DETECTORS_Cat_en_16522900_07

IONIZING RADIATION
2014
DETECTORS
Including Codes of Practice
PTW History and General Remarks
Looking back on
a long history…
PTW-Freiburg is an internationally operating company, manufactur- The evolvement of radiation detectors
ing and marketing specialized dosimetry and quality control equip-
1922 Compact chambers with fixed preamplifier Hammer Dosimeter
ment for the medical radiology and health physics market. Founded
1927 Barrel type chambers as secondary transfer standards
in 1922, the company is located in Freiburg on the western side of
Küstner Dosimeter
the famous Black Forest mountains in southwestern Germany.
1928 Shadow-free chambers Schattenfreie Kammer
1930 Pressurized radiation protection chambers Streustrahlenkammer
Our Operations 1932 Continuous monitoring therapy chambers Tubusrelais
PTW-Freiburg designs, develops, manufactures and distributes high 1933 Water protected chambers for water phantom use
quality dosimetry and QC equipment mainly for use in the medical Wasserphantom
field, especially in radiation therapy, diagnostic radiology and nuclear 1933 Capacitor chambers for „wireless“ measurement Ionognom
medicine. The development and production of mechanical, 1936 Waterproof sealed chambers for brachytherapy
electronic and software components are all done in house. Our Mikrokammern
products, especially the PTW ionization chambers, are well known 1950 Flat chambers for diagnostic radiology and mammography
throughout the world and are recognized for their workmanship Flachkammern
and high level of quality. PTW-Freiburg is the market leader in its 1959 Transparent chambers for dose area product measurement
major product lines. The PTW distribution is organized internatio- DIAMENTOR ®
nally. A number of daughter companies and exclusive PTW repre- 1971 Pressurized well type chambers for nuclear medicine
sentations are established in many countries around the world. We CURIEMENTOR ®
cooperate closely with official public agencies worldwide, and we 1977 Plane-parallel low energy chambers Soft X-ray Chambers
participate actively in national and international work groups for the 1980 Dedicated electron chamber Markus Chamber
standardization of devices and procedures for dose measurement 1985 Single and multiple detectors for brachytherapy AM6 Detectors
and quality control in radiation medicine. 1989 Pencil chamber for computed tomography CT Chamber
1993 Diamond detector for water phantom use Diamond Detector
Our History 1995 Liquid filled ionization chamber linear array LA 48 Array
In 1922, twenty-seven years after Röntgen discovered the X-rays, 1995 Diode detectors for diagnostic radiology DIADOS Detectors
Professor Hammer from the Physics Institute of Freiburg University 1996 Well type chambers for brachytherapy source measurement
founded PTW to produce and market his development of an X-ray HDR Chambers
dosemeter based on the electrostatic relais, a revolutionary new 1997 Ultracompact ionization chambers PinPoint Chambers
electromechanical component for measuring very small electrical 1999 Dosimetry diodes for water phantom use Dosimetry Diodes
charges. In 1927, Dr. Herbert Pychlau took over the company and 2002 4π flat chamber for seed measurement SourceCheck
developed it during four decades into an internationally recognized 2003 2D ionization chamber array 2D-ARRAY seven29
manufacturer of quality dosemeters for medical radiology. PTW has 2005 Ultracompact chamber with 3D characteristics
developed and manufactured many generations of up-to-date PinPoint 3D Chamber
products over the years, based on the newest technology. The com- 2005 Dedicated proton chamber Bragg Peak Chamber
pany has grown continuously. Today, PTW employs a staff of more 2008 High resolution chamber matrix STARCHECK
than 230 all over the world. 2009 Fullsize high resolution chamber matrix STARCHECK maxi
2012 Liquid filled 2D ionization chamber array
OCTAVIUS Detector 1000 SRS
2013 First synthetic diamond detector (SCDD) microDiamond
General Remarks
1. All air filled ionization chambers described in this catalog are shipped with a PTW calibration certificate for one measuring quantity
(please specify), valid for the stated reference radiation quality.
2. An instruction manual in English is included with every detector.
3. The cable length of the detectors is 1 m, if not stated otherwise.
4. All detectors in this catalog can be operated with a PTW extension cable up to 100 m in length.
5. For very accurate measurements a pre-irradiation dose of (1 ... 3) Gy is recommended for all therapy ionization chambers,
even if the data sheet does not specify a mandatory pre-irradiation dose.
6. In case a detector is not used together with a PTW electrometer, the user must ensure that the polarizing voltage is applied by a
current-limiting device with a maximum current of 0.5 mA.
7. Most detectors in this catalog are available with 3 different connecting systems (BNT, TNC and M type).
8. All technical data published in this catalog are typical data for the various detector types.
Certain data of individual detectors may vary slightly within the ranges of tolerance.
9. Some former detector types are not included in this catalogue as they have been replaced by new types. The following table shows
discontinued detector types and their replacements.
Detector name Discontinued type New type Detector name Discontinued type New type
Farmer, PMMA/Al 30001 30010 0.3 cm3 rigid stem 23332 30016
Farmer, all graphite 30002 30011 1 cm3 rigid stem 23331 30015
Farmer graphite/Al 30004 30012 PinPoint 0.015 cm3 31006 31014
Farmer, waterproof 30006 30013 PinPoint 0.03 cm3 31009 31015
0.125 cm3 semiflex 31002 31010 Dosimetry Diode P 60008 60016
0.3 cm3 semiflex 31003 31013 Dosimetry Diode E 60012 60017
2
Ionizing Radiation Detectors: Contents
Contents
Introduction 4
Therapy Detectors 9
Diagnostic Detectors 37
Health Physics Detectors 45
Quick View 59
Codes of Practice 75
Index 99
3
The Physics
The Physics
General Aspects
Radiation detectors convert radiation energy into electrical energy. The electrical signal of a detector when
irradiated is measured by an electrometer connected to the detector. By applying a certain detector specific
calibration factor (e.g. Gy/C), the detector signal is related to a radiation dose value. Further correction factors
depending on the detector characteristics and the beam quality may be used. A variety of detector types with
different design for intensity measurements of ionizing radiation is available. The radiation detection for dosime-
tric purposes in the medical field of diagnostic radiology, radiotherapy and nuclear medicine is mainly based on
three principles of measurement, realized by three different detector types: the ionization chamber, the semicon-
ductor detector and the diamond detector.
Ionization Chamber
An ionization chamber basically consists of a gas
volume between two electrodes connected to a high
voltage supply of typically 100 V to 1000 V. In this
gas volume ionizing radiation creates ion pairs. These,
being positive and negative charge carriers, are attrac-
ted by the electrodes thus creating a current which can
be measured by an electrometer. Gas (air) volumes vary
from 0.01 cm3 to 10,000 cm3, corresponding currents
can be between 10-14 A and 10-7 A. Using non-polar
fluids, liquid-filled ionization chambers can be realized.
Semiconductor Detector
In silicon semiconductors a layer of n-type silicon is
brought into contact with a layer of p-type silicon,
allowing electrons to drift from the n to the p region of
the detector thus creating an insulating intrinsic zone.
Incident radiation frees electrons in the intrinsic zone
(sensitive layer of the detector) which move to the posi-
tively charged p region, generating a current. This solar
cell principle does not need an external bias voltage.
Diamond Detector
A high purity diamond can operate as a solid state
ionization detector. Ionizing radiation can push elec-
trons from the valence band to higher energy levels
thereby first filling electron traps caused by impurities
and then bringing electrons to the conductivity band.
An external bias is needed to produce an ionization
current very much like in an ionization chamber. A sta-
ble current can only be measured though after suffi-
cient pre-irradiation to fill the traps.
4
The Detector Design
The Detector Design
Thimble Ionization Chamber

