Class-10-Maths Quadratic Equations

MATHEMATICS
Chapter 4: Quadratic Equations
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Quadratic Equations
1. Introduction to Quadratic equation

If p(x) is a quadratic polynomial, then p(x) = 0 is called a quadratic equation.
The general or standard form of a quadratic equation, in the variable x, is given by ax 2 +
bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are real numbers and a ≠ 0.
2. Roots of the quadratic equation

The value of x that satisfies an equation is called the zeroes or roots of the equation.
A real number 𝛼 is said to be a solution/root of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 if
aα2 + bα + c = 0.
A quadratic equation has at most two roots.
Graphically, the roots of a quadratic equation are the points where the graph of the
quadratic polynomial cuts the x-axis.
Consider the graph of a quadratic equation x2 – 4 = 0:
Graph of a Quadratic Equation

In the above figure, -2 and 2 are the roots of the quadratic equation x2−4=0
Note:
• If the graph of the quadratic polynomial cuts the x-axis at two distinct points,
then it has real and distinct roots.
• If the graph of the quadratic polynomial touches the x-axis, then it has real and
equal roots.
• If the graph of the quadratic polynomial does not cut or touch the x-axis then it
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does not have any real roots.
3. The standard form of a Quadratic Equation

The standard form of a quadratic equation is ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b and c are real
numbers and a ≠ 0.
‘a’ is the coefficient of x2. It is called the quadratic coefficient. ‘b’ is the coefficient of x.
It is called the linear coefficient. ‘c’ is the constant term.
4. A quadratic equation can be solved by following algebraic methods:

i. Splitting the middle term (factorization)
ii. Completing squares
iii. Quadratic formula
5. Splitting the middle term (or factorization) method

• If ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0, can be reduced to the product of two linear factors, then the
roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be found by equating each
factor to zero.
• Steps involved in solving quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0) by splitting the
middle term (or factorization) method:
Step 1: Find the product ac.
Step 2: Find the factors of ‘ac’ that add to up to b, using the following criteria:
i. If ac > 0 and b > 0, then both the factors are positive.
ii. If ac > 0 and b < 0, then both the factors are negative.
iii. If ac < 0 and b > 0, then larger factor is positive and smaller factor is negative.
iv. If ac < 0 and b < 0, then larger factor is negative and smaller factor is positive.
Step 3: Split the middle term into two parts using the factors obtained in the
above step.
Step 4: Factorize the quadratic equation obtained in the above step by grouping
method. Two factors will be obtained.
Step 5: Equate each of the linear factors to zero to get the value of x.
6. Completing the square method

• Any quadratic equation can be converted to the form (x + a)2 – b2 = 0 or (x – a)2 +
b2 = 0 by adding and subtracting the constant term. This method of finding the
roots of quadratic equation is called the method of completing the square.
• The steps involved in solving a quadratic equation by completing the square, are
as follows:
Step 1: Make the coefficient of x2 unity.
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Step 2: Express the coefficient of x in the form 2 × x × p.

