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Formula (2) Integration by Logarithms

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4 views10 pages

Formula (2) Integration by Logarithms

Uploaded by

oresco.christianjohnrce1965
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGARITHMS

CALCULUS 2
Formula 2: Logarithms

𝑑𝑢
න = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢

Note: a. The integrand is in the fractional form.


b. The numerator is the differential of the denominator.
c. The power of 𝑢 is 1.
d. The numerator is always a degree lower than the
denominator. If not, perform division first.
Examples: Evaluate the integral.

𝑑𝑥
1. ‫𝑥 ׬‬−9
𝑢 =𝑥−9
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

= ln 𝑥 − 9 + 𝐶
Examples: Evaluate the integral.
y+3
2. ‫𝑦 ׬‬−1 𝑑𝑦

𝑦+3
‫𝑦 ׬‬−1 𝑑𝑦
4
=‫ ׬‬1 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑦−1
𝑑𝑦
= ‫ 𝑦𝑑 ׬‬+ 4 ‫׬‬
𝑦−1
𝑢 =𝑦−1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 + 4 ln 𝑦 − 1 + 𝐶
Examples: Evaluate the integral.

𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
3. ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 6+3 𝑦−8 𝑑𝑦
4. ‫ ׬‬2
𝑦 −16𝑦−23
𝑢 = 2𝑥 6 + 3
𝑢 = 𝑦 2 − 16𝑦 − 23
𝑑𝑢 = 12𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑦 − 16 𝑑𝑦
1 12 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
= ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 6+3 = 2 𝑦 − 8 𝑑𝑦
12

1 1 2 𝑦−8 𝑑𝑦
= ln( 2𝑥 6 + 3) + 𝐶 = ‫׬‬
12 2 𝑦 2 −16𝑦−23

1
= ln 𝑦 2 − 16𝑦 − 23 + 𝐶
2
Examples: Evaluate the integral.

5. ‫ ׬‬tan 𝛽 𝑑𝛽 6. ‫ ׬‬csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝛽𝑑𝛽 csc 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
=‫׬‬ = ‫ ׬‬csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝛽 csc 𝑥−cot 𝑥

𝑢 = cos 𝛽 (csc2 𝑥−csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥


= ‫׬‬ csc 𝑥−cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝛽𝑑𝛽
𝑢 = csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥
(−)sin 𝛽𝑑𝛽
= −‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − (−csc 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝛽

= − ln cos 𝛽 + 𝐶 = (csc 2 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥


= ln (csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥) + 𝐶
Examples: Evaluate the integral.
𝑑𝑤
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8. ‫׬‬
7. ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 𝑤(3 ln 𝑤 + 2)
5𝑒 − 6
2𝑥 𝑢 = 3 ln 𝑤 + 2
𝑢 = 5𝑒 −6
1
𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑒 2𝑥 (2)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 3
𝑤
𝑑𝑤
= 10𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑤
=
𝑤
1 (10)𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ‫ ׬‬5𝑒 2𝑥−6
10 𝑑𝑤
1 (3)
𝑤
1 = ‫׬‬
3 3 ln 𝑤 + 2
= ln 5𝑒 2𝑥 −6 +𝐶
10
1
= ln 3 ln 𝑤 + 2 + 𝐶
3
Special Formula: Logarithms
2a. ‫ ׬‬tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln cos 𝑢 + 𝐶

2b. ‫ ׬‬cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln sin 𝑢 + 𝐶

2c. ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln(sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢) + 𝐶

2d. ‫ ׬‬csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln(csc 𝑢 − cot 𝑢) + 𝐶


Examples: Evaluate the integral.

1. ‫ ׬‬cot(9𝑦 2 )𝑦𝑑𝑦 2. ‫ ׬‬sec 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥


𝑢 = 9𝑦 2 𝑢 = 5𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 18𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 = 5 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ‫׬‬ cot(9𝑦 2 ) (18)𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ‫ ׬‬sec 5𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
18 5
1 1
= ln sin(9𝑦 2 ) + 𝐶 = ln( sec 5𝑥 + tan 5𝑥) + 𝐶
18 5
Assignment:
Evaluate the following integrals:

𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. ‫𝑥 ׬‬−8 6. ‫ ׬‬5𝑒 2𝑦−2

𝑥 2 +3 𝑑𝑥
2. ‫𝑥 ׬‬+2 𝑑𝑥 7. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬ln 𝑥

𝑦𝑑𝑦 8. ‫ ׬‬tan 5𝜃𝑑𝜃


3. ‫ ׬‬4−5𝑦2
9. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 csc 8𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑤+3 𝑑𝑤
4. ‫ 𝑤 ׬‬2+6𝑤+1 cos 2𝑥+3
10.‫ ׬‬cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
5. ‫ ׬‬3 sin2 𝑥+1

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