A thimble chamber (also known as compact chamber)
consists of a central electrode and a cylindrical cham-
ber wall with a spherical or conical end mounted on a
cylindrical stem. A guard on central electrode potenti-
al leading up to the sensitive volume limits dark cur-
rents and stem effects.
Plane-Parallel Ionization Chamber

A plane-parallel chamber (also known as flat chamber)
consists of a high voltage electrode plate and a mea-
suring electrode plate confining the sensitive volume.
A guard on central electrode potential around the
measuring electrode plate limits dark current and per-
turbation effect.
Spherical Ionization Chamber

A spherical chamber consists of two concentric balls
representing the central measuring electrode and the
chamber wall and confining the sensitive volume. A
guard on central electrode potential around the mea-
suring electrode stem limits the dark current.
Well-Type Ionization Chamber

A well-type chamber consists of an outer housing with
an inset cylindrical cavity – representing the chamber
wall – to receive the measuring object. The measuring
electrode also surrounds this cavity. A guard on central
electrode potential around the measuring electrode
stem limits the dark current.
Semiconductor Detector
A silicon semiconductor detector consists of a layered
silicon disk with contact wires to the measuring instru-
ment. This is embedded horizontally or vertically in
protective and / or build-up material depending on the
intended application to form a useful probe.
This detector does not need an external bias voltage
nor a guard.
Diamond Detector
A diamond detector consists of a diamond disk with
contact wires to the measuring instrument. This is
embedded vertically in water-equivalent protective
material to produce a probe with the highest possible
spatial resolution in axial direction for use in therapy
beam analysis. A guard is lead up to the detector stem.
5
PTW Calibration Laboratory

As both the oldest and the largest manufacturer of improved versions of the Küstner Transfer Standard
ionization chambers and medical dosimetry equip- instrument in the PTW museum bear witness of that
ment, PTW-Freiburg has always maintained a calibrati- tradition. Internal traceability is proudly extended to
on laboratory for dosimetric measuring quantities. the point of preserving the original measurement
While being an integral part of the company and a key notes to every calibration performed since 1937. This
component of the PTW-Freiburg comprehensive quali- traditional approach to quality today gives the labora-
ty assurance system, the calibration laboratory is also tory the advantage of access to what is probably the
proud of its very own traditions and achievements. The largest database on calibrations of clinical dosimetry in
PTW Calibration Laboratory as an independent func- the world.
tional unit today is recognized internationally as one of
the leading Secondary Standard Dosimetry Calibration facilities and
Laboratories of the world. instrumentation
Our facility is one of the largest, most modern com-
mercial ionizing radiation calibration lab and repair
facility in the world. In 2008 the space for the calibra-
tion lab is enlarged up to 900 sq. meters. Today the
PTW calibration laboratory operates ten separate cali-
bration benches for radiological and radiotherapy mea-
surements ranging from small mammography and soft
X-ray facilities up to 137Cs and the 74 TBq (2000 Ci)
60Co radiotherapy standard. Work at all these single
calibration places is coordinated using a custom-made

laboratory software for process control, data acquisiti-
on from the calibration monitors (UNIDOS instru-
Front view of the PTW-Freiburg factory, building with calibration labo-

ratory to the left. Chamber assembly building in the background
Origin and tradition

PTW-Freiburg was founded on May 9, 1922 for the
purpose of manufacturing radiation therapy doseme-
ters based on the electrostatic relay invented by one of
the founders, Prof. Hammer. Early photographs of the
calibration laboratory show Hammer and Küstner dosi-
meters and their ionization chambers facing X-ray
tubes supplied by open high-voltage leads. Calibration
traceability to the National Laboratory (first PTR, now
PTB) always was of prime importance. Original and The building with the calibration laboratory (with solar panels)
seen from above (Photo: Bavaria Luftbild Verlags GmbH)
ments) and calibration calculation for the department

office writing the calibration certificates. As far as pos-
sible (for connector compatibility) the reference class
UNIDOS electrometers are also used for the measure-
ment of the customer chambers. The calibration in
electrical measuring quantities of all electrometers
used is also traceable to the PTB primary standard.
Besides the dose and dose rate ranges the laboratory
maintains facilities for the calibration of non-invasive
kV-meters and nuclear medicine isotope calibrators.
Detail of the calibration laboratory approx. 1957
6
Quality and regulatory compliance

Both as part of PTW-Freiburg and as Secondary with other secondary standard dosimetry laboratories
Standard Dosimetry Laboratory the PTW Calibration are done on a regular basis. Traceability to PTB is main-
Laboratory is qualified by adherence to the most strin- tained by calibration of six sets of dosimetry equip-
gent QA standards. Current certifications comprise ment every two years with comparative measure-
ISO 9001-2000, ISO 13485-2003, ISO 17025, and ments and reports every three months. Comparison
Annex II, Section 3 of the Directive 93/42/EEC (Medical with IAEA is done by exchange of mailed TLD every
Device Directive). year and occasional comparative measurements with
Customers have the choice of Factory Calibration ionization chambers. De-
Certificate or Secondary Standard Calibration Certificate viations are always mini-
(DAkkS) for dose / dose rate calibrations. mal.
Participation in European
Scope of work Ring Comparisons (mostly
also supplied with PTW
Repair and electrical calibration of measuring instru-
equipment) continuously
ments are mainly done for PTW dosimeters. This inclu-
shows very successful re-
des complete electrical recalibration of the modern
sults.
electrometers through all their measuring ranges as
TLD comparison measure-
well as early fault elimination by burn-in and compre-
ments between IAEA and
hensive electrical safety tests.
PTW both using the IAEA
Whenever possible radiological calibrations include the
system and the PTW TLD
adjustment of the instrument to directly display dose at
audit probes have shown
the reference quality. Radiological calibrations are per-
only minimal differences.
formed in the measuring quantities and radiation quality
Setting up a chamber
ranges as shown on page 8.
For these calibrations every instrument from every
manufacturer is accepted (as long as it works and phy-
Secondary Standard Laboratory/
sically fits within the beam). Special radiological calibra- Cooperation with IAEA and PTB
tions are available upon request. In consequence the Having successfully participated in the regular compa-
PTW laboratory is one of the busiest radiological cali- risons for some years, since the year 2000 the PTW
bration laboratories worldwide with over 10000 instru- calibration laboratory is formally recognized as a
ments calibrated every year. Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory in the
IAEA/WHO SSDL network[1].
This so far is the latest expression of the extremely
good and fruitful cooperation PTW has enjoyed with
the IAEA Dosimetry Laboratory. (Since 1996 PTW has
qualified and thrice requalified as preferred supplier of
clinical dosimetry equipment to IAEA.) Another positi-
ve aspect of this cooperation is in the mutual discussi-
on of procedures and equipment which has lead to the
design or continued development of several dosimetry
components as for example the PTW Farmer cham-
bers.
A similar close cooperation is traditionally maintained
with the German National Laboratory, PTB. Joint deve-
300 kV X-ray installation with filter wheel lopment has lead to such successful results as the
Böhm extrapolation chamber and the Roos electron
Comparison measurements chamber. In the German DKD service of secondary
Comparison measurements both in the form of direct standard laboratories PTW was the first and only labo-
comparisons in the calibration chain and ring compari- ratory for dosimetric quantities[2]. PTW is also one of
sons between laboratories of equal rank are essential the oldest members of this service (since 1980).
in documenting and maintaining traceability for any
[1] IAEA /WHO SSDL Newsletter No. 43 July 2000 page 43
calibration laboratory. At the PTW Calibration Labora- (http://www.iaea.or.at/programmes/nahunet/e3/dmrp_e3_pub.html)
tory comparisons both with primary laboratories and [2] Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, DKD Deutscher Kalibrierdienst,
Verzeichnis der Kalibrierlaboratorien, Ausgabe 3/2001: DKD-K-01501
(http://www.dkd.ptb.de)
7
Calibration Service -
Radiation Qualities
Radiation Therapy Dosemeters Miscellaneous Calibrations
- X-rays 10, 15, 30, 50, 70 kV - Source strength (cGym2h-1) of brachytherapy sources
(T qualities according to DIN 6817) measured by well-type chambers
- X-rays 70, 100, 140, 200, 280 kV - Diagnostic X-ray generator high voltage of all types of
(T qualities according to DIN 6817) X-ray equipment measured non-invasively by kV-meters:
- 137Cs 662 keV Different ranges from 20 to 150 kV
- 60Co 1.3 MeV - Nuclide activity in nuclear medicine measured by isotope
calibrators (only CURIEMENTOR instruments)
Diagnostic Radiology Dosemeters - Electrical measuring quantities charge (C) and current (A)
- X-rays 50, 70, 90, 120, 150 kVConventional measured by highly sensitive electrometers
(RQR and RQA qualities according to IEC 61267)
- X-rays 70, 90, 120, 150 kV CT General Information
(RQR and RQA qualities according to IEC 61267) According to the PTW definition, each such set of beam
- X-rays 100, 120, 150 kV CT qualities represents one calibration point for a certain appli-
(RQT qualities according to IEC 61267) cation and can be ordered with a single order number.
- X-rays 50, 70, 90 kV Dental For more detailed information please refer to “Calibrations
- X-rays 25, 28, 30, 35 kV Mammography at PTW – A Short Guide” which you will find in the
Qualities according to IEC 61267 Mo/Mo, Mo/Rh, Rh/Rh, section Services-Calibrations on our website www.ptw.de.
W/Ag, W/Al, W/Rh (each with 2 mm Al optional)
Radiation Protection Dosemeters