Step 3: Add and subtract the square of p.
Step 4: Use the square identity (a + b)2 or (a – b)2 to obtain the quadratic equation
in the required form (x + a)2 - b2 = 0 or (x – a)2 + b2 = 0.
Step 5: Take the constant term to the other side of the equation.
Step 6: Take the square root on both the sides of the obtained equation to get the
roots of the given quadratic equation.
7. Quadratic formula
The roots of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0) can be calculated by using the
quadratic formula:
−𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏−√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
and where b2 – 4ac ≥ 0
2𝑎 2𝑎
If b2 – 4ac < 0, then equation does not have real roots.
The quadratic formula is used to find the roots of a quadratic equation. This formula
helps to evaluate the solution of quadratic equations replacing the factorization
method. If a quadratic equation does not contain real roots, then the quadratic formula
helps to find the imaginary roots of that equation. The quadratic formula is also known
as Shreedhara Acharya’s formula. In this article, you will learn the quadratic formula,
derivation and proof of the quadratic formula, along with a video lesson and solved
examples.
An algebraic expression of degree 2 is called the quadratic equation. The general form
of a quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b and c are real numbers, also called
“numeric coefficients” and a ≠ 0. Here, x is an unknown variable for which we need to
find the solution. We know that the quadratic formula used to find the solutions (or
roots) of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is given by:
Here,
a, b, c = Constants (real numbers)
a≠0
x = Unknown, i.e. variable
The above formula can also be written as:
−𝑏 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= ± √
2𝑎 4𝑎2
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𝑜𝑟
−𝑏 𝑏 𝑐
𝑥= ± √ ( )2 −
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎
What is the Quadratic Formula used for?
The quadratic formula is used to find the roots of a quadratic equation and these roots
are called the solutions of the quadratic equation. However, there are several methods
of solving quadratic equations such as factoring, completing the square, graphing, etc.
Roots of Quadratic Equation by Quadratic Formula
We know that a second-degree polynomial will have at most two zeros, and therefore a
quadratic equation will have at most two roots.
In general, if α is a root of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0; then, aα2 + bα +
c = 0. We can also say that x = α is a solution of the quadratic equation or α satisfies the
equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Note: Roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are the same as zeros of the
polynomial ax2 + bx + c.
One of the easiest ways to find the roots of a quadratic equation is to apply the
quadratic formula.
Quadratic formula:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
Here, b2 – 4ac is called the discriminant and is denoted by D.
The sign of plus (+) and minus (-) in the quadratic formula represents that there are two
solutions for quadratic equations and are called the roots of the quadratic equation.
Root 1:
−𝑏 + √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥1 =
2𝑎
And
Root 2:
−𝑏 − √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥2 =
2𝑎
8. Derivation of Quadratic Formula
We can derive the quadratic formula in different ways using various techniques.
Derivation Using Completing the Square Technique
Let us write the standard form of a quadratic equation.
ax2 + bx + c = 0
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Divide the equation by the coefficient of x2, i.e., a.

x2 + (b/a) x + (c/a) = 0
Subtract c/a from both sides of this equation.
x2 + (b/a) x = -c/a
Now, apply the method of completing the square.
Add a constant to both sides of the equation to make the LHS of the equation as
complete square.
Adding (b/2a)2 on both sides,
x2 + (b/a) x + (b/2a)2 = (-c/a) + (b/2a)2
Using the identity a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2,
[x + (b/2a)]2 = (-c/a) + (b2/4a2)
[x + (b/2a)]2 = (b2 – 4ac)/4a2
Take the square root on both sides,
Shortcut Method of Derivation
Write the standard form of a quadratic equation.
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Multiply both sides of the equation by 4a.
4a (ax2 + bx + c) = 4a(0)
4a2x2 + 4abx + 4ac = 0
4a2x2 +4abx = -4ac
Add a constant on sides such that LHS will become a complete square.
Adding b2 on both sides,
4a2x2 + 4abx + b2 = b2 – 4ac
(2ax) 2 + 2(2ax)(b) + b2 = b2 – 4ac
Using algebraic identity a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b) 2,
(2ax + b) 2 = b2 – 4ac
Taking square root on both sides,
2ax + b = ± √(b2 – 4ac)
2ax = -b ± √(b2 – 4ac)
x = [-b ±√(b2 – 4ac)]/2a
9. Nature of Roots
Based on the value of the discriminant, D = b2 − 4ac, the roots of a quadratic equation
can be of three types.
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Case 1: If D>0, the equation has two distinct real roots.

Case 2: If D=0, the equation has two equal real roots.
Case 3: If D<0, the equation has no real roots.
The number of roots of a polynomial equation is equal to its degree. So, a quadratic
equation has two roots. Some methods for finding the roots are:
Factorization method
Quadratic Formula
Completing the square method
All the quadratic equations with real roots can be factorized. The physical significance of
the roots is that at the roots of an equation, the graph of the equation intersects x-axis.
The x-axis represents the real line in the Cartesian plane. This means that if the equation
has unreal roots, it won’t intersect x-axis and hence it cannot be written in factorized
form. Let us now go ahead and learn how to determine whether a quadratic equation
will have real roots or not.
10.Graphical Representation of a Quadratic Equation

The graph of a quadratic polynomial is a parabola. The roots of a quadratic equation are
the points where the parabola cuts the x-axis i.e. the points where the value of the
quadratic polynomial is zero.
Now, the graph of x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 is:
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In the above figure, -2 and -3 are the roots of the quadratic equation
x2 + 5x + 6 = 0.
For a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c,
If a > 0, the parabola opens upwards.
If a < 0, the parabola opens downwards.
If a = 0, the polynomial will become a first-degree polynomial and its graph is linear.
The discriminant, D = b2 − 4ac
Nature of graph for different values of D.

