1.

For the function f:Z→Z, defined as:

{
f ( n )= n+ 3if nis odd
n−5 if nis even

Injective Check (One-to-One): A function is injective if

every element in the domain maps to a unique element in
the codomain.
 For odd n1and n2, if f (n 1)=f (n 2), thenn 1+3=n 2+ 3, which
implies n1=n2 . So, the function is injective for odd
numbers.
 For even n1 and n2, if f (n 1)=f (n 2), thenn 1−5=n 2−5, implying
n1=n2 . So, it’s also injective for even numbers.
However, if we check cross-mapping between odd and
even values, since f (n) behaves differently for odd and even
values, there is no overlap between the values. Hence, the
function is injective.
Surjective Check (Onto): A function is surjective if every
element in the codomain has a preimage in the domain.
 For any even n, the preimage is n+5.
 For any odd n, the preimage is n−3.
Thus, the function covers all integers in Z, making it
surjective.
Inverse Function: The inverse function f−1(n) can be
defined as:

{
f ( n )= n−3if nis odd
n+5 if n is even

Since f is both injective and surjective, it has an inverse.

2. Let’s define three sets A, B, and C as follows:
 A={a1,a2,a3}
 B={b1,b2,b3}
 C={c1,c2,c3}
Define function f:A→B as:
f(a1)=b1,f(a2)=b2,f(a3)=b3
Define function g:B→C as:
g(b1)=c1,g(b2)=c2,g(b3)=c3
Now consider the composition g∘f (fog):
g(f(a1))=g(b1)=c1, g(f(a2))=g(b2)=c2, g(f(a3))=g(b3)=c3
Thus, g∘f:A→C is defined as:
g∘f(a1)=c1,g∘f(a2)=c2,g∘f(a3)=c3
For f∘g(gof), since f:A→B and g:B→C, we cannot define
f∘g because f maps elements from B to C, and f expects
elements from A (which isn't possible here). So, f∘g is
undefined.
Thus, only g∘f is valid, and f∘g is not. Therefore, fog and
gof are not equal.

3. We have:
 Students: S={ Ani , Leon , Linh , Liam , Abdul }
  Scores: M ={75 ,60 , 85 , 95 }
 Grades: G={B,C,B+,A}
Define two functions:
 f:S→M mapping students to their scores
 g:M→G mapping scores to grades
Now, define f as:
f ( Ani )=75 , f ( Leon )=60 , f ( Linh )=85 , f ( Liam )=95 , f ( Abdul )=60

Define g as:
g(75)=B , g(60)=C , g (85)=B+, g (95)= A

Now, the composition g∘f is:

g(f ( Ani))=g(75)=B , g (f (Leon))=g (60)=C , …

Commutativity Check: g∘f maps from students to grades,

but f∘g cannot be defined, since f operates on students and
g operates on scores. Hence, the composition is not
commutative.
4. Sequence:
A sequence is an ordered list of numbers following a
specific pattern or rule. Each number in the sequence is
called a "term." Sequences can be finite or infinite. They
are used in many areas of mathematics, especially in
algebra and calculus, and have applications in computer
science, physics, and finance.
  Example: Consider the sequence
2 , 4 , 6 , 8,102 , 4 ,6 , 8 , 10 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 ,10 . Each term is increasing by

2.
2. Recursive Function:
A recursive function is a function that is defined in terms of
itself. To find a term in a sequence, we often use the value
of the previous terms to generate the next one. Recursive
formulas specify how to compute each term from its
predecessor.
 Example: In the Fibonacci sequence,
F (n)=F (n−1)+ F (n−2) , where F (0)=0∧F (1)=1 .