- X-rays 20, 30, 40 kV
(Narrow Spectrum Series (N) qualities acc ISO 4037-1)
- X-rays 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250 kV
(Narrow Spectrum Series (N) qualities acc ISO 4037-1)
- 137Cs 662 keV
- 60Co 1.3 MeV
8
Therapy Detectors
Therapy Detectors
Therapy Detectors
Farmer Chamber (PMMA/Aluminum) 10

Farmer Chamber (Graphite/Graphite) 11
Farmer Chamber (Graphite/Aluminum) 12
Farmer Chamber, waterproof 13
Semiflex Chamber 0.125 cm3 14
Semiflex Chamber 0.3 cm3 15
Rigid Stem Chamber 0.3 cm3 16
Rigid Stem Chamber 1.0 cm3 17
Advanced Markus Chamber 18
Markus Chamber 19
Roos Chamber 20
Bragg Peak Chamber 10.5 cm3 21
Bragg Peak Chamber 2.5 cm3 22
PinPoint Chamber 0.015 cm3 23
PinPoint Chamber 0.03 cm3 24
PinPoint 3D Chamber 25
microDiamond 26
Dosimetry Diode P 27
Dosimetry Diode E 28
Dosimetry Diode SRS 29
Dosimetry Diode PR 30
Soft X-Ray Chamber 0.02 cm3 31
SOURCECHECK 4π 34
System Incorporated Detectors 35
Radioactive Check Devices 36
9
Therapy Detectors
Farmer Chamber
Type 30010
Classical therapy chamber for absolute

dosimetry in high-energy photon,
electron and proton beams
Features Materials and measures:

Fully guarded chamber Wall of sensitive volume 0.335 mm PMMA,
1.19 g/cm3
Sensitive volume 0.6 cm3, vented to air 0.09 mm graphite,
Acrylic wall, graphited 1.85 g/cm3
Aluminum central electrode Total wall area density 56.5 mg/cm2

Radioactive check device (option) Dimension of sensitive radius 3.05 mm
volume length 23.0 mm
The 30010 Farmer chamber is a wide spread ionization Central electrode Al 99.98, diameter 1.1 mm
chamber for absolute dose measurements in radiation Build-up cap PMMA, thickness 4.55 mm
therapy. Correction factors needed to determine
absorbed dose to water or air kerma are published in the
Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
pertinent dosimetry protocols. The acrylic chamber wall
Ion collection time 140 µs
ensures the ruggedness of the chamber. The chamber is
designed for the use in solid state phantoms and there- Max. dose rate for
≥ 99.5 % saturation 5 Gy/s
fore not waterproof. ≥ 99.0 % saturation 10 Gy/s
Specification Max. dose per pulse for

≥ 99.5 % saturation 0.46 mGy
Type of product vented cylindrical ionization ≥ 99.0 % saturation 0.91 mGy
chamber acc. IEC 60731
Application absolute dosimetry in Useful ranges:
radiotherapy beams
Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 400) V
Measuring quantities absorbed dose to water,
air kerma, exposure Radiation quality 30 kV ... 50 MV photons
(10 ... 45) MeV electrons
Reference radiation 60Co (50 ... 270) MeV protons
quality
Field size (5 x 5) cm2 ... (40 x 40) cm2
Nominal sensitive 0.6 cm3
volume Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
(50 ... 104) °F
Design not waterproof, vented,
fully guarded Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Reference point on chamber axis, 13 mm Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
from chamber tip
Direction of incidence radial Ordering Information
Nominal response 20 nC/Gy TN30010-1 Farmer type chamber 0.6 cm3, PMMA/Al,
Long-term stability ≤ 0.5 % per year connecting system BNT
Chamber voltage 400 V nominal TW30010-1 Farmer type chamber 0.6 cm3, PMMA/Al,
± 500 V maximal connecting system TNC
Polarity effect at 60Co < 0.5 % TM30010-1 Farmer type chamber 0.6 cm3, PMMA/Al,
Photon energy response ≤ ± 2 % (70 kV ... 280 kV) connecting system M
≤ ± 4 % (200 kV ... 60Co)
Directional response in ≤ ± 0.5 % for rotation
Options
solid state phantom around the chamber axis T48012 Radioactive check device 90Sr
and for tilting of the axis
up to ± 5° T48002.3.003 Chamber holding device for check device
Leakage current ≤ ± 4 fA
Cable leakage ≤ 1 pC/(Gy·cm)
10
Therapy Detectors
Farmer Chamber
Type 30011
Pure graphite therapy chamber for

absolute dosimetry in high-energy
photon, electron and proton beams

Fully guarded chamber Wall of sensitive volume 0.425 mm graphite,
1.85 g/cm3
Sensitive volume 0.6 cm3, vented to air
Total wall area density 79 mg/cm2
Graphite wall
Dimension of sensitive radius 3.05 mm
Graphite central electrode volume length 23.0 mm
Radioactive check device (option) Central electrode graphite, diameter 1.0 mm
The 30011 all graphite Farmer chamber is used for abso- Build-up cap PMMA, thickness 4.55 mm
lute dose measurements in radiation therapy in cases
where a minimum of different materials in the radiation Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
field is desired. Correction factors needed to determine Ion collection time 140 µs
absorbed dose to water or air kerma are published in the Max. dose rate for
pertinent dosimetry protocols. Due to the sole use of ≥ 99.5 % saturation 5 Gy/s
graphite the energy response of the chamber at energies ≥ 99.0 % saturation 10 Gy/s
below 60Co varies stronger than that of chambers with an Max. dose per pulse for
aluminum electrode. The chamber is designed for the use ≥ 99.5 % saturation 0.46 mGy
in solid state phantoms and therefore not waterproof. ≥ 99.0 % saturation 0.91 mGy
Specification Useful ranges:

Type of product vented cylindrical Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 400) V
ionization chamber Radiation quality 140 kV ... 50 MV photons
acc. IEC 60731 (10 ... 45) MeV electrons
Application absolute therapy dosimetry in (50 ... 270) MeV protons
solid state phantoms and air Field size (5 x 5) cm2 ... (40 x 40) cm2
Measuring quantities absorbed dose to water, air Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
kerma, exposure (50 ... 104) °F
Reference radiation 60Co
Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
quality
Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
volume
Design not waterproof, vented, Ordering Information
fully guarded TN30011-1 Farmer type chamber 0.6 cm3, C/C,
Reference point on chamber axis, 13 mm connecting system BNT
from chamber tip
TW30011-1 Farmer type chamber 0.6 cm3, C/C,
Direction of incidence radial connecting system TNC
Nominal response 20 nC/Gy
Long-term stability ≤ 0.5 % per year Options
T48012 Radioactive check device 90Sr
Chamber voltage 400 V nominal
± 500 V maximal T48002.3.003 Chamber holding device for check device
Polarity effect at 60Co < 0.5 %
Photon energy response ≤ ± 12 % (280 kV ... 60Co)

solid state phantom around the chamber axis
up to ± 5°
11
Therapy Detectors
Farmer Chamber
Type 30012
Farmer chamber with graphite wall for


Fully guarded chamber Wall of sensitive volume 0.425 mm graphite,
1.85 g/cm3
Graphite wall
Aluminum central electrode volume length 23.0 mm
Radioactive check device (option) Central electrode Al 99.98, diameter 1.1 mm
The 30012 Farmer chamber is intended for absolute Build-up cap PMMA, thickness 4.55 mm
dose measurements in radiation therapy. Correction fac-
tors needed to determine absorbed dose to water or air Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
kerma are published in the pertinent dosimetry proto- Ion collection time 140 µs
cols. The graphite wall makes the chamber almost water- Max. dose rate for
equivalent, the aluminum central electrode improves the ≥ 99.5 % saturation 5 Gy/s
energy response at energies below 60Co. The chamber is ≥ 99.0 % saturation 10 Gy/s
intended for the use in solid state phantoms and there- Max. dose per pulse for
fore not waterproof. ≥ 99.5 % saturation 0.46 mGy
Specification
Type of product vented cylindrical Useful ranges:
ionization chamber Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 400) V
acc. IEC 60731
Radiation quality 60 kV ... 50 MV photons
Application absolute therapy dosimetry in (10 ... 45) MeV electrons
solid state phantoms and air (50 ... 270) MeV protons
Measuring quantities absorbed dose to water, Field size (5 x 5) cm2 ... (40 x 40) cm2
air kerma, exposure
Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
Reference radiation 60Co (50 ... 104) °F
quality
Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
volume Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa

fully guarded Ordering Information
Reference point on chamber axis, 13 mm TN30012-1 Farmer type chamber 0.6 cm3, C/Al,
from chamber tip connecting system BNT
Direction of incidence radial TW30012-1 Farmer type chamber 0.6 cm3, C/Al,
Nominal response 20 nC/Gy connecting system TNC
Long-term stability ≤ 0.5 % per year
Options
Chamber voltage 400 V nominal 90Sr
± 500 V maximal T48012 Radioactive check device
Polarity effect at 60Co < 0.5 % T48002.3.003 Chamber holding device for check device
Photon energy response ≤ ± 2 % (70 kV ... 280 kV)
≤ ± 4 % (200 kV ... 60Co)
solid state phantom around the chamber axis
up to ± 5°
12
Therapy Detectors
Farmer Chamber
Type 30013
Waterproof therapy chamber for


Waterproof, fully guarded chamber Wall of sensitive volume 0.335 mm PMMA,
1.19 g/cm3
Aluminum central electrode Total wall area density 56.5 mg/cm2

The 30013 Farmer chamber is the standard ionization Central electrode Al 99.98, diameter 1.1 mm
chamber for absolute dose measurements in radiation Build-up cap PMMA, thickness 4.55 mm
therapy. Correction factors needed to determine
absorbed dose to water or air kerma are published in the
pertinent dosimetry protocols. Its waterproof design
allows the chamber to be used in water or in solid state
phantoms. The acrylic chamber wall ensures the rugged- Max. dose rate for
ness of the chamber. ≥ 99.0 % saturation 10 Gy/s

Type of product vented cylindrical ≥ 99.0 % saturation 0.91 mGy
ionization chamber
acc. IEC 60731
Useful ranges:
Application absolute therapy dosimetry
in water, solid state phan- Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 400) V
toms and air Radiation quality 30 kV ... 50 MV photons
Measuring quantities absorbed dose to water, (10 ... 45) MeV electrons
air kerma, exposure (50 ... 270) MeV protons
Reference radiation 60Co Field size (5 x 5) cm2 ... (40 x 40) cm2
quality Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
Nominal sensitive 0.6 cm3 (50 ... 104) °F
volume Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Design waterproof, vented, fully Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
guarded
Reference point on chamber axis, 13 mm
from chamber tip Ordering Information
Direction of incidence radial TN30013 Farmer type chamber 0.6 cm3, waterproof,
connecting system BNT
TW30013 Farmer type chamber 0.6 cm3, waterproof,
Long-term stability ≤ 0.5 % per year
connecting system TNC
± 500 V maximal TM30013 Farmer type chamber 0.6 cm3, waterproof,
connecting system M
Polarity effect at 60Co < 0.5 %
Photon energy response ≤ ± 2 % (70 kV ... 280 kV) Options
≤ ± 4 % (200 kV ... 60Co) 90Sr
T48012 Radioactive check device
water around the chamber axis T48002.3.003 Chamber holding device for check device
up to ± 5°
13
Therapy Detectors
0.125 cm3 Semiflex

Chamber
Type 31010
Standard therapy chamber for
scanning systems and for absolute
dosimetry

Waterproof, semiflexible design for easy mounting in Wall of sensitive volume 0.55 mm PMMA,
1.19 g/cm3
scanning water phantoms 0.15 mm graphite,
Minimized directional response 0.82 g/cm3
Sensitive volume 0.125 cm3, vented to air Total wall area density 78 mg/cm2
The 31010 semiflexible chamber is the ideal compromise Central electrode Al 99.98, diameter 1.1 mm
between small size for reasonable spatial resolution and
large sensitive volume for precise dose measurements. Build-up cap PMMA, thickness 3 mm
This makes the 31010 chamber to one of the most com-
monly used chambers in scanning water phantom sys- Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
tems. The chamber volume of 0.125 cm3 gives enough Ion collection time 100 µs
signal to use the chamber also for high precision Max. dose rate for
absolute dose measurements. The sensitive volume is ≥ 99.5 % saturation 6 Gy/s
approximately spherical resulting in a flat angular
response and a uniform spatial resolution along all three Max. dose per pulse for
axes of a water phantom. ≥ 99.5 % saturation 0.5 mGy
Specification
Useful ranges:
Type of product vented cylindrical
ionization chamber Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 400) V
Application absolute dosimetry in Radiation quality 140 kV ... 50 MV photons
radiotherapy beams (10 ... 45) MeV electrons
(50 ... 270) MeV protons
air kerma, exposure Field size (3 x 3) cm2 ... (40 x 40) cm2
Reference radiation 60Co Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
quality (50 ... 104) °F
Nominal sensitive 0.125 cm3 Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
volume Air pressure (700 - 1060) hPa
Design waterproof, vented, fully
guarded
Ordering Information
Reference point on chamber axis, 4.5 mm
from chamber tip TN31010 Semiflex chamber 0.125 cm3,
Direction of incidence radial
TW31010 Semiflex chamber 0.125 cm3,
Nominal response 3.3 nC/Gy
Long-term stability ≤ 1 % per year
TM31010 Semiflex chamber 0.125 cm3,
Chamber voltage 400 V nominal connecting system M
± 500 V maximal
Polarity effect at 60Co <1% Options
Photon energy response ≤ ± 2 % (140 kV ... 280 kV) T48012 Radioactive check device 90Sr
≤ ± 4 % (140 kV ... 60Co)
T48002.1.004 Chamber holding device for check device
water around the chamber axis
up to ± 10°
14
Therapy Detectors
0.3 cm3 Semiflex