If D > 0, the parabola cuts the x-axis at exactly two distinct points. The roots are distinct.
This case is shown in the above figure in a, where the quadratic polynomial cuts the x-
axis at two distinct points.
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If D = 0, the parabola just touches the x-axis at one point and the rest of the parabola
lies above or below the x-axis. In this case, the roots are equal.
This case is shown in the above figure in b, where the quadratic polynomial touches the
x-axis at only one point.
If D < 0, the parabola lies entirely above or below the x-axis and there is no point of
contact with the x-axis. In this case, there are no real roots.
This case is shown in the above figure in c, where the quadratic polynomial neither cuts
nor touch the x-axis.
11. Discriminant of a quadratic equation

For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0, the expression b2 - 4ac is known as
discriminant.
12. Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation:

i. If b2 – 4ac > 0, the quadratic equation has two distinct real roots.
ii. If b2 – 4ac = 0, the quadratic equation has two equal real roots.
iii. If b2 – 4ac < 0, the quadratic equation has no real roots.
13. There are many equations which are not in the quadratic form but can be reduced to
the quadratic form by simplifications.
14. Application of quadratic equations

• The applications of quadratic equation can be utilized in solving real life problems.
• Following points can be helpful in solving word problems:
i. Every two digit number ‘xy’ where x is a ten’s place and y is a unit’s place can
be expressed as xy = 10x + y.
ii. Downstream: It means that the boat is running in the direction of the stream
Upstream: It means that the boat is running in the opposite direction of the
stream Thus, if Speed of boat in still water is x km/h
And the speed of stream is y km/h
Then the speed of boat downstream will be (x + y) km/h and in upstream it will
be (x − y) km/h.
1
iii. If a person takes x days to finish a work, then his one day's work = .
𝑥
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Important Questions
Multiple Choice questions-
1. Which of the following is not a quadratic equation
(a) x² + 3x – 5 = 0
(b) x² + x3 + 2 = 0
(c) 3 + x + x² = 0
(d) x² – 9 = 0
2. The quadratic equation has degree
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
3. The cubic equation has degree
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
4. A bi-quadratic equation has degree
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
5. The polynomial equation x (x + 1) + 8 = (x + 2) {x – 2) is
(a) linear equation
(b) quadratic equation
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(c) cubic equation
(d) bi-quadratic equation
6. The equation (x – 2)² + 1 = 2x – 3 is a
(a) linear equation
(b) quadratic equation
(c) cubic equation
(d) bi-quadratic equation
7. The quadratic equation whose roots are 1 and
(a) 2x² + x – 1 = 0
(b) 2x² – x – 1 = 0
(c) 2x² + x + 1 = 0
(d) 2x² – x + 1 = 0
8. The quadratic equation whose one rational root is 3 + √2 is
(a) x² – 7x + 5 = 0
(b) x² + 7x + 6 = 0
(c) x² – 7x + 6 = 0
(d) x² – 6x + 7 = 0
9. The equation 2x² + kx + 3 = 0 has two equal roots, then the value of k is
(a) ±√6
(b) ± 4
(c) ±3√2
(d) ±2√6
10. The sum of the roots of the quadratic equation 3×2 – 9x + 5 = 0 is
(a) 3
(b) 6
(c) -3
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(d) 2
Very Short Questions:

1. What will be the nature of roots of quadratic equation 2x 2 + 4x – n = 0?
1
2. If is a root of the equation x2 + kx – 54 = 0, then find the value of k.
2
3. If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has equal roots, find the value of c.
4. If a and b are the roots of the equation x2 + ax – b = 0, then find a and b.
5. Show that x = – 2 is a solution of 3x2 + 13x + 14 = 0.
6. Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation 4√2x 2 + 8x + 2√2 = 0).
7. State whether the equation (x + 1)(x – 2) + x = 0 has two distinct real roots or
not. Justify your answer.
8. Is 0.3 a root of the equation x2 – 0.9 = 0? Justify.
9. For what value of k, is 3 a root of the equation 2x 2 + x + k = 0?
10. Find the values of k for which the quadratic equation 9x2 – 3kx + k = 0 has
equal roots.
Short Questions :
1. Find the roots of the following quadratic equations by factorisation:
1
(i) √2x2 + 7x + 5√2 = 0 (ii) 2x2 – x + = 0
8
2. Find the roots of the following quadratic equations, if they exist, by the
method of completing the square:
(i) 2x2 + x – 4 = 0
(ii) 4x2 + 4√3x + 3 = 0
3. Find the roots of the following quadratic equations by applying the quadratic
formula.
(i) 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0
(ii) 4x2 + 4√3x + 3 = 0
4. Using quadratic formula solve the following quadratic equation:
p2x2 + (p2 – q2) x – q2 = 0
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5. Find the roots of the following equation:
6. Find the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations. If the real
roots exist, find them:
(i) 3x2 – 4√3x + 4 = 0) (ii) 2x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
7. Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic equations, so that they
have two equal roots.
(i) 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0
(ii) kx (x – 2) + 6 = 0
8. If the roots of the quadratic equation (a – b) x2 + (b – c) x + (c – a) = 0 are

