffshore iMMC iis icontrolled ias ia ivoltage isource iwith iconstant i). iAs ithe icontroller idoes inot frequency iand
iphase iangle i( iˆ icontain ia icurrent icontrol, icurrent ilimitation ican ibe iachieved iby iblocking iIGBTs iduring ia isevere

ifault ion ithe ioffshore iac inetwork.

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 Analysis iand iControl iOf iGrid iConnected iMulti iTerminal iHVDC iSystem

III. iDFIG iBased iWind iTurbines i

The ibasic iconfiguration iof ia iDFIG iWT iis ishown iin iFig. i2. iThe istator iof ithe iwound irotor iinduction imachine
iis iconnected idirectly ito ithe ipower igrid iand ithe irotor iis iconnected ito ithe ipower igrid ithrough ian iac-ac
iconverter isystem. iThe iac-ac iconverter isystem iconsists iof itwo ithree-phase ipulse-width imodulated i(PWM)

iconverters i(grid-side iand irotor-side iconverters) iconnected iby ia idc ibus. iA iline iinductor iand ian iac ifilter iare

iused iat ithe igrid-side iconverter i(GSC) ito iimprove ipower iquality. iA icrowbar iis iused ito iprotect ithe irotor-side

iconverter i(RSC) iagainst iover-currents iand ithe idc icapacitors iagainst iover-voltages. iDuring icrowbar iignition,

ithe iRSC iis iblocked iand ithe imachine iconsumes ireactive ipower. iTherefore, ithe idc ichopper iis iwidely iused ito

iavoid icrowbar iignition. iThe icontrol iof ithe iWT iis iachieved iby icontrolling ithe iRSC iand iGSC iutilizing ivector

icontrol itechniques. iVector icontrol iallows idecoupled icontrol iof iboth ireal iand ireactive ipower. iThe iRSC icontrols

ithe iactive iand ireactive ipowers idelivered ito ithe igrid, iand ifollows ia itracking icharacteristic ito iadjust ithe

igenerator ispeed ifor ioptimal ipower igeneration idepending ion iwind ispeed. iOn ithe iother ihand, ithe iGSC iis iused

ito imaintain ithe idc ibus ivoltage iand ito isupport ithe igrid iwith ireactive ipower iduring ifaults.

Figure. i2. iSchematic idiagram iof ia iDFIG iwind iturbine

IV. Fault iRide iThrough iMethods i i

A. iActive iCurrent iReduction iThrough iOffshore iMMC iIn ithis imethod, ithe ioffshore iMMCs iswitch ito
idecoupled ipower icontrol imode ifollowing ionshore iac ifault idetection iand ireduce ithe iinjected iactive ipower ito ithe

idc inetwork. iHowever, ias ithe iWTs iare ialso ioperating iin ipower icontrol i mode, ithe iinteraction ibetween ioffshore

iMMCs iand iWT icontrols imay ilead ito iexcessive iovervoltages iin ithe iOWFs iac igrid iand imechanical istress ion ithe

iWTs. iAdditional icontrol ialgorithms ican ibe iimplemented iin iWT icontrols ito irespond iwith ipower ireduction ito

ithese iovervoltages i[5]. iHowever, ithis imethod iis iless isuitable iin ipractice idue ito ithe islow irate iof ipower ireduction

i[8].

B. iActive iCurrent iReduction iof iWTs iThrough iPower iReference iAdjustment iIn ithis imethod, ithe ipower
ireduction ifactor iof ithe iWTs iis idetermined iby ia icentral idc ivoltage icontroller ilocated iat ithe ioffshore iMMC i(see

iFig. i3). iThe idc ivoltage icontroller iis iactivated iwhen ithe idc inetwork ivoltage iexceeds ia ipre-specified ilimit iand iis

ideactivated iagain i when iit ifalls ibelow ithe iother ipre-specified ilimit. iIt iis ia isimple iproportional icontrol iin i which

iin iFig. i3) iis icalculated iusing the ipower ireduction ifactor i( ithe iincrease iin idc inetwork ivoltage iin iorder ito iadjust
ithe iWT ipower ioutput iset ivalue iP

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 Analysis iand iControl iOf iGrid iConnected iMulti iTerminal iHVDC iSystem

