Test Bank Karp8e CH9

Package Title: Test Bank
Course Title: Karp8e

Chapter Number: 9
Question Type: Multiple Choice
1) Which type of cytoskeletal element is characterized as a hollow, rigid cylindrical tube with
walls composed of tubulin subunits?
a) microfilaments
b) microtubules
c) intermediate filaments
d) all of these choices
e) minitubules
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.1 Describe the components and major functions of the cytoskeleton.
Section Reference: Section 9.1 Overview of the Major Functions of the Cytoskeleton
2) Which type of cytoskeletal element is described as tough, ropelike fibers composed of a

variety of related proteins like keratin?
a) microfilaments
b) microtubules
d) macrofilaments
e) indeterminate filaments
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
3) Which element of the cytoskeleton is found in the cytoplasm and the nucleus?
a) microfilaments
b) microtubules
d) macrofilaments
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
4) Which cytoskeletal element is found could be described as solid, thinner structures that are
often organized into a branching network?
a) microfilaments
b) microtubules
d) macrotubules
e) minifilaments
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
5) You use an ionic detergent to extract materials from a cell. When you do, much of the mRNA
stays behind with the cytoskeleton, which is not solubilized by this treatment. What do these
results mean?
a) The cytoskeleton denatures in ionic detergents.

b) The mRNA is solubilized by the ionic detergents.
c) The mRNA is anchored to the cytoskeleton.
d) The cytoplasm is anchored to the mRNA.
e) The cytoskeleton is destabilized by the ionic detergent.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
6) The splitting of the cytoplasm of a parent cell into two daughter cells is called ______.
a) diakinesis
b) cytokinesis
c) mitosis
d) meiosis
e) cytomegaly
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
7) Fluorescence microscopy allows investigators to view things _________ of regular light

microscopes.
a) above the limits of resolution

b) above the limits of magnification
c) below the limits of resolution
d) below the limits of magnification
e) at the limits of magnification
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Describe the experiments that support the hand-over-hand model of
action of kinesins.
Section Reference: Section 9.4 Experimental Pathway: The Step Size of Kinesin
8) Which of the following is a function performed by the cytoskeleton?
a) provides structural support that determines cell shape and resists deforming forces
b) positions various organelles within the cell interior
c) provides a network of tracks over which materials like mRNA and organelles move within cells
d) serves as a force-generating apparatus that moves cells from one place to another
e) all of these choices
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
9) Which element of the cytoskeleton is found in the cytoplasm and the nucleus?
a) microfilaments
b) microtubules
d) macrofilaments
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
10) Which of the following appears to be the most extensible?
a) intermediate filaments
b) microtubules
c) microfilaments
d) spindle fibers
e) microtubules and spindle fibers
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
11) In cell biology and with respect to microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments,
the word "dynamic" means ________.
a) impressive
b) constant
c) ever-changing
d) energetic
e) forceful
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
12) Which of the following could be a method used to label microtubules with a fluorescent dye?
a) injecting tubulin with a fluorescent dye

b) attaching a fluorescently-labeled antibody to tubulin
c) attaching a fluorescently-labeled antibody to actin
d) inducing a cell to express the gene for tubulin that has been fused to the gene for GFP
e) attaching a fluorescently-labeled antibody to tubulin and inducing a cell to express the gene
for tubulin that has been fused to the gene for GFP
Answer: e
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Describe the structure and the functions of microtubules.
Section Reference: Section 9.2 Structure and Function of Microtubules
13) The microtubule wall is composed of globular proteins arranged in longitudinal rows called
_________.
a) microfilaments
b) protofilaments
c) prototubules
d) prototubulins
e) microtubular units
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
14) In a normal microtubule, how many protofilaments make up its cylindrical wall?
a) 13
b) 15
c) 11
d) 9
e) 17
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
15) What kinds of forces are thought to hold microtubular structure together?
a) strong interactions
b) noncovalent interactions
c) covalent interactions
d) magnetism
e) strong interactions and covalent interactions
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
16) An abnormally high level of _______ of the MAP protein tau is implicated in the
development of strange, tangled filaments called _________ that have been seen in the brains of
patients suffering from several fatal neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease.
a) phosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangles

b) phosphorylation, neurofibrillary anastomoses
c) dephosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangles
d) dephosphorylation, neurofibrillary anastomoses
e) amination, neurofibrillary tangles
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
17) Given that axons growing out of a neuron require the growth outward of microtubules to
support the lengthening axon, what would be likely to happen to axons growing out from a
neuron when they are exposed to colchicine or nocodazole?
a) Axons would grow more rapidly.

