LYNNONG-I

Halor ka Kylla-ktien
Ka kylla-ktien ha kane ka juk mynta ka long ka bym
lah shuh ban kiar namar ka trei kam ha kiba bunki
bynta jong
ka jingim ki briew. Kane ka mih na ka daw ba ki kynhun bynries
kim ja im shuh la ka jong tang shi shi kynhun. Haba ka long
kumtadonkam ban iasngewthuh mar kylliang hapdeng ki kynhun
jait bynriewkiba kren la kijong ki ktien. Ha ki ri kum ka India
ha kaba bun ki kynhun jaitbynriew ki ia shong ia sah lang hvnrei
kidon la ki jong kiktien, la ki kolshor, kiriti kidustur ka kylla
ktien ka iarap ban wallam ia ka jingsynshar ka bym lah shiliang.
kaba bat ia ka burom briew bad kaba wallam ia ka shongsuk
shongsaiñ hapdeng ki kynhun bynriew ba pher. Kane ka long
namar ba ki kynhunjaitbynriew ki iohlad bansngap bad ban
sngewthuh ia ka kolshor, ka jingngeit, ki jingleh pateng jong
kiweipat bad ki kham sngewthuh bad kham suk ban pdiang ia
ka jinglongpher jong ki. Kumta ka kylla-ktien ka don ka bynta
ba khraw ban pynlong ia ka synshar khadar ban iaid beit iaid
ryntih ha ki risynshar paitbah kiba don kikynhun jaitbynriew
kiba iapher.
Kajingbatai halor ka kylla-ktien : Kakyntien English
translation' (Latin translatio) ka mih na ki ar tylli ki kyntien
Latin 'trans' bad 'ferro' kiba ka jingmut ka long `ban ran Sle
shiliang'. Lah ban ong ba kane ka thew sha kaba 'rah' ia Ka
Jingthoh na kawei ka jait ktien sha kawei pat. Ha ka ktien Greek

1
 hyndai, la batai ia ka kylla-ktien kum ka
'metaphrasis' kaba
mut 'kaba kren na shiliang sha shiliang' kaba la
kylla 'metaphrase'
ba kaktien Engl1sh. Sukikane ka kyntien ka thew sha karukom
Lolla-ktien kaba long kyntien-pa-kyntien, kaba mut mar
Lhongpong ia ka 'paraphrase' kaba kdew sha ka kylla-ktien ba
la buh ha kiwei pat ki kyntien.
Ka kvlla-ktien ka long ka
la don vpa ha kawei ka jait ktien jingpynwan ia ka jingthoh kaba
sha ka jingthoh ha kaweipat
ka jait ktien. Kane ka pyni ba ka kylla-ktien ka
li ki jait ktien - ka ktien tynrai (source treikam halor ar
language) bad ka
thmu (target language). La ai kyrteng ia ka ktien sha ktien
kaba la
pVnwan ia ka jingthoh da ka ktien thmu' namar kadei ka ktien
sha kaba lathmu ban wallam ia ka dulir
tynrai.
Ka long kaba sngewsuk ban shim ia katei ka
ka kylla-ktien hynrei donkam ban kdew jingbatai halor
kham shai kumno kata
ka jingpynwan' lane kajingkylla' ka treikam. Ka
long ba ka jingpynkylla ktien ka dawa ban ai ha kajingshisha ka
ktien thmu
da ki kyntien, ki phrase, kiclause bad ki
senten kiba long kum
ha ka ktien tynrai. Ka kylla-ktien ka dawa
ruh ban ai ha ka
ktien thmu ia ka jingmut bad ki syrtap jingmut kiba
symboh pyrkhat (concepts) kiba don ha ka jingthohkynthup
ia ki
tynrai.
Ki riewstad halor kane ka
lyngkha-pule kiju pyniapher ia
kakylla-ktien da kabathoh (translation) na ka kylla-ktien da
kaba batai ne kaba kren
(interpretation).
la iaid bha bad ki sobjek 'arts' katba ka Kakylla-ktien kham
ka
batai ktien pat ka kham
ladei bad ka kam khaii pateng.
ka dor namar haba don Kabatai-ktien ka don la ka jong
ka jingiakren ba markhmat, donkam
ban
iasngewthuh hangto hangto hi. Ngi iohi ia kane haba ki
nongialam ne ongsynshar jong ki ri ki bym sngewthuh mar
2
 ktien kiba
kylliang da ki ktien la jong, ki ju don ki nongbatai jingialang
ïarap ia ki. Ka batai ktien ka long kaba donkamnha ki
paitbah, ha ki Jingiaseng bad kiba kum kita ki kam. Ha kane ka
Jingtrei yn tai tang halor ka kylla-ktien.
Halor ka ktien jiar (filter language) : Ki don ki jingthon
ba la pynwan sha ka ktien thmu lyngba ka ktien jiar bad ym na
ka ktien tynrai ha kaba la thoh ia ki. Kanuksa jong Kaiie se
long ka sawangka Oedipus Rex jong uSophocles ba la pynwan
da u Bevan Lionel Swer sha ka ktien Khasi USyiem Oeaipus.
Une unongkylla ktien um shym pynkvlla ja kane ka sawangka
na kaktien tynrai kaba long ka ktien Greek hynrei na ki jingtrei
ba la pynwan sha ka ktien English. Hangne ka ktien Engish ka
long ka ktien jiar (filter language) hapdeng ka ktien tynrai (Greek)
bad ka ktien thmu (Khasi).
Kajingdonkamia ka kylla-ktien: Kumba la batai haneng
ka kylla-ktien ka mih na ka jingdon bun ki jait ktien ha ka pyrthei
ha kabaki briew kiba kren ia ki kim lah ban
ïasngewthuh mar
kylliang. Khlem da pynshitom ban nang ia kawei pat ka ktien, ki
briew ki lah da kaba suk ban tip ia ka kolshor, ka rukom im, ka
jinglong jingman bad ka litereshor jong kata kawei pat ka kynhun
bynriew. Dei hangne ba u nongkylla ktienuai ka jingshakri kaba
kordor. Lymda dei na kinongkylla ktien kiba la trei shitom ban
pynwan na kiweipat ki jait ktien,ngin ym iohlad ban tip ne pule
ia ki jingthoh ba khraw ha ka pyrthei kum ka Baibl bad kiwei
de. Ka kylla-ktien kalong ka thymmei jingtip
bun kiei kiei. Ha kata ka liang, ka long ka atiar banshaphang kiba
ia ki jingtip kiba har rukom kiba don ha ka pyrtheipynsaphriang
salonsar
Kii, ki hima bad ka rukom im jong ki kynhun
mihbad ki ngen bad kin jin da la jah Ingaid sha
bynriew ki
ka
3 jingkhang
Khyrdep ka por lymda dei na ka kylla-ktien. Ngisakhi kumno
kajong ki Greek bad
KIhima kiba khraw ha ki por hyndaikum
Nnong Rome kiieng rasong bad
pynkha ia ki litereshor kiba
khraw (classical iterature) bad kumno kine ki hima ki shah tyllep
noh ha ki hima kiba kiew rasong hadien. KiGreek ki long kiba
la kiew kyrdan bha ha ka litereshor hynrei ynda ki la hiar ka
bor, kalitereshor iong ki lehse kan jin da la kut noh tang ha u
pud u sam jong kilymda dei na ka kylla-ktien.
Kakylla-ktien ka shim ruh ia ka bynta ba donkam ha ka
ban pynroi bad pyniewspah ia ki ktien thmu bad ki litereshor
jong ki. Ngi lah ban sakhi ia kane da kaba shai haba ngi pule ia ka
histori jong ka thoh ka pule ha ka ktien Khasi, kumno ba la sdang
ia ka thoh ka tar lyngba ka kylla-ktien.