equal, prove that 2a = b + c.
9. If the equation (1 + m2)x2 + 2mcx + c2 – a2 = 0 has equal roots, show that c2 = a2

(1 + m2).
10. If sin θ and cos θ are roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, prove that a2 – b2 +
2ac = 0.
Long Questions :
1. Using quadratic formula, solve the following equation for x:
abx2 + (b2 – ac) x – bc = 0
2. Find the value of p for which the quadratic equation
(2p + 1)x2 – (7p + 2)x + (7p – 3) = 0 has equal roots. Also find these roots.
3. Solve for
4. The sum of the reciprocals of Rehman’s age (in years) 3 years ago and 5 years
from now is Find his present age.
5. The difference of two natural numbers is 5 and the difference of their

1
reciprocals is . Find the numbers.
10
6. The sum of the squares of two consecutive odd numbers is 394. Find the
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numbers.
7. The sum of two numbers is 15 and the sum of their reciprocals is 3. Find the
numbers.
8. In a class test, the sum of Shefali’s marks in Mathematics and English is 30.
Had she got 2 marks more in Mathematics and 3 marks less in English, the
product of her marks would have been 210. Find her marks in the two
subjects.
9. A train travels 360 km at a uniform speed. If the speed has been 5 km/h more,
it would have taken 1 hour less for the same journey. Find the speed of the
train.
10. The sum of the areas of two squares is 468 m 2. If the difference of their
perimeters is 24 m, find the sides of the two squares.
Case Study Question:

1. If p(x) is a quadratic polynomial i.e., p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a≠0a≠0 then p(x) = 0 is called a
quadratic equation. Now, answer the following questions.
i. Which of the following is correct about the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0?
a. a, b and c are real numbers c≠0

b. a, b and c are rational numbers, a ≠ 0
c. a, b and c are integers, a, band c ≠ 0
d. a, b and c are real numbers a ≠ 0
ii. The degree of a quadratic equation is:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. Other than 1
iii. Which of the following is a quadratic equation?
a. x(x + 3) + 7 = 5x - 11
b. (x - 1)2 - 9 = (x - 4) (x + 3)
c. x2(2x + 1) - 4 = 5x2 - 10
d. x(x - 1) (x + 7) = x(6x - 9)
iv. Which of the following is incorrect about the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0?
a. If aα2 + bα + c = 0 then x = -α is the solution of the given quadratic equation.

b. The additive inverse of zeroes of the polynomial ax2 + bx + c is the roots of the given
equation.
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c. If α is a root of the given quadratic equation, then its other root is -α

d. All of these.
v. Which of the following is not a method of finding solutions of the given quadratic equation:
a. Factorisation method
b. Completing the square method
c. Formula method
d. None of these
2. Quadratic equations started around 3000 B.C. with the Babylonians. They were one of the world's
first civilisation, and came up with some great ideas like agriculture, irrigation and writing. There
were many reasons why Babylonians needed to solve quadratic equations. for example to know
what amount of crop you can grow on the square field. Based on the above information, represent
the following questions in the form of quadratic equation.
i. The sum of squares of two consecutive integers is 650.
a. x2 + 2x - 650 = 0
b. 2x2 + 2x - 649 = 0
c. x2 - 2x - 650 = 0
d. 2x2 + 6x - 550 = 0
ii. The sum of two numbers is 15 and the sum of their reciprocals is 310310.
a. x2 + 10x - 150 = 0
b. 15x2 - x + 150 = 0
c. x2 - 15x + 50 = 0
d. 3x2 - 10x + 15 = 0
iii. Two numbers differ by 3 and their product is 504.
a. 3x2 - 504 = 0
b. x2 - 504x + 3 = 0
c. 504x2 + 3 = x
d. x2 + 3x - 504 = 0
iv. A natural number whose square diminished by 84 is thrice of 8 more of given number.
a. x2 + 8x - 84 = 0
b. 3x2 - 84x + 3 = 0
c. x2 - 3x - 108 = 0
d. x2 - 11x + 60 = 0
v. A natural number when increased by 12, equals 160 times its reciprocal.
a. x2 - 12x + 160 = 0
b. x2 - 160x + 12 = 0
c. 12x2 - x - 160 = 0
d. x2 + 12x - 160 = 0
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Assertion Reason Questions-