b) Axonal outgrowth would cease.
c) Axons would branch more often.
d) Axonal outgrowth would change direction more frequently.
e) There would be no change in axonal outgrowth.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
18) How are microtubules thought to affect cell shape in plants?
a) Microtubules of the plant cell cortex are thought to affect the movement of cellulose-
synthesizing enzymes in the cell membrane, which, in turn, affect cell wall growth and shape.
b) Microtubules of the plant cell vacuole are thought to affect the movement of cellulose-
c) Microtubules of the plant cell cortex are thought to affect the movement of lipid-synthesizing
enzymes in the cell membrane, which, in turn, affect cell wall growth and shape.
d) Microtubules of the plant cell wall are thought to affect the movement of cellulose-
e) Microtubules of the plant cell nucleus are thought to affect the movement of cellulose-
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
19) In a growing plant cell, cellulose microfibrils are oriented _______ the direction of cell
growth.
a) identically to
b) perpendicular to
c) parallel to
d) diagonal to
e) horizontal to
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
20) In what form are proteins and neurotransmitters usually transported down the axon of a nerve
cell?
a) individually by diffusion
b) in groups of ten
c) inside transport vesicles
d) inside the Golgi complex
e) tied individually to microtubules
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
21) Structures that move from the cell body of a neuron down the axon toward the neuron
terminals are said to move in a(n) _________ direction.
a) retrograde
b) anterograde
c) astronomical
d) radial
e) intergrade
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
22) The movement of endocytic vesicles formed in the neuron terminals from the synapse to the
cell body is said to be in a(n) ________ direction.
a) retrograde
b) anterograde
c) astronomical
d) radial
e) intergrade
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
23) Which of the following molecular motors is associated with microfilaments?
a) kinesins
b) dyneins
c) myosins
d) kinesins and dyneins
c) kinesins and myosins
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.11 Explain how each type of myosin interacts with actin.
Section Reference: Section 9.3 Motor Proteins: Kinesins and Dyneins
24) Which of the following molecular motors is known to travel in a retrograde direction along
microtubules?
a) kinesins
b) dyneins
c) myosins
d) kinesins and myosins
e) kinesins and dyneins
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Explain how kinesins and dyneins function as motor proteins within
a cell.
25) Which of the following molecular motors is known to travel in an anterograde direction
along microtubules?
a) kinesins
b) dyneins
c) myosins
d) kinesins and dyneins
e) kinesins and myosins
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
26) What is the direct source of energy that powers molecular motors?
a) hydrolysis of GTP
b) hydrolysis of ATP
c) a proton gradient
d) a H+ gradient
e) condensation of ATP
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
27) What part of the molecular motor kinesin is responsible for binding to the cargo to be
hauled?
a) the motor domain

b) the neck
c) the rod-like stalk
d) the fan-shaped tail
e) the motor domain and the neck
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
28) Kinesin movement along a microtubule is said to be highly ________ meaning that it can
move considerable distances along an individual microtubule without falling off.
a) excessive
b) processive
c) depressive
d) progressive
e) egressive
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
29) What is the minimum number of kinesin heads in contact with a microtubule at all times?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
e) 4
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
30) Motor proteins are able to generate force by ___________.
a) undergoing a series of conformational changes

b) breaking bonds
c) making bonds
d) adding amino acids to the end of the molecular motor
e) making bonds AND adding amino acids to the end of the molecular motor
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
31) The simplest and the original assumption about step size for molecular motors was that as the
motor protein walked along the actin or microtubule polymer it would step__________.
a) 10 nm for every ATP that was hydrolyzed whether it was traveling along actin or tubulin
b) the distance of one tubulin dimer or actin subunit for every 2 ATPs that were hydrolyzed
c) the distance of three tubulin dimers or actin subunits for every ATP that was hydrolyzed
d) random distances along the cytoskeletal polymer for every ATP that was hydrolyzed
e) the distance of one tubulin dimer or actin subunit for every ATP that was hydrolyzed
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
action of kinesins.
32) The first direct measurement of a motor taking single steps was an analysis of _______
stepping using _________.
a) myosin, optical trap technology

b) dynein, ion exchange chromatography
c) kinesin, optical trap technology
d) kinesin, ion exchange chromatography
e) dynein, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
action of kinesins.
33) In order to measure the step size of kinesin, a group of investigators attached a small silica
bead to the tail of a kinesin molecule. What advantage(s) did the attached silica bead provide?
a) The bead made kinesin activity visible.

b) The bead helped to denature kinesin making its properties easier to measure.
c) The bead provided a handle for manipulating and holding the motor using an optical trap.
d) The bead absorbed laser light in a manner proportional to the distance the motor moved.
e) The bead made kinesin activity visible AND provided a handle for manipulating and holding
the motor using an optical trap.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
action of kinesins.
34) The current model for the nucleation of microtubules is that a helical array of -tubulin
subunits forms an open, lock-washer-like ring-shaped template upon which the first row of -
tubulin dimers assembles. How does this model account for the polarity of microtubules?
a) Only the -tubulin of a heterodimer can bind to the ring of -subunits.

b) Only the -tubulin of a heterodimer can bind to the ring of -subunits.
c) The ring structure straightens out the microtubule.
d) The ring structure interacts with a homodimer instead of a heterodimer.
e) Only the -tubulin of a heterodimer can bind to the ring of -subunits and the ring structure
straightens out the microtubule.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Describe microtubule organizing centers, their structures and
functions.
Section Reference: Section 9.5 Microtubule-Organizing Centers (MTOCs)
35) Nucleation of microtubules takes place rapidly inside a cell, where it occurs in association
with a variety of specialized structures called _____________.
a) MTOCs
b) the centrosome
c) basal bodies
d) microtubule-organizing centers
e) All of the other answers
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
functions.
36) What end of a microtubule is associated with the centrosome?
a) the plus end

b) the minus end
c) the 5'-end
d) the 3'-end
e) the 0-end
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
functions.
37) Which MTOC gives rise to cilia and flagella?
a) a centrosome
b) basal bodies
c) centriole
d) PCM
e) the plus end
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
functions.
38) The sperm basal body becomes ______________.
a) a basal body of the fertilized egg