Kakylla-ktien ka pynpaw shai kdar ia ki jingiasyriem bad

kijingiapher hapdeng ar tylli kipor ki ia ha kaba ki rukom im ki
san ki mer namar kata ka jingtrei ka hap ban shaniah ha ka
jingsngewthuh ba ar ban, kaba long ka kolshor jong ka dulir
tynrai (source text) bad ka jong ka dulir thymmai (target text)
Ha ka thoh ka pule khamtanm eh ka kylla-ktien ka long ka
jingtreikaba jupyndonkam khah khah. Ha kaLinguistics ki
jingtrei jong u Ferinand de Saussure kin nym lah ban khyllie ia
kane ka lyngkha pule lymda dei ba la pynwan ia ki jingthoh jong
usha ka ktien English bad nangta sha kiwei pat ki jait ktien Ka
wadbniah
long kumjuh ha ka lyngkha pule Physics ha kaba ia ki
sha kiba bun ki jait
ba pawnamjong uAlbert Einstien la pynwan
ktien kynthup ia ka English. Pateng la pateng, kinonghikai ki ju
pyndonkamia.kakylla-ktien kum ka atiar ban hikai kumno ban
gia kiweipat ki jait ktien. Kane ka jingtrei kaiarap ruh ban
nang jingmanjong ka ktien bad ban
iohi kham bha halor ka jnglong
4
shemphang halor ka tnat-pule ba pynianujor ia ki jait ktien
(contrastive linguistics) bad kumjuh halor ka tnat-pule kaba jadei
bad ki kolshor (cultural studies).

Ka kylla-ktien ka ju shim ia ka bynta kaba donkam ha ka

jinghikaiban nang ia kiwei pat ki jait ktien lyngba ka rukom
hikai ba la ju tip kum ka Grammar-Translation Method Ha
kipor kiba mynshuwa kinonghikai ki ju pyndonkam ia ka kyla
ktien kum shibynta ha kaba hikai ia ka Latin bad ka Greek ha
England bad kiwei ki ri ha Europe. Ryngkat bad kajingtip ia ka
grammar jong ka ktien Latin, ki nongpule ki hap ruh ban nang
ban pynwan ia ka ktien Latin sha la ka jong ka ktien bad ia ka
ktien la jong sha ka ktien Latin. La wallam ruh ia kane ka rukom
hikai ktien shane sha ri Khasi naduh ki por ba la sdang ka pule
kaputhi. Ki nonghikai ki hikai ia kikhynnah pule ban sngewthuh
ia kiaiñ ka grammnar kum ka noun, ka verb bad kumta ter ter.
Hakajuh ka por ki buh ruh ia ki lynnong na ka byntaki khynnah
ban pynwan ia ki senten English sha ka ktien Khasi bad ia ki
senten Khasi sha ka ktien English. Wat ha kaba hikai ia kiwei ki
sobjek ba la thoh ha ka ktien English ki nonghikai ki ju batai
bad ai ia ki jingmut ba kham eh ha ka ktien Khasi. Kumta ka
kylla-ktien ka long ka atiar ba lajupyndonkamha kaba hikai ia
ka ktien English bad kumjuh ia kiwei ki sobjek na ka bynta ki
khynnah Khasi.