1. Directions: In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A.
b. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.
Assertion: The product of two successive positive integral multiples of 5 is 300,

then the two numbers are 15 and 20.
Reason: The product of two consecutive integrals is a multiple of 2.
2. Directions: In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a

statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A.
b. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.
Assertion: The roots of the quadratic equation x2 + 2x + 2 = 0 are imaginary.
Reason: If discriminant D = b2 – 4ac < 0 then the roots of the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 are imaginary.
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Answer Key-
Multiple Choice questions-
1. (b) -10
2. (b) x² + x3 + 2 = 0
3. (c) 2
4. (c) 3
5. (d) 4
6. (a) linear equation
7. (b) quadratic equation
8. (b) 2x² – x – 1 = 0
9. (d) x² – 6x + 7 = 0
10. (d) ±2√6
11. (c) -3
Very Short Answer :

1. D = b2 – 4ac
⇒ 42 – 4 x 2 (-7)
⇒ 16 + 56 = 72 > 0
Hence, roots of quadratic equation are real and unequal.

1
2. ∴ is a root of quadratic equation.
2
∴ It must satisfy the quadratic equation.
3. For equal roots D = 0
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i.e., b2 – 4ac = 0
⇒ b2 = 4 ac
𝑏2
⇒c=
4𝑎
𝐵
4. Sum of the roots = a + b = – = – a
𝐴
𝐵
Product of the roots = ab = = – b
𝐴
= a + b = – a and ab = -b
⇒ 2a = -b and a = -1
⇒ b = 2 and a = -1
5. Put the value of x in the quadratic equation,
⇒ LHS = 3x2 + 13x + 14
⇒ 3(-2)2 + 13(-2) + 14
⇒ 12 – 26 + 14 = 0
⇒ RHS Hence, x = -2 is a solution.
6. D = 62 – 4ac = (8)2 – 4(4√2)(2√2)
⇒ 64 – 64 = 0
7. (x + 1)(x – 2) + x = 0
⇒ x2 – x – 2 + x = 0
⇒ x2 – 2 = 0
D = b2 – 4ac
⇒ (-4(1)(-2) = 8 > 0
∴ Given equation has two distinct real roots.
8. ∵ 0.3 is a root of the equation x2 – 0.9 = 0
∴ x2 – 0.9 = (0.3)2 – 0.9 = 0.09 – 0.9 ≠ 0
Hence, 0.3 is not a root of given equation.
9. 3 is a root of 2x2 + x + k = 0, when
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⇒ 2(3)2 + 3 + k = 0
⇒ 18 + 3 + k = 0
⇒ k = – 21
10. For equal roots:
D=0
⇒ b2 – 4ac = 0
⇒ (- 3k)2 – 4 × 9 × k = 0
⇒ 9k2 = 36k
⇒k=4
Short Answer :
1. (i) We have, √2x2 + 7x + 5√2 = 0
= √2x2 + 5x + 2x + 5√2 = 0
x(√2x + 5) + √2 (√2x + 5) = 0
= (√2x + 5)(x + √2) = 0
∴ Either √2x + 5 = 0 or x + √2 = 0
5
∴x=– or x = -√2
√2
5
Hence, the roots are – and -√2.