b) pericentriolar material
c) five microtubules
d) a flagellum of the later embryo
e) a centriole during the first mitotic division of the fertilized egg
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
functions.
39) A small zone of fluorescent microtubules in a cell is photobleached so that their fluorescent
label gives off no light. Some time later fluorescence returns to the bleached zone in the cell.
Which of the following is a possible explanation for the recovery of fluorescence in the region of
the cell previously bleached?
a) the dynamics of the microtubules turning over in that bleached zone of the cell
b) the growth of new microtubules into the bleached zone
c) movement of microtubules through the bleached zone
d) all of these choices
e) the dynamics of the microtubules turning over in that bleached zone of the cell and the growth
of new microtubules into the bleached zone
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.6 Explain the underlying basis of microtubule dynamics.
Section Reference: Section 9.6 Microtubule Dynamics
40) Which of the following treatments does not disassemble microtubules in living cells?
a) slightly elevated temperature

b) hydrostatic pressure
c) elevated Ca2+ ion concentration
d) colchicine or vinblastine treatment
e) all of these choices disassemble microtubules in living cells
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
41) Why are taxol, vinblastine and other drugs like them used as chemotherapy agents?
a) They preferentially kill tumor cells.

b) They preferentially stabilize tumor cells.
c) They disrupt tumor cell membranes.
d) They prevent the entry of cells into the first stage of meiosis.
e) They inhibit mitochondria.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
42) Which of the following treatments did not help microtubules to polymerize when
homogenates prepared from brain tissue received it?
a) Mg2+ ions
b) GTP
c) EGTA
d) a temperature of 37°C
e) a temperature of 4°C
Answer: e
Difficulty: Hard
43) Which of the following is a plausible explanation for the fact that the chemical EGTA blocks
microtubule disassembly?
a) EGTA binds to Ca2+ ions, which are known to induce microtubule depolymerization.
b) EGTA binds to Mg2+ ions, which are known to induce microtubule depolymerization.
c) EGTA binds to Ca2+ ions, which are known to induce microtubule polymerization.
d) EGTA destroys Ca2+ ions, which are known to inhibit microtubule polymerization.
e) EGTA destroys Mg2+ ions, which are known to inhibit microtubule polymerization.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
44) To which end of microtubules are tubulin subunits primarily added in vitro?
a) the minus end

b) the N-terminal end
c) the plus end
d) the C-terminal end
e) the 5'-end
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
45) Which of the following is NOT a function of a cilium?
a) moving the cell from place to place

b) moving fluid and particulate material past the cell
c) a role in sensory function in monitoring the properties of extracellular fluids
d) moving vesicles down the nerve cell axon
e) All of these choices are functions of a cilium.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Explain how the movement of cilia and flagella relates to their
structure and function.
Section Reference: Section 9.7 Structure and Function of Cilia and Flagella
46) The core of a cilium is called the ________.

a) troponeme
b) dynomeme
c) cilioneme
d) axoneme
e) flagelloneme
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
47) Which of the following is normally associated with the cilia of organisms from protists to
mammals?
a) a 9 + 0 pattern
b) a 9 + 1 pattern
c) a 9 + 2 pattern
d) microtubules
e) none of these choices
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
48) Of what protein are the arms attached to the A microtubule of the axoneme composed?
a) tubulin
b) actin
c) dynein
d) keratin
e) myosin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
49) From what structure do cilia and flagella emerge?
a) centromeres
b) basal bodies
c) centrioles
d) spindle
e) MTOC
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
50) The peripheral doublets of the axoneme are connected to one another by a(n) ________
composed of an elastic protein-based linkage called the _______.
a) intersheath bridge, nexin link

b) peridoublet sheath, dynein link
c) interdoublet bridge, nexin link
d) interdoublet sheath, dynein link
e) peridoublet sheath, nexin link
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
51) What protein is responsible for intraflagellar transport of IFT trains back toward the cell
body?
a) kinesin-II
b) myosin
c) cytoplasmic dynein
d) kinesin
e) cytoplasmic kinesin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
52) Treatment of isolated sperm axonemes with 0.6 M NaCl has been shown to remove
selectively the outer arms from the A microtubules of the axoneme, leaving the inner arms in
place. What would be the most likely effect on the NaCl-treated axoneme when ATP was added
to the medium?
a) The axoneme would fall apart completely.

b) The axonemes would beat at about half the rate of the intact axoneme.
c) The central microtubules would disassemble leaving the rest of the axoneme intact.
d) The axoneme would be solubilized.
e) Every element of the axoneme would be permanently cross-linked.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
53) EDTA is a chemical that binds to and removes (chelates) divalent cations from solution.
Treatment of isolated axonemes with EDTA leads to the removal of the inner and outer arms
extending from the A microtubules of the axoneme. Which of the following statements wouls
appear to be true based on this information?
a) Potassium ions are required for dynein to bind to the A tubules of the axoneme.
b) Chlorine ions are required for dynein to bind to the A tubules of the axoneme.
c) Magnesium ions are required for dynein to bind to the A tubules of the axoneme.
d) Magnesium ions are required for tubulin to bind to the A tubules of the axoneme.
e) Sodium ions are required for tubulin to bind to the A tubules of the axoneme.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
54) The _______ link is an elastic protein-based linkage that connects tubulin doublets in cilia
and flagellae. The resultant bridges play an important role in ciliary and flagellar movement by
limiting the extent that adjacent doublets can slide over one another. The resistance to sliding
provided by these bridges causes the axoneme to bend.
a) plectin
b) filamentin
c) nexin
d) vimentin
e) myosin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
55) ___________ are recently discovered diseases that result from organelle dysfunction.
Specifically, each of these diseases is a set of seemingly unrelated disease symptoms that all
result from defects in cilia.
a) Flagellopathies
b) Cilioflagellar diseases
c) Ciliopathies
d) Ciliary diseases
e) Pathophysicilias
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.8 Give examples of how ciliopathies can have serious health
consequences.
Section Reference: Section 9.8 The Human Perspective: The Role of Cilia in Development and
Disease
56) For a long time, it was thought that cilia were unimportant or _________, despite their
presence on almost all cells. This idea arose because the cilia on most cells are non‐motile, and it
was assumed that motility was the key function of cilia.
a) flagellar
b) execrable
c) ciliopathic
d) vestigial
e) vestibular
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
consequences.
Disease
57) PC1 and PC2 form a complex in which PC2 serves as a(n) ____________.
a) sensor for fluid flow in the kidney tubules