Haba ngi phai sha kari India, ngi shem ba don palat l652
tylli ki jait ktien bad ki ktien tnat ha ka, Ka Riti-Synshar
(Constitution) jongka ri ka la ithuh bad pynrung ha ka khymit
ba phra (Eighth Schedule) haduh 22 tylli ki jait ktien-Assamese,
Bengali, Bodo, Dogi, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri,
Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri (Meitei), Marathi,
5
 Odia (Oriya), Punjabi. Sanskrit,
Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil.
Telugu, Udu. Ka sorkar kmie ka ju ailad bad
kylla-ktienhaapdeng kine ki jait ktien pynshlur ia ka
pynriewspah, hia ki. La ju pyndonkam ruhkhnang ban pynroi bad
ia ki na ka
synsharka khadar, ka bishar, ka pule puthi haduh kibynta ka
treikamkiba hakhlieh tam ha kari. kyrdan
Ka kylla-ktien ha ri India ka long ruh
kaba donkam na
kine ki daw harum:
ia) Kaktien jong ka jyllane ka thaiñ
ka ktien ban hikai (medium of
(regional language) ka dei
pher wat haduh ki kyrdan pule instruction)
ia ki sobjek ba
jong ki skulbah. Khlem ka
kvlla-ktien, ki nongkren jong kiwei ki jait ktien kin shem
shitom ban sngewthuh ne ban nang ia ka.
(b) Kiskulbah kiba bun ha ka ri ki
thmu ban ai ka jinghikai ba
kyrpang halor ka kylla-ktien.
(k) Ka Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, ka
pynshlur ia ka
jingpynkylla ktien ia ki jingthoh litereshor na kiwei ki jait
ktien ka ri sha kiwei pat bad kumjuh ruh na ki jait
ktien ba
pher jong kari India sha ka ktien English.
(d) Ka jingpynmih kotkhubor bad kaba pule
khubor lyngba ka
electronic media ka la roi stet bad ki nongpathai khubor k1
hap ban long kiba tbit bad kiba stet ban pynkylla sha la ka
Ktien ia ki khubor kiba wan na kiwei pat ki jait
ktien.
(e) Ka jingpynkylla ktien hapdeng ki jait ktien ba pher ka ri kan
larap ban wallam ia ka shongsuk shongshngaiñ bad ka
jingialong kawei ha ka ri.

6
 (g) Kikyntoit bad kir nongbahki donkam iaakakylla-ktien khnang
ban lah ban kal
iasngewhuh mar kylliang hapdeng ki nongshong
shnong
(ng) Kitbabun ki riewstad ki kdew ba ka
kylla-ktien ka
kawei na ki lad ban pynriewspah ia ka litereshor jonglois
ktien thmu. ka

Ki jait ki sker jongka

kvlla-ktien
Ka kylla ktien kam ia jaid tang bad ka(types translation)
of
treikam ha ki sobjek kum ka saian, ka litereshor hynrei ka
ki jait jingthoh. Lah ban phiah )a ki jait jingpule aifñ bad kiwel de
jingthoh kumne harum: kylla-ktien kat kum ki jait
Kakylla-ktien
ka khubor kaba donkabapyrshang ban ai tang ia ka jingmut lane
ha ka dulir tynrai
Hangne u nongkylla ktien u pyrshang ban (pragmatic translation).
kaba shaiha ka ktien thmu khlem da ai tang ia ka jingmut
khuslaieh ia ka jinglih ne
jingwandur kajingtrei jong u. Kane ka kham iaid bad kaba
pynkylla ia ki jingthoh kiba iadei bad kaba trei kam trei
jam
(technical documents).
Kakylla-ktien ha kaba u nongkylla ktien u pynwan sha ka
ktien thmu ia kipoim, kisawangka, ki parom
de ki jingthoh litereshor ha ka dur mutdur bad kiwei
kaba itynnat bad ki kyntien
kiba tuid jlih (aesthetic-poetic translation).
Ka jait kylla-ktien kaba tih bniah bad
pharia ia ki syrtap ka
kolshor don ha ka dulir tynrai (ethnographic
kiba
kaba jied ia kikyntien ki ban biang kat kum ka translation) da
ktien tynrai bad jong ka ktien thmu.
kolshor jong ka

7
 Kakylla-ktien ha kaba ki snap kyntien kiba don ha ka ktien
tynrai ki kit ki jingmut ba iadei bad iabiang ha ka ktien thmu
(linguistic jong kane ka jait kylla-ktien ka
long kaba translation).
Kanuksa
pyndonkam da ki kor ki bor (machine translation).

