Integration

Last week you looked at Differentiation

The Function The Derivative
df dy
F(x) f(x) = = = f ′ = y′
dx dx

dy
y = 3x5 + 7x2 – 8x + 2  = 15x4 + 14x – 8
dx

f(x) = x4 + 8 – 3x7  f ’(x) = 4x3 – 21x6

This week we look at Anti-differentiation or Integration

The Function The Derivative
F(x) f(x)

dy
y=?  = 15x4 + 14x – 8
dx

Anti-differentiation - the reverse of differentiation

- given the derivative f(x) find the original function F(x)
dF
such that = f(x)
dx

The Function The Derivative

F(x) f(x)

x2  2x

x2 + 4  2x

x2 – 7  2x

?  2x

x2 + c  2x

add the constant c

 dy
Differentiation statement: y = x3 + c = 3x2 or
dx

d (x3 + c)
= 3x2 or
dx

y’ = 3x2

Integration/Anti-differentiation statement:
∫ 3x 2 dx = x3 + c

integral sign anti-derivative

∫ 3x 2 dx = x3 + c
integrand constant of integration

Indefinite integral:
∫ 3x 2 dx = x3 + c

Definite integral:
2
∫ 3x 2 dx = …
1
Integration Rules

1. Constant rule:
∫ 0 dx = c c is a constant, c ∈ R

2. Reverse Power rule:

n
xn + 1
∫x dx = + c n ≠ −1
n + 1

0
1x1
∫ 1 dx = ∫ 1x dx = + c = x + c
1

1
x2
∫ x dx = ∫x dx = + c
2

3
x4
∫x dx = + c
4
3 3
1 x2 2x 2
∫ √x dx = ∫x 2 dx = 3
+ c = + c
2
3

1 −3
x −2 1
∫ 3 dx = ∫ 1x dx = + c = − + c
x −2 2x 2

3. Scaler multiples & sums:

4 4
x5 3x 5
∫ 3x dx = 3 ∫ x dx = 3 ( + c) = + c
5 5

or

4
3x 5
∫ 3x dx = + c
5
 0
5x1
∫ 5 dx = ∫ 5x dx = + c = 5x + c
1

1
9x 2
∫ 9x dx = ∫ 9x dx = + c
2

3
12x 4
∫ 12x dx = + c = 3x 4 + c
4

0
ax1
∫ a dx = ∫ ax dx = + c = ax + c
1

2
bx 3
∫ bx dx = + c
3

7 −4
7 • x −3 7
∫ 4 dx = ∫ 7x dx = + c = − + c
x −3 3x 3
2
10 10 −
1 10x 3
∫ 3 dx = ∫ 1 dx = ∫ 10x 3 dx = 2
+ c
√x x 3 3
2
30x 3
= + c
2
2
= 15x 3 + c

5 5x −8 5x −7 5
∫ 8 dx = ∫ dx = + c = − + c
6x 6 6(−7) 42x 7

∫ 7x 4 − 5x 2 dx = 7 ∫ x 4 dx − 5 ∫ x 2 dx
x5 x3
= 7 ( ) − 5 ( ) + c
5 3
7x 5 5x 3
= − + c
5 3
4. Integrals of the form (ax + b)n
This inner part must be linear
(ax + b)n + 1
∫ (ax + b )n dx = + c , n ≠ −1
(n + 1)a

This is the derivative of ax + b

dy
y = ax + b so =a
dx

(3x + 5)7 (3x + 5)7

∫ (3x + 5 )6 dx = + c = + c
73 21

3
1 3(4x − 7)2
∫ 3√4x − 7 dx = ∫ 3(4x − 7) 2 dx = + c
3
4
2 3
6(4x − 7)2
= + c
12 3
(4x − 7)2
= + c
2

3 3(5x + 2)−1
∫ dx = ∫ 3(5x + 2 )−2 dx = + c
(5x + 2)2 −15

3
= − + c
5(5x + 2)1

3
= − + c
5(5x + 2)
Note:
Inner part is not linear, so expand the brackets and integrate individual terms

∫ (x 2 + 4)3 = ∫ x 6 + 12x 4 + 48x 2 + 64 dx

x 7 12x 5 48x 3 64x1
= + + + + c
7 5 3 1

x 7 12x 5
= + + 16x 3 + 64x + c
7 5

(x2 + 4)3 = (x2 + 4)(x2 + 4)(x2 + 4)

= (x4 + 4x2 + 4x2 + 16)(x2 + 4)
= x6 + 4x4 + 4x4 + 16x2 + 4x4 + 16x2 + 16x2 + 64
= x6 + 12x4 + 48x2 + 64