b) associated Ca2+ ion channel
c) water channel
d) associated Ca2+ ion pump
e) associated K+ channel
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
consequences.
Disease
58) Bardet‐Biedl syndrome (BBS) is caused by mutations in any one of a number of genes that
affect protein trafficking into cilia. Persons afflicted with BBS exhibit a remarkable range of
abnormalities, like polydactyly, obesity, kidney disease, etc. These disparate symptoms are
thought to reflect the function of cilia ________________.
a) as sensors for a magnetic field

b) as locomotory organelles
c) as sources of flagella
d) as binding sites for actin
e) as antennas to receive signals that regulate development and physiology
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
consequences.
Disease
59) One surprising symptom of that occurs in roughly half of patients who have non-motile cilia
is a complete reversal of the left-right asymmetry of the internal organs. This condition is called
_________.
a) misplaced organs
b) situs reversus
c) ambiorganismus
d) sinus inversus
e) situs inversus
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
consequences.
Disease
60) If there is no flow of extraembryonic fluid over a mouse embryo, ___________.
a) most of the embryos die early in development

b) the majority of embryos still orient correctly
c) the left-right asymmetry decision for the embryo is made at random
d) the majority of embryos exhibit situs inversus
e) the embryos exhibit no asymmetrical arrangement of organs
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
consequences.
Disease
61) Researchers worked with mouse embryos that had non‐motile cilia and used a pump to drive
an artificially created flow over their surface. When the flow was leftward directed, the mice
developed _____________.
a) normal organ positions

b) situs inversus
c) randomly placed organ positions
d) the embryos die fairly early in development
e) the embryos develop into identical twin embryos
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
consequences.
Disease
62) The cilia-driven flow in human and mouse embryos is detected by ___________.
a) renin
b) the Na+-K+ pump
c) polycystins
d) polyphenylin
e) cysteine
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
consequences.
Disease
63) The cross-bridges that hold intermediate filaments together are composed of _______.
a) filamentin
b) plectin
c) ascriptin
d) dynein
e) myosin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.9 Describe the structure and functions of intermediate filaments.
Section Reference: Section 9.9 Intermediate Filaments
64) The central, rod-shaped domain of an intermediate filament is flanked on each side by
globular domains of variable size and sequence. What structure forms the core of the central,
rod-shaped domain?
a) alpha-helix
b) beta-pleated sheet
c) double helix
d) quaternary coil
e) coiled coil
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
65) Which property below is most characteristic of intermediate filaments?
a) elastic
b) highly resistant to shrinkage
c) springy
d) ability to absorb mechanical stresses applied by the extracellular environment
e) hyperflexible
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
66) You inject labeled keratin subunits into cultured skin cells. What happens a few minutes
later?
a) The keratin subunits remain in the cytoplasmic keratin subunit pool.

b) Filaments become labeled at sites scattered throughout their length, rather than at their ends.
c) Filaments become labeled at both ends simultaneously.
d) Filaments become labeled at one end exclusively.
e) The entire intermediate filament network is quickly labeled.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
67) Which protein below is often a component of intermediate filaments?
a) alpha-tubulin
b) beta-tubulin
c) actin
d) keratin
e) myosin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
68) What seems to control the assembly and disassembly of intermediate filaments?
a) denaturation
b) sulfation
c) phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
d) hydrolysis
e) hydroxylation
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
69) With which of the following structures are intermediate filaments associated?
a) the nuclear envelope in the center of the cell

b) hemidesmosomes
c) desmosomes
d) the neurofilaments of neuron axons
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
70) What kind of cells seems to rely mostly on microfilaments for long-distance transport of
cytoplasmic vesicles and organelles, probably due to the restricted microtubule distribution in
these cells?
a) red blood cells
b) white blood cells
c) plant cells
d) neurons
e) muscle cells
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.10 Explain the structure of actin and its function in cell motility.
Section Reference: Section 9.10 Actin
71) Which of the following words best describes the structure of an actin filament?
a) single actin strand