Kinongrim (principles) halor ka kylla-ktien: Bunngut

Kinongthoh ki la aia ki ingkvnthoh jong ki halor ki nongrim
Jong ka kylla-ktien,U Etienne Dolet (1509-1546) u la batai ia
Kinongrim jong ka kylla-ktien kumne: (i) Unongkylla ktienu
dei ban sngewthuh bniah ja ka jingmut kaba don ha ka dul1r
tynrai, kumta tang kiba la biang ha ka jingnang jingtip ki lah ban
treiia ka kam kylla-ktien (ii) Kum uba pynkylla ktien
bad uba
batai (interpret) ia ka jingthoh, unongkylla ktien udei ban
uba tbit ha ka ktien tynrai bad kumjuh ha ka long
ktien thmu khnang
ban ym pynsniew dur ia ka jingtuidkaba don ha ka
u (ii) U jingtrei jong
nongkylla ktien u dei ban kiar na kaba pynkylla
pa-kyntien ia ka jingthoh (iv) Um dei ban tur jan eh sha kakyntien
ktien
tynrai lada kadei ka jait ktien ba la kiew kum ka Latin
lane ka
Greek hynreiban pyndonkam ia ka rukom kren kaba
man la ka
sngi ha ka ktien thmu (v) Ha kaba iadei bad ka
bad kabuit-thaw ha ka ktien, u dur-thoh (style)
nongkylla ktien udei
bad buhryntih ia ki kyntien khnang ban ioh ia kasur ban jied
kabadei
biang. Une u riewkhraw u la noh synñiang bun sha ka
ka kylla-ktien hynrei la tian bishar, la pynrem bad la jingpule ia
pyniap ia u
halor ka jingkynnoh ba u la pynkylla ktien bakla ia ka Dialogue
jong uPlato kabapynsngew pynban kumba uPlato um ngeit ba
ka jingim ka long bymjukut.
UGeorge Chapman (1559-1634), u nongkylla ktien ba
pawnam halor u Homer, uia kubur ia kaei kaba u Dolet uu
ong.
Haka Epistle sha ki nongpule jong ka kylla-ktien jong u ia ka
8
Iliad, uong ba u nongkylla ktien u dei (i) ban kiar na kaba
Dynkylla ktien kyntien-pa-kyntien (ii) ban pyrshang ban ioh i:
ka 'mynsiem jong ka dulirtynrai (i) ban kiar na kaba aiia ka
kylla-ktien ba jynsur palat, da kaba it ia kiwadbniah halor ki
kyntien ba ai jingpynshai.
Kitei kinongthoh haneng kiai ra ki nongrim jong ka kylla
ktien da kaba peit sha ka bynta jong u nongkylla ktien. U
Alexander Fraser Tytler ruh u labuh ryntih bha ia ka jingbatai
jong uhalor kinongrim jong ka kylla-ktien kumne: () ka kylla
ktien ka dei ban ai pura ia kisymboh jingmut kiba don ha ka
dulir tynrai (ü) kadur-thoh bad ka rukom thoh ka deiban long
kumjuh kumba ka long ha ka dulir tynrai (ii) ka kyla-ktien ka
deiban long kaba suk ban pule kumba ka long ha ka dulir tynrai.
Haka por jong u Tytler ka don ka jingiakhing hapdeng kito
kiba kwah ban ohshrong ohshrup bad pyntuid jlih ia ka jingtrei
haka kylla-ktien katba kiwei pat ki bat pyrkhing ba dei ban ai
ka kvlla-ktien kaba long thik kum ka dulir tynrai. Hau Tytler, ka
thong jong ka kylla-ktien ka long ban ai thik ia ka jingmut kaba
don ha ka dulir tynrai. U
ong ba u nongkylla ktien um dei ban
shah teh ha ki jingiapher kiba don hapdeng kita ki ar tylli ki jait
ktien hynrei ban ialeh ban kiew shalor (transcend) jong kita ki
jingiapher - la ki long ha ka liang ka ktien ne ka kolshor. U
kdew ba ym don jingiapher ha ka jinglong tynrai jong ki jait
ktien bad ba lah ban shem ia ka jingiamir jingmut hapdeng jong
ki. Haba lah ban leh kumta, ka kylla-ktien kan long kaba sngew
tynnat ban pule kumba ka long ha ka jingthoh tynrai.
Ki rukom lane ki buit pynkylla ktien: UJohn Dryden ha
ka "Preface" ia ka kot Ovid's Epistle (1680) u la buh lai tylli ki
Iyntiban pynkylla ktien: (a) ka meraphrase kaba pynkylla
 kyntien-pa-kyntienia ka dulirr tvnrai
tynrai:sha ka ktien thmu. Uianujor
iakane rukomn pynkylla ktien bad kaba shad ryngkat bad ki
karu
eka
hala teh. Na ka jingsheptieng ioh ur, ur uta u
kjatba
neh ban
nongshad u
pyrshanggjubor tang ban ban ieng haduh ba kata kajingshad
ka ba ithamula bad ka bym don dur. (b) ka
jongu ka long
paraplrase lane ka kylla-ktien kaba ai ia ka
jingmut (sense-
for-sense) kaba
da phikir ban batt ia
ia ka jingtrei jong u nongthoh
ka dulir tynrai(k) ka initation lane kaba shu pynbud ha kaba u
nongkylla ktienuushim kabu ymtang ha ka ban pynpher ia ki
kvntien bad ka jingmut hynrei wat ban kdat noh na ki lada u
engey donkam ban leh kumta. UDryden u kham noh sha ka
nikom pynkylla ktien kaba lai. Bun ki nongthoh hadien jong u
nuh ki ja kubur ba kine lai ki long kiba kham kongsan ha kaba
pynkvlla ktien.