√2
(ii) We have, 2x2 – x + 18 = 0
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2. (i) We have, 2x2 + x – 4 = 0
On dividing both sides by 2, we have
(ii) We have, 4x2 + 4√3x + 3 = 0
3. (i) We have, 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0
Here, a = 2, b = -7 and c = 3
Therefore, D = b+ – 4ac
⇒ D = (-7)2 – 4 × 2 × 3 = 49 – 24 = 25
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∵ D > 0, ∴ roots exist.
1
So, the roots of given equation are 3 and .
2
(ii) We have, 4x2 + 4√3x + 3 = 0
Here, a = 4, b = 4√3 and c = 3
Therefore, D = b2 – 4ac = (4√3)2 – 4 × 4 × 3 = 48 – 48 = 0
∴ D = 0, roots exist and are equal.
4. We have, p2x2 + (p2 – q2) x – q2 = 0
Comparing this equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
a = p2, b = p2 – q2 and c = – q2
∴ D = b2 – 4ac
⇒ (p2 – q)2 – 4 × p2 × (-q2)
⇒ (p2 – q2)2 + 4p2q2
⇒ (p2 + q3)2 > 0
So, the given equation has real roots given by
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5.
⇒ (x + 3) (x – 6)
⇒ -20 or x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
⇒ x2 – 2x -x + 2 = 0
⇒ x(x – 2) -1(x – 2) = 0)
⇒ (x – 1) (x – 2) = 0
⇒ x = 1 or x = 2
Both x = 1 and x = 2 are satisfying the given equation. Hence, x = 1, 2 are the
solutions of the equation.
6. (i) We have, 3x2 – 4√3x + 4 = 1
Here, a = 3, b = – 4√3 and c = 4
Therefore,
D = b2 – 4ac
⇒ (- 4√3)2 – 4 × 3 × 4
⇒ 48 – 48 = 0
Hence, the given quadratic equation has real and equal roots.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
04
(ii) We have, 2x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
Here, a = 2, b = -6, c = 3
Therefore, D = b2 – 4ac
= (-6)2 4 × 2 × 3 = 36 – 24 = 12 > 0
Hence, given quadratic equation has real and distinct roots.
7. (i) We have, 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0
Here, a = 2, b = k, c = 3
D = b2 – 4ac = k2 – 4 × 2 × 3 = k2 – 24 For equal roots
D=0
i.e., k2 – 24 = 0
⇒ ķ2 = 24
⇒ k = ± √24
⇒ k = + 2√6
(ii) We have, kx(x – 2) + 6 = 0
⇒ kx2 – 2kx + 6 = 0
Here, a = k, b = – 2k, c = 6
For equal roots, we have
D=0
i.e., b2 – 4ac = 0
⇒ (-2k)2 – 4 × k × 6 = 0
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
04
⇒ 4k2 – 24k = 0
⇒ 4k (k – 6) = 0
Either 4k = 0 or k – 6 = 0
⇒ k = 0 or k = 6
But k = 0 6) because if k = 0 then given equation will not be a quadratic

equation).
So, k = 6.
8. Since the equation (a – b)x2 + (b – c) x + (c – a) = 0 has equal roots, therefore