Chamber
Type 31013
Therapy chamber for scanning systems

and for absolute dosimetry

Waterproof, semiflexible design for easy mounting Wall of sensitive volume 0.55 mm PMMA,
1.19 g/cm3
in scanning water phantoms 0.15 mm graphite,
Increased sensitive volume for low level 0.82 g/cm3
measurements Total wall area density 78 mg/cm2
Sensitive volume 0.3 cm3, vented to air Dimension of sensitive radius 2.75 mm
Radioactive check device (option) volume length 16.25 mm
Central electrode Al 99.98, diameter 0.9 mm
The 31013 semiflexible chamber is ideal for precise dose
measurements and for the measurement of dose distri- Build-up cap PMMA, thickness 3 mm
butions in scanning water phantom systems. The cham-
ber is used as an alternative for the 31010 chamber in Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
cases where increased signal levels are required and spa- Ion collection time 80 µs
tial resolution along the axis of the chamber can be com- Max. dose rate for
promised. ≥ 99.5 % saturation 14 Gy/s
ionization chamber ≥ 99.0 % saturation 1.5 mGy
Application absolute dosimetry in

radiotherapy beams Useful ranges:
Measuring quantities absorbed dose to water, air
kerma, exposure Radiation quality 100 kV ... 50 MV photons
60Co
(10 ... 45) MeV electrons
Reference radiation (50 ... 270) MeV protons
quality
(50 ... 104) °F
Design waterproof, vented, fully
guarded Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Reference point on chamber axis, 9.5 mm Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
from chamber tip
Nominal response 10 nC/Gy TN31013 Semiflex chamber 0.3 cm3,
Long-term stability ≤ 1 % per year connecting system BNT
Chamber voltage 400 V nominal TW31013 Semiflex chamber 0.3 cm3,
Polarity effect at 60Co <1% TM31013 Semiflex chamber 0.3 cm3,
Photon energy response ≤ ± 2 % (140 kV ... 280 kV) connecting system M
≤ ± 4 % (100 kV ... 60Co)
Directional response in ≤ ± 0.5 % for rotation Options
water around the chamber axis T48012 Radioactive check device 90Sr
up to ± 10° T48002.1.004 Chamber holding device for check device
15
Therapy Detectors
0.3 cm3 Rigid Stem

Chamber
Type 30016
Therapy chamber for absolute
dosimetry in high-energy photon and
electron beams

1.19 g/cm3
Aluminum central electrode Total wall area density 67 mg/cm2

volume length 18 mm
The 30016 chamber is used for absolute dose measure- Central electrode Al 99.98, diameter 0.85 mm
ments in radiation therapy in cases where the high vol- Build-up cap PMMA, thickness 3 mm
ume of the 30015 chamber is not needed and a higher
spatial resolution is needed. Correction factors needed to
determine absorbed dose to water or air kerma are pub-
lished in the pertinent dosimetry protocols. The acrylic
chamber wall ensures the ruggedness of the chamber. Max. dose rate for
≥ 99.5 % saturation 11.5 Gy/s
The chamber is designed for the use in solid state phan- ≥ 99.0 % saturation 23.1 Gy/s
toms and is therefore not waterproof.
Max. dose per pulse for
Specification ≥ 99.0 % saturation 1.38 mGy
Type of product vented cylindrical
ionization chamber
Useful ranges:
Application absolute dosimetry in Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 600) V
radiotherapy beams
Measuring quantities absorbed dose to water, (6 ... 25) MeV electrons
air kerma, exposure
60Co Field size (5 x 5) cm2 ... (40 x 40) cm2
Reference radiation
(50 ... 104) °F
Design not waterproof, vented, Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
fully guarded
Reference point on chamber axis, 9.5 mm Ordering Information
from chamber tip
TN30016 Rigid stem chamber 0.3 cm3,
Nominal response 10.5 nC/Gy TW30016 Rigid stem chamber 0.3 cm3,
Long-term stability ≤ 1 % per year connecting system TNC
Chamber voltage 400 V nominal TM30016 Rigid stem chamber 0.3 cm3,
± 600 V maximal connecting system M
Polarity effect ≤1%
Options
≤ ± 4 % (200 kV ... 60Co) T48012 Radioactive check device 90Sr
solid state phantom around the chamber axis,
≤ ± 1 % for tilting of the
axis up to ± 20°
16
Therapy Detectors
1.0 cm3 Rigid Stem

Chamber
Type 30015
High-volume therapy chamber for
photon and electron beams

1.19 g/cm3
Aluminum central electrode Total wall area density 73 mg/cm2

volume length 22 mm
The 30015 rigid stem chamber is used for absolute dose Central electrode Al 99.98, diameter 1.1 mm
measurements in radiation therapy. Correction factors Build-up cap PMMA, thickness 3 mm
needed to determine absorbed dose to water or air
kerma are published in the pertinent dosimetry proto-
cols. The acrylic chamber wall ensures the ruggedness of
the chamber. The chamber is designed for the use in
solid state phantoms and is therefore not waterproof. Max. dose rate for
Specification
Type of product vented cylindrical Max. dose per pulse for
radiotherapy beams
Useful ranges:
Measuring quantities absorbed dose to water, Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 600) V
air kerma, exposure
60Co
Reference radiation (10 ... 45) MeV electrons
quality
(50 ... 104) °F
Design not waterproof , vented,
fully guarded Humidity (20 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Reference point on chamber axis, 11.5 mm Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
from chamber tip
Nominal response 31.9 nC/Gy TN30015 Rigid stem chamber 1.0 cm3,
Chamber voltage 400 V nominal TW30015 Rigid stem chamber 1.0 cm3,
Polarity effect ≤1% TM30015 Rigid stem chamber 1.0 cm3,
connecting system M
≤ ± 4 % (200 kV ... 60Co)
Options
solid state phantom around the chamber axis, T48012 Radioactive check device 90Sr
≤ ± 1 % for tilting of the T48002.3.004 Chamber holding device for check device
axis up to ± 20°
17
Therapy Detectors
Advanced Markus
Chamber
Type 34045
Perturbation-free version of the famous
classic Markus chamber for absolute
dosimetry in high-energy electron beams

Perturbation-free electron chamber Entrance foil 0.03 mm PE (polyethylene
CH2), 2.76 mg/cm2
Thin entrance window and waterproof
Protection cap 0.87 mm PMMA,
protection cap 1.19 g/cm3, 0.4 mm air
Small-sized for high spatial resolution Total window area density 106 mg/cm2, 1.3 mm
Sensitive volume 0.02 cm3, vented to air (protection cap included)
Radioactive check device (option) Water-equivalent window 1.06 mm
thickness (protection cap included)
The 34045 Advanced Markus chamber is the successor Sensitive volume radius 2.5 mm
of the well-known classic Markus electron chamber, depth 1 mm
equipped with a wide guard ring for perturbation-free
Guard ring width 2 mm
measurements. The thin entrance window allows meas-
urements in solid state phantoms up to the surface. The
protection cap makes the chamber waterproof for meas-
urements in water phantoms.
Max. dose rate for
Specification ≥ 99.5 % saturation 187 Gy/s
Type of product vented plane parallel
ionization chamber Max. dose per pulse for
Application absolute dosimetry in high- ≥ 99.0 % saturation 5.56 mGy
energy electron beams
Measuring quantity absorbed dose to water Useful ranges:
Reference radiation 60Co Chamber voltage ± (50 ... 300) V
quality
Radiation quality (2 ... 45) MeV electrons
Nominal sensitive 0.02 cm3 (50 ... 270) MeV protons
volume
Design waterproof with protection
cap, vented Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
(50 ... 104) °F
Reference point in chamber center on
entrance foil, or 1.3 mm Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
below surface of Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
protection cap
Direction of incidence perpendicular to chamber
plane Ordering Information
Nominal response 0.67 nC/Gy TN34045 Advanced Markus electron chamber,
0.02 cm3, connecting system BNT
TW34045 Advanced Markus electron chamber,
Chamber voltage 300 V nominal 0.02 cm3, connecting system TNC
± 400 V maximal
TM34045 Advanced Markus electron chamber,
Polarity effect ≤1% 0.02 cm3, connecting system M
for electrons ≥ 9 MeV
Directional response in ≤ ± 0.1 % for chamber Options
water tilting ≤ ± 10°
Leakage current ≤ ± 4 fA T23343/11 Chamber holding device for check device
18
Therapy Detectors
Markus Chamber
Type 23343
Classic plane parallel chamber for