Kine harum ki long kilad ki lynti ne ki buit pynkylla ktien ba

ju kham pyndonkam da kiba bun kinongkylla ktien:

Kaba pyniabiang pyrla (equivalence)- Kaju long ka thong

jong ki nongkylla ktien ban ai ka kylla-ktien ha ka ktien thmu
kaba ia biang pyrla bad ka jingthoh ha ka dulir tynrai. UJoseph
L. Malone (16) u khot ia kane kum kata
kaba iaryngkat thik
(equation) hapdeng ka ktien tynrai bad ka ktien thmu. Ka
Jingiabiang pyrla ha ka shynrong ktien (structural equivalence)
ka lah ban long ha ki
sawa (phonological equivalence), ha ki
senten (syntactic equivalence) bad ha ki kyntien (lexical
equivalence). Kaba kham donkam lehse ka long ka jingiabiang
pyrla ha ka jingmut (semantic
equivalence). Ka kylla-ktien ka
wal lam iakaj
ajingmut, ia ki syymbohjingmut (ideas) laneia ka khubor
kaba don ha ka dulir tynrai sha ka ktien thmu. la
ka jingmut la ju
Pynpaw dakikyntien, da ki synjuk kyntien (phrase), ki senten bad
10
 ruhlbanbishar
Donkam(graphological
kirukom kren pharshi ne kibashu phawer.
ia ka jingiabiang pyrla ha ka syrtap ki dak-thoh phiahia
81) kiba
equivalence). Don ki riewstad (Snell-Hornby, iabiang
irukom:(i) kaba
kane ka buit Pynkylla ktien ha ki sawtylli ki i
kaba iabiang
don
pyrla thik (total equivalence), (ii) kabalah ban. one-to-many)
Pyrla jong kawei kajjingmut sha kibabun (fàcultative/ khlieng,
kum kakyntien 'wash ha ka English bad ki kyntien 'sait', tang shi
'bta', 'sleh' ha ka ktien Khasi, (iii) kaba ia biang pyrla'himmel
bynta (approximate one-to-part-of-one)) kum ka kyntien (iv)ka
ha ka German bad ki kyntien 'heaven/sky' jong ka English,
bym donjingiabiangpyrla (nilequivalence) khamtam ha ki kyntien
kiba pynpaw ia ki symboh pyrkhat (concepts) jong ka kolshor ha
kano kanoka jait ktien.
Kaba buh bujli (substitution) - Don napdeng ki riewstad
kiba batai ia kane kum kaba buh da ki kyntien kiba iajan tam ha
ka jingmut (approximation).Haba ym lah ban ai ka kylla-ktien
ba biang Pyrla, ki nongkylla ktien ki ju bujli ia ki kyntien ne ki
rukom kren jong ka ktien tynrai da kita kiba iajan eh ha ka ktien
thmu. La ju pyndonkam ia kane ka buit pynkylla ktien (a) haba
vm lah ban ioh ja ki kyntien kiba iabiang thik ka jingmut hapdeng
ka ktien tynraibad ka ktien thmu (b) haba ym ioh ia ki rukom
kren (idioms) jong ka dulir tynrai ha ka ktien thmu (k) haba ka
kolshor jong kaktien tynrai ka iapher bun na ka kolshor jong
ka ktien thmu. la kaba pynpher ha ka ktien thmu ia ka pyrkhat
kabadon ha kakolshor tynrai la ju khot da ka modulation