We cannot do this

2
(x 2 + 4)4
∫ (x + 4 )3 = + c This is wrong !!!
42x
Area & Integrals

dy
 Derivative of a function is related to the gradient/slope (rate of change)
dx

 Integral of a function is related to the area between the function and the x-axis

 Need the concept of a definite integral

y
y = f(x)

a b x
b
Area (R) = ∫ f(x) dx
a

Note: Area interpretation requires f(x)  0 on [a, b]

f(x) must be above the x-axis

To evaluate the definite integral we use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

(FTC) part II

FTC part II: Let F(x) be the antiderivative of f(x) which is continuous on [a, b].
Then

b
∫ f(x) dx = [ F(x) ]ba = F(b) − F(a)
a
Eg: Evaluate the following definite integrals:
4
2x 2 4
∫ 2x dx = [ ] = [ x 2 ]14 = (4)2 − (1)2 = 16 − 1 = 15
1 2 1

2 3x 3 2
∫ 3x 2
dx = [ ] = [ x 3 ]2−1 = (2)3 − (−1)3
−1 3 −1
= 8 − (−1)
= 8 + 1
= 9

1 x3 x2 1x1 1 x3 x2
2
∫ x − x + 1 dx = [ − + ]0 = [ − + x ]10
0 3 2 1 3 2
(1)3 (1)2 (0)3 (0)2
= ( ( − + (1) ) − ( − + (0) ) )
3 2 3 2
1 1 0 0
= ( ( − + 1) − ( − + 0) )
3 2 3 2
2 3 6
= ( ( − + ) − ( 0 ) )
6 6 6
5
=
6
3
4 4
2 1 2 • x −1 3x 2
∫ 2 + 3√x dx = ∫ 2x −2 + 3x 2 dx = [ + 3 ]14
1 x 1 −1 2

3
2 6x 4 2 2 3
= [− + ] = [− + 2x 2 ]14
x1 3 1 x
2 3 2 3
= (− + 2(4)2 ) − ( − + 2(1)2 )
(4) (1)

1 2
= (− + 2(8) ) − ( − + 2(1) )
2 1
1
= ( − + 16 ) − ( −2 + 2 )
2
= 15.5 – 0 = 15.5 no units
Eg: Determine the area under the curve f(x) = 3x2 + 1 for x ∈ [-1, 3]

-1 3 x

Do not need to add ‘ + c’

3
3x 3 1x1 3
Area = 2
∫ 3x + 1 dx = [ + ] = [ x 3 + x ]3−1
−1 3 1 −1

= ( (3)3 + (3) ) – ( (-1)3 + (-1) )

= ( 27 + 3 ) – ( -1 – 1 )

= ( 30 ) – ( -2 )

= 30 + 2

= 32 units2 an area
Important points:

1. if f(x) ≥ 0 for x ∈ [a, b] then a b

f(x) above the x-axis
b
Area = ∫ f(x) dx
a

a b
2. if f(x) ≤ 0 for x ∈ [a, b] then
f(x) below the x-axis
change the sign ! b
Area = − ∫ f(x) dx
a

We need to consider regions above & below the x-axis using separate integrals

Eg: Determine the area of the region shaded in the figure below for y = 4x – x3

-2 2 x

0 2
3
Area = ∫ 4x − x dx + ∫ 4x − x 3 dx
−2 0
2 4
4x x 0 4x 2 x4 2
= [ − ] + [ − ]
2 4 −2 2 4 0
2
x4 0 2
x4 2
= [ 2x − ]−2 + [ 2x − ]
4 44 0
(0)4 (−2)4 (2) (0)4
= ( (2(0)2 – ) – (2(-2)2 – ) ) + ( (2(2)2 – ) – (2(0)2 – ) )
4 4 4 4

0 16 16 0
= ( (2(0) – ) – (2(4) – ) ) + ( (2(4) – ) – (2(0) – ) )
4 4 4 4

= ( ( 0 – 0) – ( 8 –4) ) + ( (8 – 4 ) – (0 – 0) )
= ( 0 – 4 ) + ( 4 – 0 )
= ( – 4 ) Area below the x- + (4)
axis, change sign
= 4 + 4 = 8 units2 an area
Area between curves

y = f(x)

y = g(x)

a b x
top function bottom function

b
Area = ∫ f(x) − g(x) dx
a

Eg: Determine the area of the region between y = 3x and y = 4x – x3 on x ∈ [-1, 1]