b) triple helix
c) hyperpolar filament
d) double helix
e) supercoil
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
72) Which of the following does not describe the types of microfilament organization normally
seen in cells?
a) ordered arrays
b) highly branched networks
c) tightly anchored bundles
d) cylindrical conglomerations
e) all of these choices describe types of microfilament organization
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
73) What chemical below is known to bind to free actin monomers and block their incorporation
into the polymer?
a) cytochalasins
b) nocodazole
c) phalloidin
d) latrunculin
e) phalloidin and latrunculin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
74) What motor is associated with microfilaments?
a) myoglobin
b) kinesin
c) myosin
d) dynein
e) myometrium
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference: Section 9.11 Myosin: The Molecular Motor of Actin
75) From where does the energy to run myosin motors come?
a) GTP
b) ATP
c) proton gradient
d) CTP
e) creatine phosphate
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
76) The myosin filament is characterized as a(n) _________ filament.
a) bipolar
b) unipolar
c) tripolar
d) parallel
e) orthogonal
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
77) A culture of Dictyostelium slime mold is prepared in which the myosin II gene is deleted. In
which activity or activities below are these cells unable to participate?
a) separation of chromosomes during mitosis

b) cell elongation
c) cytokinesis
d) separation of chromosomes during mitosis and cell elongation
e) separation of chromosomes during mitosis and cytokinesis
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
78) Why is myosin V able to take very large steps along a microfilament?
a) Its neck is twisted.

b) Its neck is relatively long.
c) Its neck is relatively short.
d) Its tail is very long.
e) Its tail is bipolar.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
79) Along which structure do membranous vesicles and organelles typically move long distances
in an animal cell?
a) mitochondria
b) microtubules
c) microfilaments
d) intermediate filaments
e) lysosomes
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
80) Along which structure do membranous vesicles and organelles typically engage in local
movement in the cell periphery of an animal cell?
a) mitochondria
b) microtubules
c) microfilaments
e) lysosomes
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
81) How do muscle cells become multinucleate?
a) They undergo fission.

b) They become multinucleate via the embryonic fusion of large numbers of mononucleate
myoblasts.
c) They become multinucleate via the embryonic fusion of large numbers of multinucleate
myoblasts.
d) They become multinucleate via mitosis in myoblasts without cytokinesis.
e) They become multinucleate via the embryonic fusion of mononucleaate neuroblasts.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.12 Describe the molecular components of muscle and how they
interact in contraction.
Section Reference: Section 9.12 Muscle Organization and Contraction
82) Myofibrils in a muscle cell are made up of a repeating linear array of contractile units called
________.
a) sarcocytes
b) blastomeres
c) myomeres
d) sarcomeres
e) myotubules
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
83) What is the name of the lightly staining areas at the outer edges of a sarcomere?
a) A bands
b) H zones
c) I bands
d) Z lines
e) M lines
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
84) What is the name of the densely staining area between the lightly staining areas at the outer
edges of a sarcomere?
a) A bands
b) H zones
c) I bands
d) Z lines
e) M lines
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
85) Which region of the sarcomere contains only actin thin filaments or microfilaments?
a) A bands
b) H zones
c) I bands
d) Z lines
e) M lines
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
86) Which region of the sarcomere represents the region of overlap between the two types of
filaments in the sarcomere?
a) A bands
b) the part of the A band on either side of the H zone
c) I bands
d) Z lines
e) the part of the H zone on either side of the A band
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
87) What accounts for the decrease in the length of an entire muscle?
a) the combined decrease in sarcomere length

b) the combined shortening of actin filaments
c) the combined shortening myosin filaments
d) the combined shortening of thin filaments
e) the combined decrease in sarcomere length and the combined shortening of actin filaments
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
88) What happens to the Z lines after contraction of the sarcomere?
a) The distance between the Z lines does not change.

b) The distance between the Z lines decreases.
c) The distance between the Z lines increases.
d) The Z lines disappear.
e) The Z lines become curved.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
89) Which of the following would be an accurate title for a movie about the mechanism of
muscle contraction?
a) Sliding Lamina
b) Shortening Filaments
c) Sliding Filaments
d) And Then There Were Two
e) Filaments At Large
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
90) What protein is thought to act like a "molecular ruler" by regulating the number of actin
monomers that are allowed to assemble into a thin filament?
a) troponin
b) myosin
c) nebulin
d) titin
e) tropomyosin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
91) What is the name of the largest protein yet discovered? It extends from the M line in the
center of the sarcomere along the myosin filament and past the A band to terminate at the Z line.
a) troponin
b) myosin
c) actinin
d) titin
e) tropomyosin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
92) Why does an actin thin filament manage to move continuously during a contraction cycle?
a) All of the myosin heads beat synchronously.