electron beams

Thin entrance window and waterproof Entrance foil 0.03 mm PE (polyethylene
CH2), 2.76 mg/cm2
protection cap
Protection cap 0.87 mm PMMA,
Small-sized for high spatial resolution 1.19 g/cm3, 0.4 mm air
Sensitive volume 0.055 cm3, vented to air Total window area density 106 mg/cm2, 1.3 mm
Radioactive check device (option) (protection cap included)
Water-equivalent window 1.06 mm
The 23343 Markus chamber is manufactured in the orig- thickness (protection cap included)
inal famous Markus design. Absorbed dose to water can
be measured by applying correction factors for perturba- Sensitive volume radius 2.65 mm
depth 2 mm
tion effects as published in pertinent dosimetry proto-
cols. The thin entrance window allows measurements in Guard ring width < 0.2 mm
solid state phantoms up to the surface. The protection
cap makes the chamber waterproof for measurements in Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
water phantoms. Ion collection time 90 µs
Max. dose rate for
Type of product vented plane parallel ≥ 99.0 % saturation 24 Gy/s
ionization chamber Max. dose per pulse for
Application absolute dosimetry in high- ≥ 99.5 % saturation 0.7 mGy
energy electron beams ≥ 99.0 % saturation 1.4 mGy
Measuring quantity absorbed dose to water

Useful ranges:
Reference radiation quality 60Co
Nominal sensitive volume 0.055 cm3 Radiation quality (2 ... 45) MeV electrons
Design waterproof with protection (50 ... 270) MeV protons
cap, vented Field size (3 x 3) cm2 ... (40 x 40) cm2
Reference point in chamber center on Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
entrance foil, or 1.3 mm (50 ... 104) °F
below surface of
protection cap Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Direction of incidence perpendicular to chamber Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
plane
Nominal response 2 nC/Gy Ordering Information
Long-term stability ≤ 1 % per year TN23343 Markus electron chamber 0.055 cm3,
Chamber voltage 300 V nominal connecting system BNT
± 400 V maximal TW23343 Markus electron chamber 0.055 cm3,
Polarity effect ≤1% connecting system TNC
for electrons ≥ 9 MeV TM23343 Markus electron chamber 0.055 cm3,
Directional response in ≤ ± 0.1 % for chamber connecting system M
Leakage current ≤ ± 4 fA Options
Cable leakage ≤ 3.5 pC/(Gy·cm) T48010 Radioactive check device 90Sr
T23343/11 Chamber holding device for check device
19
Therapy Detectors
Roos Chamber
Type 34001
Waterproof plane parallel chamber for

electron and proton beams

Perturbation-free, minimized polarity effect Entrance window 1 mm PMMA, 1.19 g/cm3
0.02 mm graphite, 0.82
Waterproof, wide guard ring design g/cm3
Sensitive volume 0.35 cm3, vented to air 0.1 mm varnish, 1.19
g/cm3
Radioactive check device (option)
Total window area density 132 mg/cm2
The 34001 Roos chamber is the golden standard for Water-equivalent window 1.3 mm
absolute dose measurements in high-energy electron thickness
beams. Modern dosimetry protocols refer to the cham- Sensitive volume radius 7.5 mm
ber's design and provide dosimetric correction factors. Its depth 2 mm
waterproof design allows the chamber to be used in Guard ring width 4 mm
water or in solid state phantoms. The Roos chamber is
also well suited for the measurement of high-energy Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
photon depth dose curves up to 2.5 mm below the Ion collection time 125 µs
water surface. The chamber can be used for dose meas-
Max. dose rate for
urements of proton beams. ≥ 99.5 % saturation 5.2 Gy/s
Specification
Max. dose per pulse for
Type of product vented plane parallel ≥ 99.5 % saturation 0.46 mGy
acc. IEC 60731
Application absolute dosimetry in Useful ranges:
high-energy electron and
proton beams Chamber voltage ± (50 ... 300) V
Measuring quantity absorbed dose to water Radiation quality (2 ... 45) MeV electrons
60Co ... 25 MV photons
Reference radiation 60Co (50 ... 270) MeV protons
quality
(50 ... 104) °F
Design waterproof, vented
Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Reference point in chamber center,
1.12 mm below surface Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
plane, see label 'Focus' Ordering Information
Nominal response 12 nC/Gy TN34001 Roos electron chamber 0.35 cm3,
Long-term stability ≤ 0.5 % per year connecting system BNT
Chamber voltage 200 V nominal TW34001 Roos electron chamber 0.35 cm3,
Polarity effect < 0.5 % TM34001 Roos electron chamber 0.35 cm3,
Directional response in ≤ ± 0.1 % for chamber connecting system M
Options
T48004 Chamber holding device for check device
20
Therapy Detectors
Bragg Peak Chamber

Type 34070
Waterproof plane-parallel chamber for

dosimetry in proton beams

Waterproof, wide guard ring design Entrance window 3.35 mm PMMA
0.02 mm graphite
Sensitive volume 10.5 cm3, vented to air 0.1 mm varnish
The 34070 Bragg peak chamber is designed to measure Total window area density 411 mg/cm2
the exact location of the Bragg peak in therapy proton Water-equivalent window 4 mm
beams. The large diameter of the chamber allows thickness
the measurement of the complete proton beam dia- Sensitive volume radius 40.8 mm,
meter (non-scanned) including the scattered protons. depth 2 mm
The chamber is waterproof and consequently can either Guard ring width 1.1 mm
be used in air behind a water column or in a water
phantom. Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
In water, the Bragg Peak chamber can be used for meas- Ion collection time 67 µs
urements of horizontal beams. Due to the thickness of
Max. dose rate for
the entrance and exit windows, the chamber can addi- ≥ 99.5 % saturation 21 Gy/s
tionally be used in vertical beams where measurements ≥ 99.0 % saturation 42 Gy/s
are performed in different water depths. Max. dose per pulse for
Specification ≥ 99.0 % saturation 1.8 mGy
ionization chamber Useful ranges:
Application relative dosimetry in high- Chamber voltage (300 ... 500) V
energy proton beams
Radiation quality (70 ... 250) MeV protons
volume Field size diameter (3 ... 10) mm
Design waterproof, vented Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
(50 ... 104) °F
Reference point in chamber center,
3.47 mm from chamber Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
surface Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
plane, see label 'Focus'
(at 60Co free in air) TN34070-2,5 Bragg peak chamber 10.5 cm3,
± 500 V maximal TW34070-2,5 Bragg peak chamber 10.5 cm3,
Polarity effect ≤1% connecting system TNC
Leakage current ≤ ± 100 fA TM34070-2,5 Bragg peak chamber 10.5 cm3,