discriminant
D = (b – c)2 – 4(a – b) (c – a) = 0
⇒ b2 + c2 – 2bc – 4(ac – a2 – bc + ab)
⇒ b2 + c2 – 2bc – 4ac + 4a2 + 4bc – 4ab = 0
⇒ 4a2 + b2 + c2 – 4ab + 2bc – 4ac = 0
⇒ (2a)2 + (- b)2 + (-c)2 + 2(2a) (-b) + 2(-b) (-c) + 2(-c) 2a = 0
⇒ (2a – b – c)2 = 0
⇒ 2a – b – c = 0
⇒ 2a = b + c. Hence Proved.
9. The given equation is (1 + m2) x2 + (2mc) x + (c2 – a2) = 0
Here, A = 1 + m2, B = 2mc and C = c2 – a2
Since the given equation has equal roots, therefore D = 0 = B2 – 4AC = 0.
⇒ (2mc)2 – 4(1 + m2) (c2 – a2) = 0
⇒ 4m2c2 – 4(c2 – a2 + m2c2 – m2a2) = 0
⇒ m2c2 – c2 + a2 – m2c2 + m2a2 = 0. [Dividing throughout by 4]
⇒ – c2 + a2 (1 + m2) = 0
⇒ c2 = a(1 + m2) Hence Proved
10.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
04
Long Answer :
1. We have, abx2 + (b2 – ac) x – bc = 0
Here, A = ab, B = b2 – ac, C = – bc
2. Since the quadratic equation has equal roots, D = 0
i.e., b2 – 4ac = 0
In (2p + 1 )x2 – (7p + 2)x + (7p – 3) = 0
Here, a = (2p + 1), b = -(7p + 2), c = (7p – 3)
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
04
3.
4. Let the present age of Rehman be x years.
So, 3 years ago, Rehman’s age = (x – 3) years
And 5 years from now, Rehman’s age = (x + 5) years
Now, according to question, we have
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
04
But x ≠ -3 (age cannot be negative)
Therefore, present age of Rehman = 7 years.
5. Let the two natural numbers be x and y such that x > y.
According to the question,
Difference of numbers, x – y = 5 ⇒ x = 5 + y …..(i)
Difference of the reciprocals,
∴ y is a natural number.
∵y=5
Putting the value of y in (i), we have
⇒x=5+5
⇒ x = 10
The required numbers are 10 and 5.
6. Let the two consecutive odd numbers be x and x + 2.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
04
Hence, the numbers are 13 and 15 or -15 and -13.
7. Let the numbers be x and 15 – x.
According to given condition,
⇒ 150 = 3x(15 – x)
⇒ 50 = 15x – x2
⇒ x2 – 15x + 50 = 0
⇒ x2 – 5x – 10x + 50 = 0
⇒ x(x – 5) -10(x – 5) = 0
⇒ (x – 5)(x – 10) = 0
⇒ x = 5 or 10.
When x = 5, then 15 – x = 15 – 5 = 10
When x = 10, then 15 – x = 15 – 10 = 5
Hence, the two numbers are 5 and 10.
8. Let Shefali’s marks in Mathematics be x.
Therefore, Shefali’s marks in English is (30 – x).
Now, according to question,
⇒ (x + 2) (30 – x – 3) = 210
⇒ (x + 2) (27 – x) = 210
⇒ 27x – x2 + 54 – 2x = 210
⇒ 25x – x2 + 54 – 210 = 0
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
04
⇒ 25x – x2 – 156 = 0
⇒ -(x2 – 25x + 156) = 0
⇒ x2 – 25x + 156 = 0
= x2 – 13x – 12x + 156 = 0
⇒ x(x – 13) – 12(x – 13) = 0
⇒ (x – 13) (x – 12) = 0
Either x – 13 or x – 12 = 0
∴ x = 13 or x = 12
Therefore, Shefali’s marks in Mathematics = 13
Marks in English = 30 – 13 = 17
or Shefali’s marks in Mathematics = 12
marks in English = 30 – 12 = 18.
9. Let the uniform speed of the train be x km/h.
But x cannot be negative, so x ≠ – 45
therefore, x = 40
Hence, the uniform speed of train is 40 km/h
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
04
10. Let x be the length of the side of first square and y be the length of side of the
second square.
Then, x2 + y2 = 468 …(i)
Let x be the length of the side of the bigger square.
4x – 4y = 24
⇒ x – y = 6 or x = y + 6 …(ii)
Putting the value of x in terms of y from equation (ii), in equation (i), we get
(y + 6)2 + y2 = 468
⇒ y2 + 12y + 36 + y2 = 468 or 232 + 12y – 432 = 0
⇒ y2 + 6y – 216 = 0
⇒ y2 + 18y – 12y – 216 = 0
⇒ y(y + 18) – 12(y + 18) = 0
⇒ (y + 18)(y – 12) = 0
Either y + 18 = 0 or y – 12 = 0
⇒ y = -18 or y = 12
But, sides cannot be negative, so y = 12
Therefore, x = 12 + 6 = 18
Hence, sides of two squares are 18 m and 12 m.
Case Study Answers:
1. Answer :
i. (d) a, b and c are real numbers a ≠ 0

ii. (b) 2
iii. (a) x(x + 3) + 7 = 5x - 11
Solution:
a. x(x + 3) + 7 = 5x - 11
⇒ x2 + 3x + 7 = 5x - 11
⇒ x2 - 2x + 18 = 0 is a quadratic equation.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
04
b. (x - 1)2 - 9 = (x - 4) (x + 3)
⇒ x2 -2x -8 = x2 - x - 12
⇒ x - 4 = 0 is not a quadratic equation.
c. x2(2x + 1) - 4 = 5x2 - 10
⇒ 2x3 + x2 - 4 = 5x2 - 10
⇒ 2x3 - 4x2 + 6 = 0 is not a quadratic equation.
d. x(x - 1) (x + 7) = x(6x - 9)
x3 + 6x2 - 7x = 6x2 - 9x
x3 + 2x = 0 is not a quadratic equation.
iv. (d) All of these.