b) All of the myosin heads beat out of synchrony with one another.
c) They use an enormous amount of ATP.
d) They use an enormous amount of GTP.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
93) A(n) ________ motor, like muscle myosin (myosin II) and unlike myosin V, remains in
contact with its track, in this case the thin filament, for only a small portion, less than 5 percent,
of the overall cycle.
a) processive
b) nonprocessive
c) efficient
d) small
e) large
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
94) What provides the energy that drives sarcomere contraction?
a) ATP
b) ADP
c) GTP
d) GDP
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
95) The point at which the neuron axon terminus and the muscle fiber make contact is called the
_________.
a) neuromuscular terminus
b) nerve exons
c) neural conjunctions
d) neuromuscular junction
e) neuromuscular conjunction
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
96) What blocks the myosin-binding sites on actin thin filaments in a stimulated sarcomere?
a) troponin
b) myosin itself
c) tropomyosin
d) titin
e) nothing
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
97) What is a major influence in determining the organization and behavior of actin filaments
inside cells?
a) actinin-binding proteins
b) tubulin
c) actin-binding proteins
d) dynein
e) actin-binding proteins and dynein
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.13 Describe the function of each category of actin-binding proteins.
Section Reference: Section 9.13 Actin-Binding Proteins
98) Proteins that accelerate the polymerization of actin filaments are called ________.
a) nucleons
b) nucleating proteins
c) monomer-sequestering proteins
d) end-blocking proteins
e) nucleons and nucleating proteins
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
99) ________ proteins share considerable sequence homology with actins and accelerate the
polymerization of actin filaments.
a) Actin-nucleating
b) Actin-racemase
c) Actin-related
d) Tubulin-related
e) Actin-rated
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
100) A shift in the concentration or activity of which type of proteins can cause a shift in the
equilibrium between actin monomers and polymers?
a) nucleating proteins
b) monomer-sequestering proteins
c) endolysins
d) capping proteins
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
101) _________ proteins are able to alter the three-dimensional organization of an actin filament
population.
a) Monomer-polymerizing
b) Cross-linking
c) Filament-severing
d) Actin-filament depolymerizing
e) End-blocking
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
102) Which type of actin-binding protein is known to decrease cytoplasmic viscosity by breaking
existing actin filaments into two or more pieces?
a) monomer-polymerizing proteins
b) cross-linking proteins
c) filament-severing proteins
d) actin-filament depolymerizing proteins
e) end-blocking proteins
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
103) Which of the following nonmuscle cell activities do not involve actin filaments often
working in concert with myosin motors?
a) cytokinesis
b) blood platelet activation
c) vesicle trafficking
d) red blood cells carrying oxygen
e) changes in cell shape
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.14 Explain the molecular mechanisms of cellular motility.
Section Reference: Section 9.14 Cellular Motility
104) As a fibroblast moves, its leading edge extends from the cell as a broad, flattened, veil-like
protrusion called a ________.
a) pseudopodium
b) lamella
c) lamellipodium
d) podium
e) extensor
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
105) One of the WASP/WAVE family of proteins, specifically WASP, the founding member of
the family, is associated with what disease below?
a) hemophilia
b) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
c) lymphoma
d) lupus erythematosus
e) Wallace's syndrome
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
106) If you were to fix a fish keratocyte and stain it with fluorescent antibodies for myosin II,
where would you see the myosin II?
a) in the advancing lamellipodium edge

b) in the rear of the cell
c) in a band where the rear of the lamellipodium joins the rest of the cell
d) around the nucleus
e) surrounding the mitochondria
Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard
107) The focal complexes that form near the leading edge of a motile cell exert traction force
through their associated __________ and then typically disassemble as the cell moves forward or
mature into larger, more contractile focal adhesions.
a) microtubules
b) keratin filaments
c) vinculin filaments
d) actin filaments
e) actinin filaments
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
108) It was found that Listeria infection could be spread from one cell to its neighbors on a petri
dish even in the presence of extracellular antibiotic. This suggested that ___________.
a) bacteria were somehow unable to infect new cells directly from their previous host cell
b) bacteria were somehow able to infect new cells directly from their previous host cell
c) bacteria were able to destroy antibiotics
d) bacteria deactivated the extracellular antibiotic
e) bacteria produced antibodies against the antibiotic
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.15 Describe how study of Listeria helped researchers to understand
actin-based motility.
Section Reference: Section 9.15 Experimental Pathway: Studying Actin-Based Motility Without
Cells
109) It was found that Listeria infection could not be spread from one cell to its neighbors on a
petri dish in the presence of cytochalasin. This suggested that ___________.
a) actin polymerization is required for Listeria infection

b) tubulin polymerization is required for Listeria infection
c) cytochalasin is required for Listeria infection
d) cytochalasin is toxic
e) intermediate filaments are required for Listeria infection
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
Cells
110) Using a macrophage‐like cell line, researchers infected one set of petri dishes with wild‐
type Listeria , and, as a negative control, infected another set with a Listeria mutant that
was unable to enter cells. At specific time points, the cells were fixed and prepared for electron
microscopy. Two hours after infection, they observed that the wild‐type Listeria in the cytoplasm
were surrounded by ______________.
a) a cloud of tubulin
b) a cloud of actin
c) a cloud of keratin
d) a growth cone
e) comet tails of actin filaments
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Cells
111) Using a macrophage‐like cell line, researchers infected one set of petri dishes with wild‐
type Listeria, and, as a negative control, infected another set with a Listeria mutant that was
unable to enter cells. At specific time points, the cells were fixed and prepared for electron
microscopy. Four hours after infection, they observed that many of the wild‐type Listeria in the
cytoplasm ______________.
a) were surrounded by a cloud of tubulin

b) were surrounded by a cloud of actin
c) were surrounded by a cloud of keratin
d) had long “tails” of short randomly oriented actin filaments that appeared to have extended
from one pole of the Listeria
e) had long “tails” of short randomly oriented microtubules that appeared to have extended from
one pole of the Listeria
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Cells
112) An investigator couples a photoactivatable fluorescent compound to actin monomers and

injects the labeled actin into live cells. She then allows the labeled actin to be incorporated
into actin polymers in the cell. By shining light of a specific wavelength in a small rectangular‐
shaped region of the lamellipod, she could turn on the fluorescence of the labeled actin and
observe how the labeled filamentous actin behaved in motile cells. If she activates a region at
the front of the lamellipod, what will she observe?
a) disassembly and reassembly of actin filaments as the cell moves forward
b) actin filaments remaining organized as the cell moves forward
c) actin filaments remaining stationary relative to the substrate as the cell moves forward
d) actin filaments remaining organized AND moving relative to the substrate as the cell moves
forward
e) actin filaments remaining organized AND stationary relative to the substrate as the cell moves
forward
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
Cells
113) A researcher injected photoactivatable actin monomers into cells that had been infected
with Listeria and selected actin tails to study in more detail using fluorescence video
microscopy. She photoactivated fluorescent actin in a small region of the tail and observed that
the faster-moving bacteria had __________ and demonstrated that the rate of movement and the
length of the tail were _______________.
a) longer tails, linearly related