y y = 3x

y = 4x – x3

-1 1 x

0 1
3)
Area = ∫ 3x − (4x − x dx + ∫ 4x − x 3 − (3x) dx
−1 0
0 1
= ∫ x 3 − x dx + ∫ x − x 3 dx
−1 0
0 1
x4 x2 x2 x4
= [ − ] + [ − ]
4 2 −1 2 4 0
(0)4 (0)2 (−1)4 (−1)2 (1)2 (1)4 (0)2 (0)4
= (( − )−( − )) + (( − )−( − ))
4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
= (( − ) −( − )) + (( − ) −( − ))
4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4
1 1
= ( 0 − ( − )) + (( ) − 0 )
4 4
1 1 2 1
= ( ) + ( ) = = units2
4 4 4 2
Eg: Determine the area of the region shaded below

y
2
y=x

y = 8 – x2

2 3 x

3 3
2 2)
Area = ∫ x − (8 − x dx = ∫ x2 − 8 + x2 dx
2 2
3
= ∫ 2x 2 − 8 dx
2
2x 3 8x1 3 2x 3
= [ − ]2 = [ − 8x ]32
3 1 3
3 3
2(3) 2(2)
= ( ( − 8(3) ) − ( − 8(2) ) )
3 3
2(27) 2(8)
= ( ( − 24 ) − ( − 16 ) )
3 3
16
= ( ( 18 – 24 ) – ( – 16 ) )
3
2
= ( ( -6 ) – ( -10 ) )
3
2
= -6 + 10
3
2
= 4
3
14
= units2
3
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC) part I

FTC part I

If f is continuous for x ∈ [a, b] then we can define the function g by

x
g(x) = ∫ f(t) dt
c

where c, x ∈ [a, b]. Then the derivative of g is given by

dg
= f(x)
dx

Eg: Differentiate the following function wrt x

x
g(x) = ∫ √1 + t 2 dt
0

dg
= √1 + x 2
dx

Eg: Differentiate the following function wrt x

x
t2
g(x) = ∫ dt
0 t+1

dg x2
=
dx x +1

Eg: Differentiate the following function wrt x

2 x
2
g(x) = ∫ t + t dt = − ∫ t2 + t dt
x 2

dg
= − (x 2 + x) = −x 2 − x
dx

b a
Note: ∫ f(x) dx = − ∫ f(x) dx
a b
Eg: Differentiate the following function wrt x

x3
g(x) = ∫ (t 2 + 5) dt
0
dg
= ?
dx
u
g(u) = ∫ (t 2 + 5) dt with u = x 3
0
dg 2 du
= u +5 = 3x 2
du dx

dg dg du
= 
dx du dx
dg
= (u2 + 5) • 3x 2
dx
= ((x 3 )2 + 5) • 3x 2
= (x 6 + 5) • 3x 2
= 3x 2 (x 6 + 5)
Rectilinear motion

 Straight line motion  motion of an object along a straight line

 up-down or left-right or …

 Relationship between
x - displacement
v - velocity are vectors: have magnitude & direction
a - acceleration
d - distance
s - speed are scalers: have magnitude only

distance = |displacement|
speed = |velocity|

 To get stared we need to be clear on 2 things:

1. the location of the zero point/origin (x = 0)
2. the positive direction

Eg: if you throw a ball into the air from the ground you would probably make the
ground the origin (x = 0) & the upward direction positive

+ ve – ve

x=0

Eg: if you drop a ball off a building you could

make the ground the origin (x = 0) origin & the upward direction positive

+ ve

x=0

or

make the top of the building the origin (x = 0) & the downward direction
positive

x=0 + ve
 It does not really matter how you define the origin & positive direction

Eg: for left-right motion

For displacement x = -10 and x = 10 are both 10m from the origin (x = 0)
but in opposite directions

– ve + ve

x = -10 x=0 x = 10

For velocity a positive velocity means movement in the positive direction

v = –2 m/s v = +2 m/s

+ ve

For acceleration
a > 0 (+) means that v increasing in the positive direction, so either:
the object is travelling in + ve direction and speeding up, or
the object is travelling – ve direction and slowing down

a < 0 (–) means that v decreasing in the positive direction, so either:

the object is travelling in + ve direction and slowing down, or
the object is travelling – ve direction and speeding up
Key relationships:

dx dv
Displacement x(t) Velocity v(t) = Acceleration a(t) =
dt dt

Differentiate

Displacement x(t) = ∫ v(t) dt Velocity v(t) = ∫ a(t) dt Acceleration a(t)

Integrate

Displacement metres m
m
Velocity metres/second m/s
s

m
Acceleration metres/seconds2 m/s2
s2
Eg: Assume time, t, is in seconds (s) and displacement, x, is in metres (m).

