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Oracle PL/SQL(Procedural Language / Standard Query Language)
CheatSheet Releases

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Contents
Blocks Packages
Variables
No packages published
Constant
Select Into
%Type
Conditions
Case
Loops
Triggers
Cursors
Records
Functions
Stored Procedure
Package
Exceptions
Collections
Object Oriented

Blocks
README
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
DECLARE
--Declaration statements

BEGIN
--Executable statements

Exceptions
--Exception handling statements

END;
Variables

Data Types

Scalar

Number, Date, Boolean, Character

Large Object

Large Text, Picture - BFILE, BLOB, CLOB, NCLOB

Composite

Collections, Records

Reference

--NUMBER(precision,scale)
v_number NUMBER(5,2) := 5.01;
v_character VARCHAR2(20) := 'test';
newyear DATE:='01-JAN-2020';
current_date DATE:=SYSDATE;

Constant

DECLARE
v_pi CONSTANT NUMBER(7,6) := 3.141592;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_pi);
END;

Select Into

DECLARE
v_last_name VARCHAR2(20);
BEGIN
SELECT last_name INTO v_last_name FROM persons WHERE person_id = 1;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Last name: ' || v_last_name);
END;

%Type

DECLARE
v_last_name persons.last_name%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT last_name INTO v_last_name FROM persons WHERE person_id = 1;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Last Name: ' || v_last_name);
END;

Conditions

DECLARE
v_num NUMBER := &enter_a_number;
BEGIN
IF mod(v_num,2) = 0 THEN
dbms_output.put_line(v_num || ' is even');
 ELSIF mod(v_num,2) = 1 THEN
dbms_output.put_line(v_num || ' is odd');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('None');
END IF;
END;

Case

set serveroutput on;

DECLARE
a NUMBER :=65;
b NUMBER :=2;
arth_operation VARCHAR2(20) :='MULTIPLY';
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Program started.' );
CASE (arth_operation)
WHEN 'ADD' THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Addition of the numbers are: '|| a+b );
WHEN 'SUBTRACT' THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Subtraction of the numbers are: '||a-b );
WHEN 'MULTIPLY' THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Multiplication of the numbers are: '|| a*b);
WHEN 'DIVIDE' THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Division of the numbers are:'|| a/b);
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('No operation action defined. Invalid operation');
END CASE;
dbms_output.put_line('Program completed.' );
END;

--Searched case
DECLARE
a NUMBER :=70;
b NUMBER :=2;
arth_operation VARCHAR2(20) :='DIVIDE';
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Program started.' );
CASE
WHEN arth_operation = 'ADD' THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Addition of the numbers are: '||a+b );
WHEN arth_operation = 'SUBTRACT' THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Subtraction of the numbers are: '|| a-b);
WHEN arth_operation = 'MULTIPLY' THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Multiplication of the numbers are: '|| a*b );
WHEN arth_operation = 'DIVIDE' THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Division of the numbers are: '|| a/b );
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('No operation action defined. Invalid operation');
END CASE;
dbms_output.put_line('Program completed.' );
END;

Loops

--Simple Loop
DECLARE
v_num number(5) := 0;
BEGIN
loop
v_num := v_num + 1;
dbms_output.put_line('Number: ' || v_num);
 exit when v_num = 3;
/*
if v_num = 3 then
exit;
end if;
*/
end loop;
END;

--While Loop
DECLARE
v_num number := 0;
BEGIN
while v_num <= 100 loop

exit when v_num > 40;

if v_num = 20 then
v_num := v_num + 1;
continue;
end if;

if mod(v_num,10) = 0 then
dbms_output.put_line(v_num || ' can be divided by 10.');
end if;

v_num := v_num + 1;

end loop;
END;

--For Loop
DECLARE
v_num number := 0;
BEGIN
for x in 10 .. 13 loop
dbms_output.put_line(x);
end loop;

for x in reverse 13 .. 15 loop

if mod(x,2) = 0 then
dbms_output.put_line('even: ' || x);
else
dbms_output.put_line('odd: ' || x);
end if;
end loop;
END;