V. Proposed iApproaches iFor iFRT iProvision iIn iMTC iGrids

A. iIntroduction iThe iconverter icurrent ilimits iare iresponsible ifor ireducing ithe ionshore iHVDC–VSC iactive
ipower iinjection icapability iduring ivoltage isags. iOffshore iWF icommonly ioperate iin ia imaximum ipower

iextraction iphilosophy iand ioffshore iHVDC–VSC iinjects ithe iincoming ipower iinto ithe idc igrid. iTherefore, iduring

ian iac imainland ifault, ia isignificant ipower ireduction ioccurs iin ithe iHVDC– iVSC iterminal iconnected ito ithe ifaulted

iarea. iWithout ithe iuse iof iany ispecific istrategy i(which iare iaddressed ihereafter), ithe ioffshore iWF iwill iremain

ioperating iunder ia imaximum ipower iextraction istrategy. iConsequently, ithe idc ipower iimbalance iwill iresult ion

idc iover ivoltages iin ithe idifferent iMTDC igrid inodes idepending ion ithe ipre-disturbance iactive ipower iflows iand

ion ithe iMTDC igrid itopology i[6]. iNonetheless, idc iover ivoltages imust ibe icontrolled iin iorder ito iavoid iequipment

idamages iand iprovide ithe iexpected iflexibility iin iterms iof iFRT icapability.

Figure i4. iControl ischeme iof ionshore idc ichopper iresistor.

In iorder ito imitigate ithe idc ivoltage irise ieffect, ithree icontrol istrategies iare iproposed iand itested. iThe ifirst
ione iconsists ion ia iconventional isolution ibased ion idc ichopper iresistors iinstalled iat ionshore iVSC-level iand iis

iconsidered ias ia ireference icase. iThe iother itwo istrategies irely ion iinnovative icommunication ifree isolutions ithat

iexploit ithe icontrol iflexibility iof iboth ioffshore iHVDC–VSC iconverter istations iand iwind igenerators ito iperform

ifast iactive ipower ireduction iat ithe i wind igenerator ilevel. iThese icontrol istrategies iare ibased ion ithe

iimplementation iof ilocal icontrol irules iat ioffshore iconverter istations iand iat iwind iturbine igenerators iand iare

iintended ito iavoid ithe iuse iof isolutions ibased ion idc ichopper iresistors. iB. iOnshore iDC iChopper iA idc ichopper

iconsists ion ia idc iresistor icontrolled ithrough ia ipower ielectronic iswitch iand iit iis iinstalled iat ithe iHVDC–VSC

ionshore iconverter istation ias iit iis idepicted iin iFig6. iA idetailed isizing iof ia idc ichopper-based isolution ifor iFRT

icompliance iin iMTDC igrids iis iout iof ithe iscope iof ithis ipaper i(as ipreviously i mentioned, ithis itype iof isolution iis

iconsidered ionly ias ia ireference icase). iNevertheless, iit idepends ion iseveral ifactors, inamely ithe iMTDC igrid ipower

iin-feeds i(power iin-feeds ifrom ioffshore iWF ior ifrom iother imainland iac igrid iareas) ias iwell ias ion ithe imainland

igrid iconnection ipoints iand iits ielectrical idistance. iIn ithis icase, ia isimple iapproach ibased ion ia iworst icase iscenario

i was iconsidered. iThe i worst icase icondition icorresponds ito ia isituation i where iall iHVDC–VSC istations iare

ioperating iat ithe inominal ipower. iIn icase iof ia ifault, ihealthy iconverters i(connected ito inon-faulted iac imainland

igrids) iare inot iable ito iincrease itheir ipower iinjection iand ipower idissipation iin ichopper iresistors iis irequired iin iorder

ito imitigate ithe idc ivoltage irise. iBased ion ithis iassumption, ieach idc ichopper imust ibe isized ito idissipate ithe inominal

ipower iof ithe iHVDC– iVSC ito iwhich iit iis iconnected.

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 Analysis iand iControl iOf iGrid iConnected iMulti iTerminal iHVDC iSystem

Figure i5. iControl ischeme ifor iFRT iprovision ibased ion idc ivoltage: i(a) iAC ioffshore igrid ivoltage icontrol. i(b) iAC
ioffshore igrid ifrequency icontrol.

The iactivation iof ieach idc ichopper icontrol istrategy iis ibased ion ia idc ivoltage ithreshold ithat iwill itrigger
ipower idissipation iin ithe iresistor. iIn iterms iof iRMS isystem imodeling, ithe idc ichopper iactive ipower idissipation iis
ilocally iregulated ibased ion ia iproportional icontrol irule ihaving ias iinput ithe ipositive idc ivoltage ideviation i(over

ivoltage i magnitude) i[5]. iThe idc ichopper ide-activation ioccurs iif: i(1) ithe idc ivoltage ireaches ia ivalue ibelow ithe

ithreshold iactivation ilevel i(eg.: iafter ifault iclearance) ior; i(2) ithe ichopper iresistor itemperature ioverreaches ithe

imaximum ivalue i(thermal iprotection itripping), imeaning ithat ithe iresistor imaximum ienergy idissipation icapability

ihas ibeen ioverreached. iThis ispecific isituation iis ioften irelated ito ia ipermanent ifault ievent iand imust ibe ihandle iby

iadditional icontrol ischemes ito iperform ipermanent iactive ipower ireduction iat ioffshore iWF-level.