b) longer tails, not related at all
c) shorter tails, linearly related
d) shorter tails, not related at all
e) longer tails, exponentially related
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Cells
114) Expression of the ActA protein in previously non-motile strains of bacteria allowed for the
_______________ and ___________ characteristic of pathogenic strains.
a) formation of actin comet tails, microtubules

b) disassembly of actin comet tails, motility
c) formation of actin comet tails, motility
d) disassembly of actin comet tails, microtubules
e) formation of actin filaments, disassembly of microtubules
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Cells
115) Which protein below is not strictly required for Listeria motility within an infected cell?
a) actin
b) Arp2/3
c) cofilin
d) profilin
e) capping protein
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Cells
116) The tip, or __________, of an elongating axon resembles a highly motile, crawling
fibroblast, unlike the bulk of the axon that shows little outward evidence of motile activity.
a) pointiliac
b) elongation cone
c) lamellipodial extension
d) growth cone
e) growth extension
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference: Section 9.16 Actin-dependent Processes During Development
117) Which of the following traits is not seen upon close examination of a living growth cone of
an elongating axon?
a) a broad, flattened lamellipodium that creeps out over the substratum

b) stiff microspikes pointing outward to the edge of the lamellipodium
c) many cilia that attach to the substratum and pull the growth cone forward
d) highly elongated filopodia that extend and retract continuously
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
118) What purpose are actin filaments presumed to fulfill in the locomotor protrusions in the
peripheral domain of the growth cone?
a) They are thought to be responsible for the motile activities of the growth cone and its
protrusions.
b) They are presumed to provide support for the thin, elongating axon.
c) They are thought to locate certain membrane proteins properly in the plasma membrane.
d) They are thought to play an essential role in steering the growth cone in the appropriate
direction.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
119) Which of the following molecules is diffusible and serves as an attractant for axons
growing within the early embryo?
a) ephrin
b) netrin
c) integrin
d) axin
e) guidin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
120) Which of the following molecules is a non-diffusible, integral protein of the plasma
membrane that binds specifically to its receptor on the surface of the growth cone? This protein
acts as a neuronal guidance factor.
a) ephrin
b) netrin
c) integrin
d) axin
e) guidin
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
121) Toward the end of gastrulation in vertebrates, the ectodermal cells situated along the
embryo's dorsal surface elongate and form a tall epithelial layer that is called the _________.
a) gastrula
b) neuroderm
c) neuralemma
d) blastoderm
e) neural plate
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.16 Explain the molecular basis of changes in cell shape.
122) The elongation of the cells of the neural plate occurs when ___________ become oriented
with their long axes parallel to that of the cells.
a) microfilaments
b) myosin filaments
d) microtubules
e) titin
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
123) After they have elongated, the cells of the neural epithelium become constricted at one end,
causing them to become wedge shaped and leading the entire layer of cells to curve inward.
What causes this constriction?
a) contraction of microtubules in the cytoplasm just above the basal cell membrane
b) lengthening of microtubules in the cytoplasm just below the apical cell membrane
c) contraction of a band of microfilaments that assemble in the cortical region of the cells just
above the basal cell membrane
d) contraction of a band of microfilaments that assemble in the cortical region of the cells just
beneath the apical cell membrane
e) shortening of microtubules in the cytoplasm just below the apical cell membrane
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
124) What would happen if you cultured a frog embryo just after gastrulation in the presence of
cytochalasin?
a) The cells of the neural plate would elongate more than normal.
b) The cells of the neural plate would elongate much less than normal or not at all.
c) The cells of the neural plate elongate normally but do not become constricted as usually
happens.
d) The cells of the neural plate elongate normally but become more constricted than they usually
do.
e) The cells of the neural plate do not elongate and do not become constricted as they usually do.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
125) What would happen if you cultured a frog embryo just after gastrulation in the presence of
colchicine?
a) The cells of the neural plate would elongate more than normal.
b) The cells of the neural plate would elongate much less than normal or not at all.
c) The cells of the neural plate elongate normally but do not become constricted as usually
happens.
d) The cells of the neural plate elongate normally but become more constricted than they usually
do.
e) The cells of the neural plate do not elongate and do not become constricted as they usually do.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
126) The role of building the cytokinetic ring during cell division in prokaryotes is executed by
_________.
a) actin
b) tubulin
c) FtsZ
d) ParM
e) Crescentin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.17 Describe the functions of each of the components of the bacterial
cytoskeleton.
Section Reference: Section 9.17 The Bacterial Cytoskeleton
127) The protein FtsZ acts in the bacterial cell analogously to the ______ cytoskeleton during
eukaryotic cytokinesis and is a(n) _________ homolog that is found in nearly all prokaryotic
cells.
a) actin, actin
b) actin, tubulin
c) tubulin, actin
d) actin, intermediate filament
e) tubulin, tubulin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
cytoskeleton.
128) The protein ParM has been shown to play a role in plasmid segregation during bacterial cell
division analogous to the action of ___________ during mitosis and is structurally similar to
__________.
a) microfilaments, actin
b) microfilaments, tubulin
c) microtubules, tubulin
d) intermediate filaments, keratin
e) microtubules, actin
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
cytoskeleton.
129) The protein Crescentin (CreS) has been implicated in regulating the shape of some bacterial
cells and forms bundled filaments that give bacteria containing it a highly curved shape; it
resembles __________.
a) microfilaments
b) microtubules
c) titin
e) ParM
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
cytoskeleton.
130) The protein _________ has been implicated in regulating the shape of some bacterial cells;
it is expressed in rod-shaped and helical bacteria. It resembles __________in structure.
a) MreB, tubulin
b) MreB, actin
c) CreS, tubulin
d) CreS, actin
e) ParM, keratin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
cytoskeleton.
131) The deletion of the mreB gene in Escherichia coli results in __________.
a) rod-shaped cells
b) crescent-shaped cells
c) spherical cells
d) spiral cells
e) cells that look like bunches of grapes
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
cytoskeleton.
132) The deletion of the creS gene in Caulobacter crescentus results in __________.
a) cells that look like straight rods

