progra

mming

(Introduction to programming
and programming languages)

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Submitted by: Rubab
Rafique

BSEE202011
Background
 Why there’s a need of a programming languages;
Communication is a key factor for any organism’s survival
and this communication can be of several types. Even
animals have a strong communication among their species
and there are a many ways they communicate i.e; through
gestures, postures, sounds etc, but when considering
humans, the most important mode of communication is
language. Language is a set of keywords a particular
community understands. Same is the case with computers, it
also requires a means of communication as there are many
pieces of hardware and software that need to communicate
with each other. We see that the computer is reacting to the
mouse, keyboard, charger etc, but it’s very important to
understand that the computer is a machine and it
understands nothing but bits, 1s and 0s, the combination of
what creates meaning for the computer.
Initially the computers were made to perform a specific
task by changing ones and zeros manually, alternating the
circuit and the wiring which was time consuming and very
difficult and thus limited the applications of a computer.
That’s why the creation of a programming language became
essential.
 What is a programming language;
To be very precise and simple programming is how
you make computers solve problems. It is a set of
instructions given to the computer to perform various tasks
and are mainly used to control the performance of a machine or to
express algorithms
Types of programming languages

Assembly language

It is a programming
language in which there
is a very strong
correspondence between
the instructions in the
language and the
architecture's machine
code instruction
Low level
languages Machine language

a computer
programming language
consisting of binary or
hexadecimal
instructions which a
computer can respond
to directly

Procedural languages

Procedural programming is
a programming paradigm,
derived from structured
programming, based on the
concept of the procedure
call. Procedures simply
contain a series of

High level
languages
Object oriented languages

Object-oriented
programming is a
programming paradigm
based on the concept of
"objects", which can contain
data and code: data in the
form of fields, and code, in
the form of procedures
List of 20 different programming languages:
1.PHP
It is an object oriented general purpose programming language. It is
especially suited to web development.

2. Ruby
It’s also a general purpose object oriented programming. It is
dynamically typed and uses garbage collection.

3. JAVA
Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed
to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.
4. python
Python is an interpreted, high-level, object-oriented and general-purpose
programming language. Python's design philosophy emphasizes code
readability with its notable use of significant whitespace.

5. Scala
Scala is a general-purpose programming language providing support for both
object-oriented programming and functional programming. The language has a
strong static type system. Designed to be concise, many of Scala's design
decisions are aimed to address criticisms of Java
6. Visual basic. Net
Visual Basic .NET is a multi-paradigm, object-oriented programming language,
implemented on the .NET Framework. Microsoft launched VB.NET in 2002 as
the successor to its original Visual Basic language.

7. C++
C++ is an object oriented computer language created by notable computer
scientist Bjorne Stroustrop as part of the evolution of the C family of languages.
Some call C++ “C with classes” because it introduces object oriented
programming principles, including the use of defined classes, to the C
programming language framework.
8. COBOL
COBOL is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed
for business use. It is imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented.
COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for
companies and governments.

9. Pascal
Pascal is an imperative and procedural programming language, designed
by Niklaus Wirth as a small, efficient language intended to encourage good
programming practices using structured programming and data structuring.
10. CHILL
In computing, CHILL (an acronym for CCITT High Level Language) is
a procedural programming language designed for use
in telecommunication switches (the hardware used inside telephone
exchanges). The language is still used for legacy systems in some
telecommunication companies and for signal box programming.

11. C
C is a general-purpose, procedural computer programming language
supporting structured programming. C is highly portable and is used for
scripting system applications which form a major part of Windows, UNIX, and
Linux operating system. C is a general-purpose programming language and
can efficiently work on enterprise applications, games, graphics,
and applications requiring calculations, etc.
12. HTML
Hypertext Markup Language is the standard markup language for documents
designed to be displayed in a web browser. It lies in the category of procedural
languages.

13. BCPL
BCPL is a procedural, imperative, and structured programming language.
Originally intended for writing compilers for other languages, BCPL is no longer
in common use.
14. MIPS
MIPS is an assembly programming language. The term MIPS is an acronym
for Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages. It is a reduced-
instruction set architecture developed by an organization
called MIPS Technologies.

15. R
R is an object oriented programming language. It is widely used among
statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software and data
analysis.
16. Machine code
In computer programming, machine code, consisting of machine language
instructions, is a low-level programming language used to directly control a
computer's central processing unit.

17. Kotlin
It is an object oriented programming language which is designed to
interoperate fully with JAVA.
18. BASIC
BASIC is a high-level procedural language which allows the programmer to
access simpler, more consolidated data and actions, rather than presenting
raw data directly from the source.

19. FORTRAN
Fortran is a general-purpose, procedural, compiled imperative programming
language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific
computing.
20. LAVA
Lava is an experimental, visual object-oriented, interpreter-based programming
language with an associated programming environment (Lava Programming
Environment or LavaPE) that uses structure editors instead of text editors. Only
comments, constants, and new identifiers may be entered as text.

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