B. iFRT iProvision ithrough iWind iTurbine iPower iRegulation

Modern iwind iturbines iconnected ito iac igrids iin ionshore iapplications iare iFRT icompliant, icoping iwith ithe
irequirements iof imany igrid icodes i[2]. iHowever, iMTDC igrids idecouple ithe ioffshore iWF iand ithe ionshore iac

igrid. iTherefore, iin iorder ito iderive ia icommunication-free isolution ito iprovide iFRT iin iMTDC igrids, istrategies

iexploiting ithe idc iover ivoltages iresulting ifrom ionshore iac ifaults ican ibe iadvantageous. iThe imain iobjective iis ithe

iimplementation iof ilocal icontrollers iat ithe ioffshore iVSC iand iat ithe iwind igenerators ienabling ithem ito iperform

ifast iactive ipower iregulation ias iit iis igenerally idepicted iin iFig. i4. iThe ienvisioned icontrol istrategies

iexploitMTDC igrid ivoltage irise iin iorder ito icontrol i(1) ithe ioffshore iac igrid ivoltage ior i(2) ithe ioffshore iac igrid

ifrequency.

C. iLocal iControls iat ithe iWind iGenerator iLevel

As ipreviously imentioned, iPMSG iand iDFIG iwere iassumed ito ibe iused iin ioffshore iWF iin iorder ito
idemonstrate ithe ifeasibility iand ievaluate ithe iperformance iof ithe iproposed iwind igenerators’ iactive ipower icontrol
istrategies. iRegarding iPMSG, ithe i wind igenerator ilocal icontrol ifor ifast iactive ipower iregulation iis iset ito idissipate

iactive ipower iproportionally ito iac ioffshore igrid ivoltage i(case i1) ior ifrequency ivariations i(case i2). iTo iachieve ia

ifast iresponse, iit iis iassumed ithe ipower idissipation iis imade iat ithe i wind igenerator ichopper iresistor iinstalled ion

ithe idc ibus ibar iof ithe iac-dc-ac ifull iconverter i[2], i[6], i while ihaving ithe iadvantage iof ikeeping ithe igenerator iside

idecoupled ifrom ithe itransient iphenomena. iFor ithe iDFIG, ithe iactive ipower iregulation iis inaturally iachieved ifor

ithe iac ivoltage iregulation istrategy, isince ithe icontrolled ivoltage isag iin ithe ioffshore iac igrid ileads ito ithe igenerator

ide-magnetization, iincreasing islightly iits iangular ispeed iand iconsequently ireducing ithe iinjected ipower iIn ithis

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 Analysis iand iControl iOf iGrid iConnected iMulti iTerminal iHVDC iSystem

icase, iinrush icurrents iresulting ifrom ithe idemagnetization iof iDFIG iare ia icritical iissue idue ito ithe icurrent ilimits iof
ithe iHVDC–VSC istation iconnected ito ithe ioffshore iac igrid. iIn iorder ito iovercome ithis idrawback, ithe icontrol
istrategy ipresented iin i[3] iis iadopted, ias iit iwas ipreviously imentioned. iCompared ito iconventional iDFIG icontrol

istrategies, iit ipresents ithe iadvantage iof iassuring ia iconsiderable ilimitation iof ithe istator icurrents ifollowing ithe

ivoltage idip, iwhile ilimiting ialso ithe irotor icurrent iand iavoiding ithe ineed iof ithe icrowbar. iThe icontrol iprinciple

iexploits ithe ipossibility iof iallowing ithe iDFIG irotor ispeed iincrease iin icoordination i with ithe icontrol iof ithe iwind

iturbine ipitch iangle iin iorder ito ilimit ithe iacceleration iphase iand ito iavoid istability iissues. iRegarding ithe

ifrequency-based iactive ipower iregulation istrategy iin ithe iDFIG, ia isupplementary icontrol iis iused iin ithe ispeed

icontrol iloop iimplemented iin ithe irotor iside iconverter iwhich iallows ia irotor ispeed iincrease ito iachieve ia ifast

ireduction iof iactive ipower igeneration.

Figure.6. iMTDC igrid itest isystem.