connecting system M
Cable length 2.5 m
21
Therapy Detectors
Bragg Peak Chamber

Type 34073
Waterproof plane-parallel chamber for

dosimetry in proton beams

Waterproof, wide guard ring design Entrance window 1.01 mm PMMA
0.02 mm graphite
Sensitive volume 2.5 cm3, vented to air 0.1 mm varnish
The 34073 Bragg peak chamber is designed to measure Total window area density 133 mg/cm2
the exact location of the Bragg peak in therapy proton Water-equivalent window 1.3 mm
beams. The large diameter of the chamber allows thickness
the measurement of the complete proton beam dia- Sensitive volume radius 19.8 mm
meter (non-scanned) including the scattered protons. depth 2 mm
The chamber is waterproof and consequently can either Guard ring width 4 mm
be used in air behind a water column or in a water
phantom. Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
In water, the Bragg Peak chamber can be used for meas- Ion collection time 67 µs
urements of horizontal beams.
Max. dose rate for
Type of product vented plane parallel Max. dose per pulse for
Application relative dosimetry in high- ≥ 99.0 % saturation 1.8 mGy
energy proton beams
Nominal sensitive 2.5 cm3 Useful ranges:
volume Chamber voltage (300 ... 500) V
Design waterproof, vented Radiation quality (70 ... 250) MeV protons
Reference point in chamber center, Field size diameter (3 ... 10) mm
1.13 mm from chamber
surface Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
(50 ... 104) °F
plane, see label 'Focus' Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Nominal response 78 nC/Gy Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
(at 60Co free in air)
Chamber voltage 400 V nominal Ordering Information
± 500 V maximal
TN34073-2,5 Bragg peak chamber 2.5 cm3,
Leakage current ≤ ± 100 fA TW34073-2,5 Bragg peak chamber 2.5 cm3,
Cable leakage ≤ 1 pC/(Gy·cm) connecting system TNC
Cable length 2.5 m TM34073-2,5 Bragg peak chamber 2.5 cm3,
connecting system M
22
Therapy Detectors
PinPoint Chamber
Type 31014
Ultra small-sized therapy chamber for

dosimetry in high-energy photon
beams

Small-sized sensitive volumes of only 0.015 cm3 and Wall of sensitive volume 0.57 mm PMMA,
1.19 g/cm3
2 mm in diameter, vented to air 0.09 mm graphite,
Very high spatial resolution when used for scans 1.85 g/cm3
perpendicular to the chamber axis Total wall area density 85 mg/cm2
Aluminum central electrode Dimensions of sensitive radius 1 mm
Radioactive check device (option) volume length 5 mm
The 31014 PinPoint chamber is ideal for dose measure-
ments in small fields as encountered e.g. in IORT, IMRT Build-up cap PMMA, thickness 3 mm
and stereotactic beams. Relative dose distributions can
be measured with very high spatial resolution when the Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
chamber is moved perpendicular to the chamber axis. Ion collection time 20 µs
The waterproof, fully guarded chamber can be used in Max. dose rate for
air, solid state phantoms and in water. ≥ 99.5 % saturation 265 Gy/s
ionization chamber ≥ 99.0 % saturation 7 mGy
Application dosimetry in high-energy

photon beams with high Useful ranges:
spatial resolution Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 400) V
Measuring quantities absorbed dose to water, Radiation quality 60Co ... 50 MV photons
air kerma, exposure
(50 ... 104) °F
guarded
from chamber tip
TN31014 PinPoint chamber 0.015 cm3,
Direction of incidence radial, axial connecting system BNT
Pre-irradiation dose 2 Gy TW31014 PinPoint chamber 0.015 cm3,
Nominal response 400 pC/Gy connecting system TNC
TM31014 PinPoint chamber 0.015 cm3,
Long-term stability ≤ 1 % per year connecting system M
± 500 V maximal Options
Polarity effect ≤±2% T48012 Radioactive check device 90Sr
Directional response in ≤ ± 0.5 % for rotation T48002.1.007 Chamber holding device for check device
water around the chamber axis,
axis up to
± 20° (radial incidence)
± 15° (axial incidence)
23
Therapy Detectors
PinPoint Chamber
Type 31015
Small-sized therapy chamber for

beams

Small-sized sensitive volume of only 0.03 cm3 and Wall of sensitive volume 0.57 mm PMMA,
1.19 g/cm3
2.9 mm in diameter, vented to air 0.09 mm graphite,
Very high spatial resolution when used for scans 1.85 g/cm3
perpendicular to the chamber axis Total wall area density 85 mg/cm2
Aluminum central electrode Dimensions of sensitive radius 1.45 mm
Radioactive check device (option) volume length 5 mm
The 31015 PinPoint chamber is ideal for dose measure-
ments in small fields as encountered e.g. in IORT, IMRT Build-up cap PMMA, thickness 3 mm
and stereotactic beams. Relative dose distributions can
be measured with very high spatial resolution when the Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
chamber is moved perpendicular to the chamber axis. Ion collection time 50 µs
The waterproof, fully guarded chamber can be used in Max. dose rate for
air, solid state phantoms and in water. ≥ 99.5 % saturation 29 Gy/s
Application dosimetry in high-energy

photon beams with high Useful ranges:
spatial resolution Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 400) V
Measuring quantities absorbed dose to water, Radiation quality 60Co ... 50 MV photons
air kerma, exposure
(50 ... 104) °F
guarded
from chamber tip
TN31015 PinPoint chamber 0.03 cm3,
Direction of incidence radial connecting system BNT
Pre-irradiation dose 2 Gy TW31015 PinPoint chamber 0.03 cm3,
Nominal response 800 pC/Gy connecting system TNC
Long-term stability ≤ 1 % per year TM31015 PinPoint chamber 0.03 cm3,
connecting system M
± 500 V maximal
Options
Polarity effect ≤±2%
water around the chamber axis, T48002.1.007 Chamber holding device for check device
axis up to
± 20° (radial incidence)
± 15° (axial incidence)
24
Therapy Detectors
PinPoint 3D Chamber
Type 31016
Ultra small-sized therapy chamber with

3D characteristics for dosimetry in
high-energy photon beams

Small-sized sensitive volume 0.016 cm3, vented to air Wall of sensitive 0.57 mm PMMA,
volume 1.19 g/cm3
Minimized directional response 0.09 mm graphite,
Aluminum central electrode 1.85 g/cm3
Radioactive check device (option) Total wall area density 85 mg/cm2

Dimensions of sensitive radius 1.45 mm
The 31016 PinPoint 3D chamber is ideal for dose meas- volume length 2.9 mm
urements in small fields as encountered e.g. in IORT, Central electrode Al 99.98, diameter 0.3 mm
IMRT and stereotactic beams. Relative dose distributions
can be measured with high spatial resolution in any Build-up cap PMMA, thickness 3 mm
direction. The waterproof, fully guarded chamber can be
used in air, solid state phantoms and in water. Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
Specification Max. dose rate for
Type of product vented cylindrical ≥ 99.5 % saturation 19 Gy/s
ionization chamber ≥ 99.0 % saturation 38 Gy/s
Application dosimetry in high-energy Max. dose per pulse for
photon beams ≥ 99.5 % saturation 1.0 mGy
air kerma, exposure
Useful ranges:
quality Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 400) V
Radiation quality 60Co ... 50 MV photons
volume Field size (2 x 2) cm2 … (30 x 30) cm2
Design waterproof, vented, fully Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
guarded (50 ... 104) °F
Reference point on chamber axis, 2.4 mm Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
from chamber tip
Pre-irradiation dose 2 Gy
Nominal response 400 pC/Gy
TN31016 PinPoint 3D chamber 0.016 cm3,
Chamber voltage 400 V nominal TW31016 PinPoint 3D chamber 0.016 cm3,
Polarity effect ≤±2% TM31016 PinPoint 3D chamber 0.016 cm3,
Directional response in ≤ ± 0.5 % for rotation connecting system M
axis up to ± 110° Options
25
Therapy Detectors
microDiamond
Type 60019
Diamond Detector for dosimetry in

high-energy photon and electron beams,
especially useful for small field dosimetry