Kaba rah ne pynkynriah jaka shawei patia ki bynta ka grammar

(transterence)- kane kamut kaba rah ia ki aifñkikyndon ka grammar
jong ka ktien tynrai shaweipat ha ka ktien thmu. Bunsien kane ka
wallam ka jingpynkynriah jaka (deviations) ia ki aifî kikyndon
11
8mmarjong ka ktien tynrai haba la pynwan ia kajingthoh sha ka
ktien thmu. Ha ka Linguistics, ngi kren ia kane kum ka jingrah ne
Pynkynriah jaka ban pynbiang kat kutm ki aifñ grammar jong ka
ktien thmu, Kum ka nuksa, kaphrase ha ka English'the tall boy'
ha kaba ka ljective kaiaid ha shuwa ka nonlada pynkylla sha
kaKhasi ka long 'u khynnah ubajrong ha kaba ka cudjective ka
bud ia ka OUn. Laju khot ruh ia kane ka jingpynkynriahjaka ia ki
bynta ka grnmar ha ka senten jong ka ktien tynrai shawei pat ha
ka ktien thmu da ka
transposilion.
Kaba buh ha kiwei pat ki kyntien
(paraphrase)-ka kyntien
paraphrase' ka wan na ka Latin 'paraphrasis' kaba wan pat na
kaGreek 'para phrasein'. Ka jingmut jong
long
kane ka kyntien ka
kaba buh tam ia ka rukom kren' lane 'kaba buh ha
kiwei
pat ki kyntien'.Hangne ki nongkylla ktien kiju batai
ia ka jingthoh ha la ki jong ki kyntien, ym kham shai
shuh kumba la thoh ha
ka ktien tynrai. Kum ka nuksa, ka
senten ha ka
The signalis red' lah ban buh noh ha kiwei pat ki ktien English
ktien Khasi Ymn shah ban iaid ki kali ne Ki kyntien ha ka
kali ki dei ban
sangeh', lane da kaba kham pynshai shuh shuh 'ka jingpyni dak
ka pyni rong saw', kata kaba mut ba ki kali kim dei
ban iaid.
Kiba bun ki jingkren tymmen, ki jingsneng
(wise sayings,
proverbs, idioms) ki long ki bym iahab ban shu pynkylla ktien
beit kumto. Ha kane ka rukom pynkylla ktien lah
ban pyntam
lane ban pynduna kyntien ban pynbiang ia ka jingmut kaba don
ha ka jingthoh tynrai.
Kaba saiñ thymmai
(transcreation)-Lapyndonkam nyngkong
eh ja ka kyntien 'transcreation' da u P. Lal ban batai ia ka rukom
Dynkylla ktien jonguia ki jngthoh barim na ka ktien Sanskrit sha
ka ktien English. UG Gopinathan (3) u batai ia kane kum kaba
12
 'korsuhjaiñ" (sewing
kha pat (rebirth) lane kaba pynkup pynphong
ka dulir tynrai. Laju leh ia kanc ha ri India thnaduh
ymmaiki(avatporar) ia 'narsdieh' (frying pan
mynshuwa khantam haba pynkylla ia ki jingthoh ba kiba Kaba thaw kyn
pawnam
ka Mahabharatabadi ka Ramayana sha kiwei pat kijait kum H
ktien. kynticn na kiar tylli
Kane ka buit pynkylla-ktien ka iaidIkham shabar u pud jong ruh kalong ka atiar
k=
ka
ktien tynrai namar ka thew sha ka jingthaw thymmai lane ka hakaba shim shi by
jingbatai thymmai ia ka jingthoh haba la pynwan ia ka sha ka shibynta na ka kyntie
ktien thmu. Da kane ka buit laju batai thymmai ia ka dulir tvnrai thymmai ha ka ktien
ban pynbiang na ka bynta ki nongpule ha kal ktien thmu Shisien bad Khasi 'um), 'se
baka la don ka jingbatai thymmai (re-interpretation) ia kajingthoh. 'sorkar kmie'(|ndc
kata ka nmut ba u ne ka nongkylla ktien ki la pynpher ia ka jinumut masi' (Indo-Aryan
kaba don ha ka ktien tynrai. Ha ka litereshor Khasi ngi iohi ia kane
kabuit pnkylla ktien ha kapoim U Ingkhong Shyllangmat jong u Halor unongk
Soso Tham kaba u la pynwan na ka poim "My Native Land jong ktien u batbit u nga
uWalter Scott ia kaba yn sa tai kham bniah ha ka Lynnong IV don ha ka ktien ty
thmu. Kane ka long
Kaba shim kylliang kyntien (borrowed words) bad kaba jong ka dulir tynra
pynkylla kyntien (calques) -Don kikhep ha kaba ki kyntien ba kamram jong unor
tynrai.
la shim kylliang kisah kumjuh kumba ki long ha ka ktien (intentions) jong u
kaba spel
Kidon bun ki kyntien English kiba la pynpher tang da ki ha ka ktien thmu
ka ktien Khasi kum
ne thoh katkum ki aiñne kyndon sawa ha jingthoh tynrai. K
(glass) lane
´ben' (bench), »bilor '(bottle), biskit' (biscuit), 'klat sha kinongpule jo
la shim kylliang na
kikyntien Hindi kum 'kajor, 'ata', 'moida' ktien kaba shai ba
kyliang, ki la
ka ktien Hindi. Kine, wat la ki long ki kyntien shim ki kymdon ka liang. ki hap b
namar ki bud ia
long doh long snam ha ka ktien Khasi dur-thoh bad kan
Pynshong sawa jong ka ktien Khasi. liang ki deiban p
orloan translations)pat ka kum ki aiñ ki kyn
Kaba pynkylla kyntien (calques kijait ktien ha ka ktien thmu.
kyntien na kiwei pat
long kajingshim kylliang ia ki kumbaki long ha
hynreila pynwan ia ki sha ka ktien Khasi, ym
pynkylla.ktien ki long Ki jingeh ha
ka ktien tynrai. Ki nuksa jong kane kabuit ktien ki la kdew
13
 skorsuhjaiñ" (sewing machine), jai'siangthiah' (bedsheet).
'narsdieh' (firying pan) bad bun kiwei

Kaba thaw kyntien da kaba pynkhleh ne

tehsong ia ki
lsntien na ki ar tylli kijait ktien ba pher (hybridization)-kane
mh kalong kaatiar kaba kinongkylla ktien ki lah ban
ha kaba shim shi bynta na ka kyntien jong ka pyndonkam
ktien tynrai bad
shi bynta na ka kyntienjongka ktien thmu ban pynlong ka
kyntien
thunmai ha ka ktien thmu, kum ka nuksa 'jok um' (English'jug'
hadKlhasi 'um'),'soh apul' (Khasi 'soh' bad
English 'apple' ).
"sorkar knmie' (Indo-Aryan 'sorkar' bad Khasi kmie'), dud
masi' (Indo-Arvan dud' bad Khasi'masi' )
Haloru nongkvlla-ktien: La kdew haneng ba unongkylla
ktien ubatbit ungam jyliew ia ki syrtap bad ki jait jingmut kiba
don ha ka ktien tynrai shuwa ban pynwan ia ki sha ka
ktien
thmu.Kane ka long namar udon ka jingbahkhlieh shau nongthoh
jong ka dulir tynrai. UWalter Banjamin (77) u kynthoh ba ka
kamram jong unongkyla ktien ka long ban wad ia ki 'jingthmu'
1 (intentions) jong u nongthoh ka dulir tynrai bad ban pynpaw
ki ha ka ktien thmu bad kumta u long kumu
mawsawa jong ka
jingthoh tynrai. Ki nongkylla ktien ki don ruh ka jingbahkhlieh
sha kinongpule jong ki ha ka ktien thmu, kata ban ai ka kylla
ktien kaba sh¡i bad kaba lah ban pule da kaba suk. Ha kawei
ka liang, ki hap ban bat bha ia ka dur ka dar, ka jingmut, ka
dur-thoh bad ka mynsiem jong ka dulir tynrai. Ha kawei pat ka
Iiang kidei ban pynthikna ba kata ka kylla-ktien ka biang kat
Kum kiaiñ ki kyndon jong ka grammar bad kajingkit jingmut
ha kaktien thmu.