Triggers

-- DML Triggers
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_persons
BEFORE INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE ON persons
FOR EACH ROW
ENABLE
DECLARE
v_user varchar2(20);
BEGIN
SELECT user INTO v_user FROM dual;
IF INSERTING THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('One line inserted by ' || v_user);
ELSIF DELETING THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('One line Deleted by ' || v_user);
 ELSIF UPDATING THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('One line Updated by ' || v_user);
END IF;
END;

--

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER persons_audit

BEFORE INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE ON persons
FOR EACH ROW
ENABLE
DECLARE
v_user varchar2 (30);
v_date varchar2(30);
BEGIN
SELECT user, TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'DD/MON/YYYY HH24:MI:SS') INTO v_user, v_date FROM dual;
IF INSERTING THEN
INSERT INTO sh_audit (new_name,old_name, user_name, entry_date, operation)
VALUES(:NEW.LAST_NAME, Null , v_user, v_date, 'Insert');
ELSIF DELETING THEN
INSERT INTO sh_audit (new_name,old_name, user_name, entry_date, operation)
VALUES(NULL,:OLD.LAST_NAME, v_user, v_date, 'Delete');
ELSIF UPDATING THEN
INSERT INTO sh_audit (new_name,old_name, user_name, entry_date, operation)
VALUES(:NEW.LAST_NAME, :OLD.LAST_NAME, v_user, v_date,'Update');
END IF;
END;

-- DDL Triggers
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER db_audit_tr
AFTER DDL ON DATABASE
BEGIN
INSERT INTO schema_audit VALUES (
sysdate,
sys_context('USERENV','CURRENT_USER'),
ora_dict_obj_type,
ora_dict_obj_name,
ora_sysevent);
END;

-- Instead of Triggers
CREATE VIEW vw_twotable AS
SELECT full_name, subject_name FROM persons, subjects;

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_Insert

INSTEAD OF INSERT ON vw_twotable
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO persons (full_name) VALUES (:new.full_name);
INSERT INTO subjects (subject_name) VALUES (:new.subject_name);
END;

insert into vw_twotable values ('Caner','subject');

Cursors

--%FOUND
--%NOTFOUND
--%ISOPEN
--%ROWCOUNT

declare
v_first_name varchar2(20);
v_last_name varchar2(20);
 Cursor test_cursor is select first_name,last_name from persons;
begin
open test_cursor;
loop
fetch test_cursor into v_first_name,v_last_name;
exit when test_cursor%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line('Name: ' || v_first_name || ', Lastname: ' || v_last_name);
end loop;
close test_cursor;
end;

----

declare
v_first_name varchar2(20);
v_last_name varchar2(20);
Cursor test_cursor (first_name_parameter varchar2) is
select first_name,last_name from persons where first_name = first_name_parameter;
begin
open test_cursor('caner');
loop
fetch test_cursor into v_first_name,v_last_name;
exit when test_cursor%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line('Name: ' || v_first_name || ', Lastname: ' || v_last_name);
end loop;
close test_cursor;
end;

----

declare
v_first_name varchar2(20);
v_last_name varchar2(20);
Cursor test_cursor (first_name_parameter varchar2 := 'caner') is
select first_name,last_name from persons where first_name = first_name_parameter;
begin
open test_cursor;
loop
fetch test_cursor into v_first_name,v_last_name;
exit when test_cursor%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line('Name: ' || v_first_name || ', Lastname: ' || v_last_name);
end loop;
close test_cursor;
end;

--for
declare
Cursor test_cursor is select first_name,last_name from persons;
begin
for obj in test_cursor
loop
dbms_output.put_line('Name: ' || obj.first_name || ', Lastname: ' || obj.last_name);
end loop;
end;