1. Consider an object with a displacement function, x(t) = 4t2 – 6t + 9. Determine

the following:
a. the displacement when t = 2

x(t) = 4t2 – 6t + 9
x(2) = 4(2)2 – 6(2) + 9 = 4(4) – 12 + 9 = 16 – 12 + 9 = 13 m

b. the velocity when t = 2.5

x(t) = 4t2 – 6t + 9
dx
v(t) = = 8t – 6
dt
v(2.5) = 8(2.5) – 6 = 14 m/s

c. the acceleration when t = 3

dv d2 x
a(t) = = 2 = 8
dt dt
a(3) = 8 m/s2

2. Consider an object with a displacement function, x(t) = √3t + 1. Determine the

following:
a. the displacement when t = 2

x(t) = √3t + 1
x(2) = √3(2) + 1 = √6 + 1 = √7 m

b. the velocity when t = 1

1
x(t) = √3t + 1 = (3t + 1)2
dx 1 1 3
v(t) = = (3t + 1)−2 • (3) = 1
dt 2
2(3t+1)2
3 3 3 3 3
v(1) = 1 = 1 = 1 = = m/s
2(2) 4
2(3t+1)2 2(3(1)+1)2 2(4)2

c. the acceleration when t = 1

3 3 1
v(t) = 1 = (3t + 1)−2
2
2(3t+1)2
3
dv d2 x 3 1 9
a(t) = = = − • (3t + 1)−2 • (3) = − 3
dt dt2 2 2
4(3t+1)2
9 9 9 9 9
a(1) = − 3 = − 3 = − 3 = − = − m/s2
4(8) 32
4(3t+1)2 4(3(1)+1)2 4(4)2
3. Consider an object with acceleration, a(t) = 4t + 6 , with x(0) = 5 and v(0) = -3.
Determine the following:
a. the velocity function, v(t)

a(t) = 4t + 6
4t 2 6t1
v(t) = ∫ 4t + 6 dt = + + c = 2t 2 + 6t + c
2 1

for v(0) = -3 , when t = 0 , v = -3 v(t) = 2t2 + 6t + c

-3 = 2(0)2 + 6(0) + c
-3 = 0 + 0 + c
-3 = c

so v(t) = 2t2 + 6t +(-3) = 2t2 + 6t – 3

b. the velocity when t = 2

v(t) = 2t2 + 6t – 3
v(2) = 2(2)2 + 6(2) – 3 = 2(4) + 12 – 3 = 8 + 12 – 3 = 17 m/s

c. the displacement function, x(t)

v(t) = 2t2 + 6t – 3
2
2t 3 6t 2 3t1 2t 3
x(t) = ∫ 2t + 6t − 3 dt = + − +c = + 3t 2 − 3t + c
3 2 1 3

2t3
for x(0) = 5 , when t = 0 , x = 5 x(t) = + 3t 2 − 3t + c
3
2(0)3
5 = + 3(0)2 − 3(0) + c
3
5 = 0 + 0 – 0 + c
5 = c

2t3
so x(t) = + 3t 2 − 3t + 5
3

d. the displacement when t = 1.2

2t3
x(t) = + 3t 2 − 3t + 5
3
2(1.2)3
x(1.2) = + 3(1.2)2 − 3(1.2) + 5
3
2(1.728)
= + 3(1.44) − 3(1.2) + 5
3
= 1.152 + 4.32 – 3.6 + 5
= 6.872 m
4. Consider an object with acceleration, a(t) = 12t – 18 , with x(0) = -4 and
v(1) = 2. Determine the following:
a. the velocity function, v(t)

a(t) = 12t - 18
12t 2 18t1
v(t) = ∫ 12t − 18 dt = − + c = 6t 2 − 18t + c
2 1

for v(1) = 2 , when t = 1 , v = 2 v(t) = 6t2 – 18t + c

2 = 6(1)2 – 18(1) + c
2 = 6 – 18 + c
2 = -12 +c
2 + 12 = c
14 = c

so v(t) = 6t2 – 18t + 14

b. the velocity when t = 2

v(t) = 6t2 – 18t + 14

v(2) = 6(2)2 – 18(2) + 14 = 6(4) – 36 + 14 = 24 – 36 + 14 = 2 m/s

c. the displacement function, x(t)

v(t) = 6t2 – 18t + 14

2
6t 3 18t 2 14t1
x(t) = ∫ 6t − 18t + 14 dt = − + + c = 2t 3 − 9t 2 + 14t + c
3 2 1

for x(0) = -4 , when t = 0 , x = -4 x(t) = 2t 3 − 9t 2 + 14t + c

-4 = 2(0)3 − 9(0)2 + 14(0) + c
-4 = 0 – 0 + 0 + c
-4 = c

so x(t) = 2t 3 − 9t 2 + 14t + (−4) = 2t 3 − 9t 2 + 14t − 4

d. the displacement when t = 1

x(t) = 2t 3 − 9t 2 + 14t − 4
x(1) = 2(1)3 − 9(1)2 + 14(1) − 4
= 2 – 9 + 14 – 4
= 3m