b) crescent-shaped cells
c) spherical cells
d) spiral cells
e) cells that look like bunches of grapes
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
cytoskeleton.
Question Type: Essay
133) How can the rate of movement generated by molecular motors be measured?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
action of kinesins.
Section Reference: Section 9.4 The Step Size of Kinesin
Solution: Such measurements of the rate of movement generated by molecular motors are called
in vitro motility assays These assays are performed by coating a coverslip with myosin or
kinesin, for example, adding either actin filaments or microtubules along with a source of ATP in
the buffer, and then imaging the coverslip under a microscope. Motor activity then results in the
actin or microtubule being translocated across the field of view at a speed equal to the speed at
which the motor is walking along the filament.
134) Why would the addition of an irreversibly binding ATP analog to an in vitro system for
monitoring dynein molecular motors stop motor function?
Answer:
Difficulty: Hard
a cell.
Solution: Such an ATP analog would bind to the molecular motor, but it would not be
hydrolyzed or released. This would paralyze further movement of the motor since the cycle of
conformational changes could not be completed.
135) An element of the cytoskeleton is treated with ferritin-labeled antibodies to dynein and
visualized in the electron microscope. Ferritin can be seen attached to these elements. What are
they? What physical property of the cytoskeletal element would support your conclusion?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: They are microtubules since dynein, a molecular motor identified with microtubules, is
part of the structure. If the element were hollow and the right diameter, this conclusion would be
supported.
136) A scientist observes the motion of a certain type of vesicle around the cell. She notices that
vesicle movement ceases when colchicine is added to the culture medium. What conclusion can
she draw?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: Since colchicine inhibits microtubule function, it is likely that the vesicular movement
is orchestrated by microtubules.

Test Bank Karp8e CH9

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

Test Bank Karp8e CH9

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Test Bank Karp8e CH9

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Package Title: Test Bank

Course Title: Karp8e

Question Type: Multiple Choice

2) Which type of cytoskeletal element is described as tough, ropelike fibers composed of a

a) The cytoskeleton denatures in ionic detergents.

7) Fluorescence microscopy allows investigators to view things _________ of regular light

a) above the limits of resolution

8) Which of the following is a function performed by the cytoskeleton?

10) Which of the following appears to be the most extensible?

a) injecting tubulin with a fluorescent dye

a) phosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangles

a) Axons would grow more rapidly.

18) How are microtubules thought to affect cell shape in plants?

23) Which of the following molecular motors is associated with microfilaments?

a) the motor domain

30) Motor proteins are able to generate force by ___________.

a) undergoing a series of conformational changes

a) myosin, optical trap technology

a) The bead made kinesin activity visible.

a) Only the -tubulin of a heterodimer can bind to the ring of -subunits.

36) What end of a microtubule is associated with the centrosome?

a) the plus end

37) Which MTOC gives rise to cilia and flagella?

38) The sperm basal body becomes ______________.

a) a basal body of the fertilized egg

a) slightly elevated temperature

a) They preferentially kill tumor cells.

a) the minus end

45) Which of the following is NOT a function of a cilium?

a) moving the cell from place to place

46) The core of a cilium is called the ________.

49) From what structure do cilia and flagella emerge?

a) intersheath bridge, nexin link

a) The axoneme would fall apart completely.

a) sensor for fluid flow in the kidney tubules

a) as sensors for a magnetic field

60) If there is no flow of extraembryonic fluid over a mouse embryo, ___________.

a) most of the embryos die early in development

a) normal organ positions

65) Which property below is most characteristic of intermediate filaments?

a) The keratin subunits remain in the cytoplasmic keratin subunit pool.

67) Which protein below is often a component of intermediate filaments?

a) the nuclear envelope in the center of the cell

a) single actin strand

74) What motor is associated with microfilaments?

a) separation of chromosomes during mitosis

a) Its neck is twisted.

81) How do muscle cells become multinucleate?

a) They undergo fission.

a) the combined decrease in sarcomere length

88) What happens to the Z lines after contraction of the sarcomere?

a) The distance between the Z lines does not change.

a) All of the myosin heads beat synchronously.

94) What provides the energy that drives sarcomere contraction?

a) in the advancing lamellipodium edge

Learning Objective: LO 9.14 Explain the molecular mechanisms of cellular motility.

a) actin polymerization is required for Listeria infection

a) were surrounded by a cloud of tubulin