--for parameter
declare
Cursor test_cursor (first_name_parameter varchar2 := 'can') is
select first_name,last_name from persons where first_name = first_name_parameter;
begin
for obj in test_cursor('caner')
loop
dbms_output.put_line('Name: ' || obj.first_name || ', Lastname: ' || obj.last_name);
end loop;
end;
Records

--table based
declare
v_person persons%ROWTYPE;
begin
select * into v_person from persons where PERSON_ID = 2;
dbms_output.put_line('Name: ' || v_person.first_name || ', Lastname: ' || v_person.last_name);
end;

--

declare
v_person persons%ROWTYPE;
begin
select first_name,last_name into v_person.first_name,v_person.last_name
from persons where PERSON_ID = 2;
dbms_output.put_line('Name: ' || v_person.first_name || ', Lastname: ' || v_person.last_name);
end;

--cursor based record

declare
Cursor test_cursor is select first_name,last_name from persons where person_id = 2;
v_person test_cursor%rowtype;
begin
open test_cursor;
fetch test_cursor into v_person;
dbms_output.put_line('Name: ' || v_person.first_name || ', Lastname: ' || v_person.last_name);
close test_cursor;
end;

--

declare
Cursor test_cursor is select first_name,last_name from persons;
v_person test_cursor%rowtype;
begin
open test_cursor;
loop
fetch test_cursor into v_person;
exit when test_cursor%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line('Name: ' || v_person.first_name || ', Lastname: ' || v_person.last_name);
end loop;
close test_cursor;
end;

--user based

declare
type rv_person is record(
f_name varchar2(20),
l_name persons.last_name%type
);
v_person rv_person;
begin
select first_name,last_name into v_person.f_name,v_person.l_name from persons where person_id = 2;
dbms_output.put_line('Name: ' || v_person.f_name || ', Lastname: ' || v_person.l_name);
end;

Functions

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION circle_area (radius NUMBER)

RETURN NUMBER IS
 --Declare a constant and a variable
pi CONSTANT NUMBER(7,3) := 3.141;
area NUMBER(7,3);
BEGIN
--Area of Circle pi*r*r;
area := pi * (radius * radius);
RETURN area;
END;

BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Alan: ' || circle_area(10));
END;

Stored Procedure

create or replace procedure pr_test is

v_name varchar(20) := 'Caner';
v_city varchar(20) := 'Istanbul';
begin
dbms_output.put_line(v_name || ',' || v_city);
end pr_test;
--
execute pr_test;
--
begin
pr_test;
end;

----

create or replace procedure pr_test_param(v_name varchar2 default 'caz')

is
v_city varchar(20) := 'Istanbul';
begin
dbms_output.put_line(v_name || ',' || v_city);
end pr_test_param;
--
execute pr_test_param(v_name => 'cam');

----

create or replace procedure pr_test_param(v_name varchar2)

is
v_city varchar(20) := 'Istanbul';
begin
dbms_output.put_line(v_name || ',' || v_city);
end pr_test_param;
--
execute pr_test_param('Caner');
--
begin
pr_test_param('Caner');
end;

Package

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE pkg_person IS

FUNCTION get_name (v_name VARCHAR2) RETURN VARCHAR2;
PROCEDURE proc_update_lastname(p_id NUMBER, l_name VARCHAR2);
END pkg_person;

--Package Body
 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY pkg_person IS
--Function Implimentation
FUNCTION get_name (v_name VARCHAR2) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS
BEGIN
RETURN v_name;
END get_name;

--Procedure Implimentation
PROCEDURE proc_update_lastname(p_id NUMBER, l_name VARCHAR2) IS
BEGIN
UPDATE persons SET last_name = l_name where person_id = p_id;
END;

END pkg_person;

--
begin
dbms_output.put_line(pkg_person.get_name('Caner'));
end;
execute pkg_person.proc_update_lastname(2,'new lastname');