VI. Simulation iResult

In iorder ito icharacterize ithe itransient iovervoltage iphenomena iin iMTDC igrids, ia i500 ims ithree-phase ifault
i was isimulated inear iArea i#1 ionshore iconverter iac iterminals iat i1 is

Figure i9. iOnshore iconverter iand idc ichoppers iactive ipower iOnshore iChopper iResistors

In iorder ito idefine ia ireference icase, ithe ifirst ianalysis iconsisted ion ievaluating ithe ibehavior iof iMTDC
i grid, inamely iregarding idc ivoltage iprofile iand iactive ipower iflows, iwhen ithe iFRT icapability iis ito ibe iassured

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 Analysis iand iControl iOf iGrid iConnected iMulti iTerminal iHVDC iSystem

ithrough ithe iuse iof itwo idc ichoppers iinstalled ion ieach idc ionshore iterminal. iThe iobtained iresults iare idepicted iin
iFigs.8and i9, iwhere iit iis ipossible ito iobserve ithat ia ismall idc iovervoltage itook iplace iduring ifault ioccurrence iIt iis
iimportant ito inote ithat ifor ithis ispecific iset iof isimulations, ioffshore iWF ihave inot ichange itheir ipower iinjection

isince, ias iaforementioned, ithe idc igrid idecouples ithe iinterconnected iac iareas iand ithe idc ipower ibalance iis

iachieved ithrough iexternal isolutions iin irelation ito ithe iWF.

Figure10. iAC ivoltage iprofile iat ioffshore inetwork iand iDFIG ispeed.

VII. iConclusion

This ispecific ireport igives ia idialogue ifor ithe iid ialong iwith igrowth iconnected iwith icommunication-free
icommand istrategies ifor iFRT iprovision ion iMTDC igrids iinterconnecting ioffshore iWF itogether iwith ihvac
imainland igrids. iThe isuggested icommand istrategies ifor iendowing iMTDC igrids itogether i with iFRT ipotential

i write iabout ia itypical iquality: ithis iaccommodation/dissipation iconnected iwith iproductive ienergy iby ioffshore

iWF iin iorder ito iabate ithis idc ivoltage isurge iconsequence. iThe iestablished ioption igood iusing ionshore ichopper

iresistors iis ian iefficient ioption i which i might ibe ivery ieasily iput iin iplace idue ito ithe ifact ithe icommand i will idepend

ion inearby imeasurements. iDespite ithe ifact ithat iusing ithese ikinds iof imethod ifully idecouples ioffshore iWF iin ithe

iprincipal ialong iwith ihvac i mistake, ithat's ibenefic iin iconnection iwith ilowered istrain iproblems ifor ithat iwind

iturbines, ithe idimensions iof ithe idesired idc ichopper iresistors imy ipersonal iimpede ithe irequest iby ia icost-effective

ipoint iof iview. i Alternative i methods ifor ithat i mitigation iconnected i with iMTDC iin iexcess iof ivoltages iuse

iproductive ienergy ilowering ion ithe igenerator iamount ithrough ithe iexploitation iof ia icommunication-free

icommand imethod iwhich iin iturn i will idepend ion isome inearby icontrollers ifor ibeing iinstalled ion ithe ioffshore

iconverter itrain istation ialong iwith ion ithe iturbine iamount. iThe isuggested iapproaches iwork i well irelating ito

iproductive ienergy ilegislation iin iorder ito iguarantee iFRT isubmission iby iMTDC igrids. iThe iattained ifinal iresults

imake iit ipossible ifor ideciding iin i which isuggested icommand iapproaches iare igenerally istrong iunderneath

iextremely i nerve-racking iproblems, iare igenerally iindependent iof ithe idc igrid itopology ialong i with i with ithe ipre-

disturbance idc igrid ienergy idispatch. iThis iis ia ikey iqualification ion ithe iinteroperability iconnected iwith isolutions
iby ivarious isuppliers. iThe isignificant ibenefit iof ithese itypes iof iapproaches irelies ion ia ismaller iamount

iexpenditure iin iconnection i with iimplementation i with ithe inecessary icommand ifunctionalities. iEven iso, ithese

itypes iof iapproaches ilead ito ia ifew istrain iin iexcess iof iDFIG iregarding ivelocity idifferent iversions i(similarly i from

i what ihappens iwithin i wind iturbines ilinked iwith ionshore igrids). iIn iaddition, imodest iin iexcess iof icurrents iare

igenerally iobserved iin ithis ilinked iHVDC–VSC ialong i with ishould ibe iconsidered i within ithe istyle iperiod.

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 Analysis iand iControl iOf iGrid iConnected iMulti iTerminal iHVDC iSystem

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