g Kijingeh ha kakylla-ktien: Kiriewstad halor ka kylla

Ktien ki la kdew bun tylli ki jingeh kiba u nongkylla ktien un
14
 iashem ha ki jingtrei jong u. Kawei ka lah ban long kajingtrei
kaba tam palat ban ia kaba don ha ka dulir tynrai (over-
translation) da kaba buh ha kiweiipat ki kyntien kiba khamn kyllaiñ.
Kawei pat ka lah ban long ka jingtrei kaba Pyndunaia kaei
Kaba don ha kadulir tynrai (under-translation) kaba ai tans
Jingsur kylum (summarize) ja kaei kaba don ha ka dulir tyia.
Haka litereshor ka jingeh ka long ba ka ktien kam dei tan8
kaatiar ban ai jingtip (communicative fiunction) hynrei ka dei
uhka bynta jong kata ka jngthoh. Kumta ka jingtbit ban thnaw
ban shna dur ia ka ktien ka long ka nongrim ba donkam jong ka
Jingthoh litereshor. Kinongthoh litereshor khamtam eh kiju shim
kabu ban pyndonkam ha ka rukom kaba kham pher ban ia
kaba ju pyndonkam ha ka ktien (literary or poetic license) ha ki
Jingtrei jong ki. Lah ban sngewthuh, namarkata, haduh katno ka
long kaba jwat banpynkylla ktien ia ka jingthoh litereshor.
Haba kren shaphang kaktien tynrai bad ka ktien thmu, ngi
sngewthuh baka ktien ka kdew lane pynphalang ia ka kolshor
bad ka pyrkhat ha kaba la saiñ ia ka. Kumta ki jingeh ki long ha
ka liang ka ktien (linguistic problems), ha ka liang ka
kolshor
bad ka imlang sahlang (socio-cultural problems) ha ka liang ka
jingitynnat jingwandur (aesthetic problems) ban pynkylla ktien
ia ka jingthoh litereshor.
Ki jingeh na ka liang ka ktien (linguistic problems); Ka kyll
ktien ka kham shitom haba ki ar tylli ki jait ktien ki don ki snap
kiskor kiba iapher (typologically different languages). Kan kham
jwat ruh haba kita ki ar tylli kijait ktien kiwan na kì longing jait
ktien kiba iapher (genealogically different languages). Hangne
yn ym tai lut halor kijingeh kiba iadei bad baroh ki syrtap ktien
Yn kdew tang halor ka rukom shna dur ia ki senten bad ba
15
kabaj
ki adei
kyntien
ibad ka jingmut ha ka ktien. (i) Ki jingeh na kaliang
level) - Kam long kaba suk ban ioh ia ki
kyntien ki ban(lexical
iamir jingmut kumjuhthik ha ki ar tylli ki jait ktien
ha
barohki khep. Ka kylla-ktien kaiaid beit haba ka jingmut
Jong ki kyntien ka long kaba don salonsar ha ki kolshor ne ha ki
jait ktien kiba bun. Ka long ruh kaba kham suk haba pynkylla
ktien kawei kawei ka kyntien Kum ka nuksa. ki kyntien 'sit
eat, 'walk' na ka ktien English lah ban pynkylla thik sha ka
ktien Khasida ki kyntien 'shong, ban', 'iaid'. Ka jingeh ka
mih haba don ki kyntien kiba kit bun tylli ki jingmut (ambiguous
words) kum ka nuksa, ka kyntien 'bank' ha ka English ka lah
ban thew sha ka rudwah lane sha ka jaka ba buh pisa. Don pat
ki kyntien kiba don jingmut tang ha ka ktien thmu (oligosemous
words). Kum kanuksa. ki kyntien Khasi 'bakha'. 'parakha'
'para/hynmen ar kmie' la ai tang da kaweika kyntien English
'cousin' ka bym lah ban pyni shai ia ka jingiadei bahaïng
bahasem ha ka kolshor u Khasi. (i) Ka jingeh ha kaba iadei
bad ka jingkit jingmut (semantic level) -Kajingeh ha ka kylla
ktien kam shong tang ha ka jingmut ba beit hynrei ha ki syrtap
jingmut ba bun kiba unongthoh ha ka dulir tynrai upynphalang
Kum ka nuksa, ki don ki kyntien kiba jaid lang tang b¡d ki katto
katne bad ym bad kiwei pat (collocations) kiba shitom ban
pynpaw ha ka ktien thmu. Ngiiohi ba ka kyntien blond' ha ka
English ka ju kham thew barobor sha ka rong jong u sh'iuh
hynreitengkhat la ju pyndonkam ia ka ban iaid bad kiwei pat ki
nounkum kaba bata1 ia ka rong jong ki biskit kiba dangiblad
rong ne kibym pat ih bha. Nangta ki don ki rukom buh ia ki
kyntien haka rukom kaba kham pher: Ngishem ia kane ha ka
ktien English kum kaba pyndonkam ia kine ki rukom kren -
'make (ym dei'say') a speech,'run(ym dei'do') a meeting',
"take (ym dei drink/eat/swallow ) medicine'. Kalong kaba eh
16
 ban pynpawia kiba kum kine ha ka () kisymboh jingmut
(
na ka liang ka shynrong ktien
ktien thmu. (iü) Ka
(syntactic
halor ka ktien kiju batai ba ka long
inge
kaba level)- Ki riewstad
kieikiei kiba ka jaitbyr
jingkam(behaviour) kib
ia ka senten ym tang na kaei kaba donkam ban
pynpaw ha kaba krenShgewthuh (ii) ki jingmih (produc
ki batai ba don ar tyll1 ki syrtap jong ka Kumta bad ki
(art), ki jingrwai
hapoh (deep structure) bad ka syrtap senten-ka
syrtap kaba halor syrtap
Bunsien hi, donkam ban tih shuwa ia ka (surface level).
ba
shna da ki kti briew kha
(iv) ka tnat saian ecolo
syrtap kaba
shuwa ban sngewthuh ia ka syrtap kaba halor. Kum hapoh jingthaw ba im bad k
lada pynkylla Khasi ia ka senten "Cleaning fluids Can bekanuksa, dieng ki siej. ki jingthr
dangerous" donkanm ban sngewthuh ba don ar tylli ki senten ha them, ki pyntha, ka ly
kasyrtap ba hapoh ba la kynthup hangne. Kane ka senten kaba Ki jingeh ban pyr
Daw ka don ar tylli ki sentern kiba hapoh: (a) ki jait dawai ba kylla-ktien (aesthetic
pyndonkam ban pynkhuid tiar ki long kiba ma (b) ka kam ban dur itynnat ia ka kylI
pynkhuid ia kijait dawai pynkhuid tiar ka long kaba ma. Kumta kiba biang sbiak nam
ka long kaba donkam ban sngewthuh ym tang ia ka senten kaba ban buhdor ia kaei kab
shna
paw shabar (surface structure) hynrei ban tih ruh ia kaba la Kane ka long namar
ha ka syrtap kaba hapoh. thaw ha ka litereshoI
jingiapher ha ka kolshor bad ka tynrai sha ka ktien th
Ki jingeh na ka daw ka ka assOnance, onor
Kidon ki kyntien kiba
imlang sahlang (socio-cultural problems): shitom ban pynkylla
tara ki long ki bynta
iateh bad ka pyrkhat ne ka kolshor kiba kaktien thmu. Dei b
ktien. Ka jingmut ha kajingthoh tynrai ka
sha kiwei pat ki jait jong ka ktien tynrai. Lada ba yn ym lah ban py
ka kolshor
long kaba laju pynshong ha kapher bun eh na kajongka ktien dur ia ki ("Poem
thmu transposed"), UY
ka kolshor jongka ktien kyntien kiba biang ban kiti
ban joh ki
tynrai, kan long kabaeh tynrai. Kumkanuksa, kistad unongkylla ktien u
ka khubor kaba don ha kajingthoh kakyntienEnglishka ban kaktien thmu, ki
dang shem jingeh ban iohia ktien, U kdew ruh
pytkhat ki Khasi 'ka mgiew
kit ia kajngmut Jong ka kyntien simile, ki metaph
kaba iadei
saw kithupha
tylli ha ka ktien thmu.
Kiriewstad kiju batai ba don: bad kitakilong Coleridge "The R
kolshor
bad kikyntien kiba kdew ja ka