Exceptions

accept p_divisor number prompt 'Enter divisor';

declare
v_divided number := 24;
v_divisor number := &p_divisor;
v_result number;
ex_four exception;
pragma exception_init(ex_four,-20001); --20000 , 20999
begin
if v_divisor = 4 then
raise ex_four;
end if;

if v_divisor = 5 then
raise_application_error(-20001,'div five');
end if;

if v_divisor = 6 then
raise_application_error(-20002,'div six');
end if;

v_result := v_divided/v_divisor;

exception
when ex_four then --user defined
dbms_output.put_line('Div four');
dbms_output.put_line(SQLERRM);
when ZERO_DIVIDE then --system defined
dbms_output.put_line('Div zero');
when OTHERS then
dbms_output.put_line('Other exception');
dbms_output.put_line(SQLERRM);
end;

Collections

--Nested table
DECLARE
TYPE my_nested_table IS TABLE OF number;
var_nt my_nested_table := my_nested_table (5,12,17,66,44,88,25,45,65);
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..var_nt.COUNT
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Value stored at index '||i||' is '||var_nt(i));
END LOOP;
END;

--VARRAY
DECLARE
TYPE inBlock_vry IS VARRAY (5) OF NUMBER;
vry_obj inBlock_vry := inBlock_vry(); --inBlock_vry(null,null,null,null,null);
BEGIN
--vry_obj.EXTEND(5);
FOR i IN 1 .. vry_obj.LIMIT
LOOP
vry_obj.EXTEND;
vry_obj (i):= 10*i;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (vry_obj (i));
END LOOP;
END;

--Associative Array(dictionary)
DECLARE
TYPE books IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY VARCHAR2 (20);
Isbn Books;
BEGIN
-- How to insert data into the associative array
isbn('Oracle Database') := 1122;
isbn('MySQL') := 6543;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Value Before Updation '||isbn('MySQL'));

-- How to update data of associative array.

isbn('MySQL') := 2222;

-- how to retrieve data using key from associative array.

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Value After Updation '||isbn('MySQL'));
END;

--

DECLARE
TYPE books IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY VARCHAR2 (20);
Isbn Books;
flag varchar2(20);
BEGIN
isbn('Oracle Database') := 1122;
isbn('MySQL') := 6543;
isbn('MySQL') := 2222;
flag := isbn.FIRST;
while flag is not null
loop
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Key -> '||flag||'Value -> '||isbn(flag));
flag := isbn.NEXT(flag);
end loop;
END;

-----Collection Methods
--Count
DECLARE
TYPE my_nested_table IS TABLE OF number;
var_nt my_nested_table := my_nested_table (5,12,17,66,44,88,25,45,65);
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('The Size of the Nested Table is ' ||var_nt.count);
END;
--exists
DECLARE
TYPE my_nested_table IS TABLE OF VARCHAR2 (20);
col_var_1 my_nested_table := my_nested_table('Super Man','Iron Man','Bat Man');
BEGIN
IF col_var_1.EXISTS (4) THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Hey we found '||col_var_1 (1));
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Sorry, no data at this INDEX');
col_var_1.EXTEND;
col_var_1(4) := 'Spiderman';
END IF;
IF col_var_1.EXISTS (4) THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('New data at index 4 '||col_var_1 (4));
end if;
END;

--first and last

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
DECLARE
TYPE nt_tab IS TABLE OF NUMBER;
col_var nt_tab := nt_tab(10, 20, 30, 40, 50);
BEGIN
col_var.DELETE(1);
col_var.TRIM;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('First Index of the Nested table is ' || col_var.FIRST);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Last Index of the Nested table is ' || col_var.LAST);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Value stored at First Index is ' || col_var(col_var.FIRST));

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Value stored at First Index is ' || col_var(col_var.LAST));
END;

--limit
DECLARE
TYPE inBlock_vry IS VARRAY (5) OF NUMBER;
vry_obj inBlock_vry := inBlock_vry();
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Total Indexes '||vry_obj.LIMIT);
END;