v. (d) None of these
2. Answer :
i. (b) 2x2 +2x - 649 = 0
Solution:
Let two consecutive integers be x, x + 1. Given, x2 + (x + 1)2 = 650.
⇒ 2x2 + 2x + 1 - 650 = 0
⇒ 2x2 + 2x - 649 = 0
ii. (c) x2 - 15x + 50 = 0
Solution:
Let the two numbers be x and 15 - x. Given 1x+115−x=310
⇒ 10(15 - x + x) = 3x(15 - x)
⇒ 50 = 15x - x2
⇒ x2 -15x + 50 = 0
iii. (d) x2 + 3x - 504 = 0
Solution:
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
04
Let the numbers be x and x + 3. Given, x(x + 3) = 504
⇒ x2 + 3x - 504 = 0
iv. (c) x2 - 3x - 108 = 0
Solution:
Let the number be x. According to question, x2 - 84 = 3(x + 8)
⇒ x2 - 84 = 3x + 24
⇒ x2 - 3x - 108 = 0
v. (d) x2 + 12x - 160 = 0
Solution:
Let the number be x .Accoding to question x+12=160xx+12=160x
⇒ x2 + 12x - 160 = 0
Assertion Reason Answer-

1. (b) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A.
2. (c) A is true but R is false.

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MATHEMATICS

Chapter 4: Quadratic Equations

1. Introduction to Quadratic equation

2. Roots of the quadratic equation

Graph of a Quadratic Equation

does not have any real roots.

3. The standard form of a Quadratic Equation

4. A quadratic equation can be solved by following algebraic methods:

5. Splitting the middle term (or factorization) method

6. Completing the square method

Step 2: Express the coefficient of x in the form 2 × x × p.

Divide the equation by the coefficient of x2, i.e., a.

Case 1: If D>0, the equation has two distinct real roots.

10.Graphical Representation of a Quadratic Equation

Nature of graph for different values of D.

11. Discriminant of a quadratic equation

12. Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation:

14. Application of quadratic equations

2. The quadratic equation has degree

3. The cubic equation has degree

4. A bi-quadratic equation has degree

5. The polynomial equation x (x + 1) + 8 = (x + 2) {x – 2) is

(a) linear equation

(b) quadratic equation

(c) cubic equation

(d) bi-quadratic equation

6. The equation (x – 2)² + 1 = 2x – 3 is a

(a) linear equation

(b) quadratic equation

(c) cubic equation

(d) bi-quadratic equation

7. The quadratic equation whose roots are 1 and

8. The quadratic equation whose one rational root is 3 + √2 is

10. The sum of the roots of the quadratic equation 3×2 – 9x + 5 = 0 is

Very Short Questions:

3. If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has equal roots, find the value of c.

4. If a and b are the roots of the equation x2 + ax – b = 0, then find a and b.

5. Show that x = – 2 is a solution of 3x2 + 13x + 14 = 0.

6. Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation 4√2x 2 + 8x + 2√2 = 0).

8. Is 0.3 a root of the equation x2 – 0.9 = 0? Justify.

9. For what value of k, is 3 a root of the equation 2x 2 + x + k = 0?

(ii) 4x2 + 4√3x + 3 = 0

(ii) 4x2 + 4√3x + 3 = 0

4. Using quadratic formula solve the following quadratic equation:

p2x2 + (p2 – q2) x – q2 = 0

5. Find the roots of the following equation:

(i) 3x2 – 4√3x + 4 = 0) (ii) 2x2 – 6x + 3 = 0

8. If the roots of the quadratic equation (a – b) x2 + (b – c) x + (c – a) = 0 are

9. If the equation (1 + m2)x2 + 2mcx + c2 – a2 = 0 has equal roots, show that c2 = a2

abx2 + (b2 – ac) x – bc = 0

2. Find the value of p for which the quadratic equation

5. The difference of two natural numbers is 5 and the difference of their

Case Study Question:

i. Which of the following is correct about the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0?

a. a, b and c are real numbers c≠0

ii. The degree of a quadratic equation is:

iii. Which of the following is a quadratic equation?

iv. Which of the following is incorrect about the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0?

a. If aα2 + bα + c = 0 then x = -α is the solution of the given quadratic equation.

c. If α is a root of the given quadratic equation, then its other root is -α