17
 () kisymboh jingmut (ideas))kiba kynthup ia ka jingngeit bad ia
Liei kiei kiba ka jaitbynriew ka ñiewkor (values). (ü) ki jingleh
jingkam(behaviour)
( kibakynthup
kv ia kinti ki dustur lanc kijingmlien,
() ki jingmih (products) iba kynthup ia kijingshna jingdro dur
(at) kijingnwai bad ki jingtem sur bad kitiar ki tar
(artifacts) ba
shna da ki ktibriew khanmtam kiba la pyndonkam ha ki por hyndai
iv)katnat saian ccologv kaba long halor ka ingiadei hapdleng ki
ingthaw ba im bad ki sawkun ka mariang kaba kynthup ia ki
dieng ki sie. ki jingthung jingtep, ki mrad, ki sim, ki dohkha, ki
them, kipyntha, ka lyer, ka suiñbneng bad kumta ter ter.
Ki jingeh ban pvntuid itynnat ia ka jingthoh litereshor ha ka
kvlla-ktien(aesthetic problems):Ha kaba iadei bad kaba pynwan
dur itynnat ia ka kylla-ktien, ka long kaba eh ban ai ki
kyntien
kiba biang sbiak namar kinongpule ki don la ka jong ka rukom
ban buhdoria kaei kaba itynnat ne kaba tuid itynnat ha ka
litereshor.
Kane ka long namar ka dur ka dar, ki snap jinglong bad ki buit
thaw ha ka litereshor ki long kiba shitom ban pynwan na ka
ktien
tynrai sha ka ktien thmu. Ha ka poitri khamtam eh, kisawa kum
ka assonance,onomatopoeia bad ki snap kum ka khriang, ka
la
tara ki long kibynta kiba jwat haduh katta katta ban
pynwan sha
kaktien thmu. Dei halor kane ba uSchopenhaeur (33) ukynthoh
da ba yn ym lah ban pynkylla ktien ia ki poim, lahtang ban
pynkylla
en
dur ia ki (Poems cannot be translated, they can
ia only be
transposed'"), UYves Bonnefoy (187) ukdew ia ki sienjam kiba
ad unongkylla ktien u dei ban shim ha kaba pynwan ia ka
Dan poitri sha
ka ktien thmu, ki sienjam kiba dawa shibun eh na u
nongkylla
ktien. Ukdew ruh ba kidur kyntien (figures of speech) kum ki
dei Simile, kimnetaphor bad kiwei kibuit-thaw kilah ban nym biang
ha ka ktien thmu. Kum ka nuksa, ha ka poim u
Samuel Taylor
Loleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" ka alliteration
18