3. Closed Formula for the Sequence:

A closed formula expresses the n−th term of a sequence
without referring to other terms. It is a direct expression
that allows us to find any term in the sequence without
needing to compute all previous terms.
 Example: For the sequence 2,4,6,8,102, 4, 6, 8,
102,4,6,8,10, the closed formula is an=2n, where n is
the position in the sequence.
4. Arithmetic Sequence:
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers in which
the difference between consecutive terms is constant. This
difference is called the "common difference."
 Example: 3,7,11,15,… where the common difference
is 4.
 The closed formula for an arithmetic sequence is an=a1+
(n−1)⋅d, where a1 is the first term and d is the common
difference.
5. Geometric Sequence:
A geometric sequence is a sequence of numbers where each
term after the first is found by multiplying the previous
term by a fixed, non-zero number called the "common
ratio."
Example: 5,10,20,40,… where the common ratio is 2.
The closed formula for a geometric sequence is an=a1⋅r(n−1),


where a1 is the first term and r is the common ratio.

5.
i. Sequence: 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12...
This sequence alternates between increasing by 1 and
repeating a value. To break it down:
 Odd-indexed positions increase by 1:
5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,…
 Even-indexed positions repeat the previous value:
6,6,8,8,10,10,12,12,…
To generate the closed formula, we need two rules:
n−1
 For odd n :a =5+
n
2 (increases by 1 starting from
5)
 n−2
 For even n :a =5+
n
2 (same as the previous odd
term)
Next four terms:
Using the closed formula:
13−1
 a13=13th term =13thoddterm=5+ 2
=11

 a14=14th term =13 (repeats previous)

15−1
 a15=5+ 2
=12

 a16=12 (repeats previous)

So, the next four terms are: 11, 11, 12, 12.

ii. Series: 6+36+216+…6 + 36 + 216 + \

dots6+36+216+…
This is a geometric sequence, where:
 First term a1=6
 Common ratio r=6 (since 36/6=6)
Next three terms:
Using the geometric formula an=a1⋅r(n−1):
 a4=6⋅63=6⋅216=129
 a5=6⋅64=6⋅1296=7776
 a6=6⋅65=6⋅7776=46656
So, the next three terms are: 1296, 7776, 46656.

Closed Formula
The closed formula for the ( n )-th term of a geometric
series is given by:
an=a1⋅r(n−1)
where:
 ( an ) is the ( n )-th term,
 ( a1 ) is the first term (6),
 ( r ) is the common ratio (6).
Thus, the formula for this series is:
an=6⋅6(n−1)
or simplified:
an=6n

Sum to the first n terms:

The sum Sn of the first n terms of a geometric
sequence is given by:
a 1 ( r n−1 )
sn=
r −1

Substitute a1=6, r=6, and n:

6 ( 6 n−1 ) 6 ( 6 n−1 )
sn= =
6−1 5
iii. Series: 21+24+27+…
This is an arithmetic sequence where:
 First term a1=21
 Common difference d=3 (since 24−21=3 and
27−24=3)
Next three terms:
Using the arithmetic formula an=a1+(n−1)⋅d:
 a4=21+(4−1)⋅3=21+9=30
 a5=21+(5−1)⋅3=21+12=33
 a6=21+(6−1)⋅3=21+15=36
So, the next three terms are: 30, 33, 36.
Closed Formula
The closed formula for the ( n )-th term of an
arithmetic series is given by:
an=a1+(n−1)d
where:
 ( an ) is the ( n )-th term,
 ( a1 ) is the first term (21),
 ( d ) is the common difference (3).
Thus, the formula for this series is:
an=21+(n−1)⋅3
or simplified:
an=21+3(n−1)

Sum of the First ( n ) Terms

The sum ( S_n ) of the first ( n ) terms of an arithmetic
series can be calculated using the formula:
n
Sn =
2
( 2 a1 + ( n−1 ) d )

Substituting the values:

 ( a1 = 21 )
 (d=3)
The sum formula becomes:
n
Sn= ( 2.21+ ( n−1 ) 3 )
2
n
Sn= ( 42+3 n−3 )
2
n
Sn= ( 39+3 n )
2
3 n(n+13)
Sn =
2

So, the sum of the first ( n ) terms is:

3 n(n+13)
Sn =
2