--
DECLARE
--Create VARRAY of 5 element
TYPE inblock_vry IS
VARRAY ( 5 ) OF NUMBER;
vry_obj inblock_vry := inblock_vry ();
BEGIN
vry_obj.extend;
vry_obj(1) := 10 * 2;
dbms_output.put_line('Total Number of Index ' || vry_obj.limit);
dbms_output.put_line('Total Number of Index which are occupied ' || vry_obj.count);
END;

-- Prior and Next

DECLARE
TYPE my_nested_table IS
TABLE OF NUMBER;
var_nt my_nested_table := my_nested_table(5,12,17,66,44,88,25,45,65);
BEGIN
var_nt.DELETE(2);
dbms_output.put_line('Index prior to index 3 is '||var_nt.PRIOR(3));
dbms_output.put_line('Value before 3rd Index is '||var_nt(var_nt.PRIOR(3)));
END;
--
DECLARE
TYPE my_nested_table IS
 TABLE OF NUMBER;
var_nt my_nested_table := my_nested_table(5,12,17,66,44,88,25,45,65);
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Next Higher Index to index 3 is '||var_nt.NEXT(3));
dbms_output.put_line('Value after 3rd Index is '||var_nt(var_nt.NEXT(3)));
END;

--Delete
DECLARE
TYPE my_nested_table IS
TABLE OF NUMBER;
var_nt my_nested_table := my_nested_table(2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20);
BEGIN

--Delete Range
var_nt.DELETE(2,6);
FOR i IN 1..var_nt.LAST LOOP
IF var_nt.EXISTS(i) THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Value at Index ['||i||'] is '|| var_nt(i));
END IF;
END LOOP;
END;

--extend
DECLARE
TYPE my_nestedTable IS TABLE OF number;
nt_obj my_nestedTable := my_nestedTable();
BEGIN
nt_obj.EXTEND;
nt_obj(1) := 28;
nt_obj.EXTEND(3);
nt_obj(2) := 10;
nt_obj(3) := 20;
nt_obj(4) := 30;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Data at index 1 is '||nt_obj(1));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Data at index 2 is '||nt_obj(2));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Data at index 3 is '||nt_obj(3));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Data at index 4 is '||nt_obj(4));
nt_obj.EXTEND(2,4);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Data at index 5 is '||nt_obj(5));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Data at index 6 is '||nt_obj(6));
END;

--TRIM
DECLARE
TYPE inBlock_vry IS VARRAY (5) OF NUMBER;
vry_obj inBlock_vry := inBlock_vry(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
BEGIN
--TRIM without parameter
vry_obj.TRIM;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('After TRIM procedure');
FOR i IN 1..vry_obj.COUNT
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (vry_obj(i));
END LOOP;
--TRIM with Parameter
vry_obj.TRIM (2);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('After TRIM procedure');
FOR i IN 1..vry_obj.COUNT
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (vry_obj(i));
END LOOP;
END;
--
DECLARE
TYPE my_nestedTable IS TABLE OF number;
 nt_obj my_nestedTable := my_nestedTable(1,2,3,4,5);
BEGIN
nt_obj.TRIM (3);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('After TRIM procedure');
FOR i IN 1..nt_obj.COUNT
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (nt_obj(i));
END LOOP;
END;

Object Oriented

CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE Worker AS OBJECT (

v_id number(3),
v_name varchar2(10),
v_last_name varchar(10),
v_email varchar(20),
member procedure display,
member function getName return varchar2,
static procedure displaySquare(v_num number)
);

CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE BODY Worker AS

MEMBER PROCEDURE display IS
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line('id: '||SELF.v_id);
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line('name: '||SELF.v_name);
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line('lastName : '||SELF.v_last_name);
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line('mail: '||SELF.v_email);
END;
MEMBER FUNCTION getName RETURN VARCHAR2 IS
BEGIN
RETURN SELF.v_name || ' ' || SELF.v_last_name;
END;
STATIC PROCEDURE displaySquare(v_num number) IS
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line('Square : '||v_num);
END;
END;

DECLARE
v_person Worker := new Worker(1, 'Caner', 'lastName', '[email protected]'); --constructor
BEGIN