Small sensitive volume of 0.004 mm3 Entrance window 0.3 mm RW3
0.6 mm Epoxy
Excellent radiation hardness and temperature 0.01 mm Al 99.5
independence Total window 101 mg/cm2
Near tissue-equivalence area density
Operates without high voltage Water-equivalent 1.0 mm
window thickness
All connecting systems available (BNT, TNC, M)
Sensitive volume radius 1.1 mm, circular,
The new microDiamond detector is a synthetic single thickness 1 µm
crystal diamond detector (SCDD), based on a unique Outer dimensions diameter 7 mm,
fabrication process [1, 2]. Significant advantages of the length 45.5 mm
synthetic production are standardised assembly and
consequently a high reproducibility of the dosimetric
properties and good availability of the detector. Useful ranges:
Radiation quality 100 keV ... 25 MV photons
Specification (6 ... 25) MeV electrons
Type of product synthetic single crystal Field size2 (1 x 1) cm2 ... (40 x 40) cm2
diamond detector
Temperature (10 ... 35) °C, (50 ... 95) °F
Application dosimetry in radiotherapy
beams Humidity range (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Measuring absorbed dose to water
quantitiy Ordering Information
Reference 60Co
TN60019 microDiamond Detector, connecting system BNT
radiation quality TW60019 microDiamond Detector, connecting system TNC
Nominal sensitive 0.004 mm3 TM60019 microDiamond Detector, connecting system M
volume
Design waterproof, disk-shaped, The microDiamond detector is realized in collaboration with Marco
sensitive volume perpendi- Marinelli and Gianluca Verona-Rinati and their team, Industrial
cular to detector axis Engineering Department of Rome Tor Vergata University, Italy.
Reference point on detector axis, 1 mm from [1] I. Ciancaglioni, M. Marinelli, E. Milani, G. Prestopino, C. Verona,
detector tip, marked by ring G. Verona-Rinati, R. Consorti, A. Petrucci and F. De Notaristefani,
Dosimetric characterization of a synthetic single crystal diamond
Direction of axial detector in clinical radiation therapy small photon beams,
incidence Med. Phys. 39 (2012), 4493
Pre-irradiation dose 5 Gy [2] C. Di Venanzio, M. Marinelli, E. Milani, G. Prestopino, C. Verona,

Nominal response 1 nC/Gy G. Verona-Rinati, M. D. Falco, P. Bagalà, R. Santoni and M. Pimpinella,
Characterization of a synthetic single crystal diamond Schottky diode
Long-term stability ≤ 0.5 % per year for radiotherapy electron beam dosimetry, Med. Phys. 40 (2013),
021712
Dose stability < 0.25 % / kGy at 18 MV
Temperature ≤ 0.08 % / K
response
Energy response ± 8 % (100 keV ... 60Co)
Detector bias 0V
Signal polarity positive 1 At the high end of the temperature range, higher leakage currents may
Directional ≤ 1 % for tilting ≤ ± 40° occur.
response in water
2 This detector is well suited for measurements in field sizes smaller than
Leakage current1 ≤ 20 fA 1 cm x 1 cm. Depending on the accuracy required by the user, correction
factors may be necessary as described in international scientific publica-
Cable leakage ≤ 200 fC / (Gy·cm) tions. This applies to any detector used in very small fields.
26
Therapy Detectors
Dosimetry Diode P
Type 60016
Waterproof silicon detector for

beams up to field size 40 cm x 40 cm
Features Directional response in ≤ ± 0.5 % for rotation

Useful for measurements in small and large photon ≤ ± 1 % for tilting ≤ ± 40°
fields
Excellent spatial resolution
Minimized energy response for field size independent
measurements up to 40 cm x 40 cm
Materials and measures:
The 60016 Dosimetry Diode P is ideal for dose measure- Entrance window 1 mm RW3,
ments in small photon fields as encountered in IORT, IMRT 1.045 g/cm3
1 mm epoxy
and stereotactic beams. The excellent spatial resolution
makes it possible to measure very precisely beam profiles Total window area density 250 mg/cm2
even in the penumbra region of small fields. The superior Water-equivalent window 2.42 mm
energy response enables the user to perform accurate thickness
percentage depth dose measurements which are field size Sensitive volume 1 mm2 circular
independent up to field sizes of (40 x 40) cm2. The water- 30 µm thick
proof detector can be used in air, solid state phantoms and Outer dimensions diameter 7 mm,
in water. length 47 mm

Type of product p-type silicon diode Radiation quality 60Co ... 25 MV photons
Application dosimetry in radiotherapy Field size (1 x 1) cm2 ... (40 x 40) cm2
beams
Measuring quantity absorbed dose to water (50 ... 104) °F
Reference radiation 60Co Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
quality
Nominal sensitive 0.03 mm3 Ordering Information
volume
TN60016 Dosimetry Diode P, connecting system BNT
Design waterproof, disk-shaped
sensitive volume perpendi- TW60016 Dosimetry Diode P, connecting system TNC
cular to detector axis TM60016 Dosimetry Diode P, connecting system M
Reference point on detector axis, 2.42 mm
from detector tip
Direction of incidence axial
Dose stability ≤ 0.5 %/kGy at 6 MV
≤ 1 %/kGy at 15 MV
≤ 0.5 %/kGy at 5 MeV
≤ 4 %/kGy at 21 MeV
Temperature response ≤ 0.4 %/K
Energy response at higher depths than dmax,
the percentage depth dose
curves match curves meas-
ured with ionization cham-
bers within ± 0.5 %
Detector bias voltage 0V
Signal polarity negative
27
Therapy Detectors
Dosimetry Diode E
Type 60017

dosimetry in high-energy electron
and photon beams
Features Directional response in ≤ ± 0.5 % for rotation

Useful for measurements in all electron fields and for ≤ ± 1 % for tilting ≤ ± 20°
small photon fields
Minimized energy response
Thin entrance window for measurements in the Materials and measures:
vicinity of surfaces and interfaces Entrance window 0.3 mm RW3,
1.045 g/cm3
The 60017 Dosimetry Diode E is ideal for dose measure- 0.4 mm epoxy
ments in small electron and photon fields as encoun-
tered in IORT, IMRT and stereotactic beams. The excellent
spatial resolution makes it possible to measure very Water-equivalent window 1.33 mm
thickness
precisely beam profiles even in the penumbra region of
small fields. The Dosimetry Diode E is recommended for Sensitive volume 1 mm2 circular
30 µm thick
dose measurements in all electron fields and for photon
fields up to (10 x 10) cm2. The waterproof detector can Outer dimensions diameter 7 mm,
be used in air, solid state phantoms and in water. length 45.5 mm

Type of product p-type silicon diode Radiation quality (6 ... 25) MeV electrons
60Co ... 25 MV photons
Application dosimetry in radiotherapy 1
beams Field size (1 x 1) cm2 ... (40 x 40) cm2
for electrons
Measuring quantity absorbed dose to water (1 x 1) cm2 ... (10 x 10) cm2
Reference radiation 60Co for photons
Nominal sensitive 0.03 mm3 (50 ... 104) °F
sensitive volume perpendi-
cular to detector axis Ordering Information
Reference point on detector axis, 1.33 mm TN60017 Dosimetry Diode E, connecting system BNT
from detector tip TW60017 Dosimetry Diode E, connecting system TNC
TM60017 Dosimetry Diode E, connecting system M
Nominal response 9 nC/Gy 1 This detector is well suited for measurements in field sizes smaller than
Dose stability ≤ 0.5 %/kGy at 6 MV 1 cm x 1 cm. Depending on the accuracy required by the user, correction
≤ 1 %/kGy at 15 MV factors may be necessary as described in international scientific publica-
tions. This applies to any detector used in very small fields.
≤ 0.5 %/kGy at 5 MeV
≤ 4 %/kGy at 21 MeV
Temperature response ≤ 0.4 %/K
28
Therapy Detectors
Dosimetry Diode SRS

Type 60018

dosimetry in 6 MV photon beams up
to field size 10 cm x 10 cm

Designed for measurements in small photon fields Entrance window 0.3 mm RW3,
0.27 mm epoxy
with maximum 6 MV
Water-equivalent window 1.31 mm
High response
thickness
Very low noise Sensitive volume 1 mm2 circular
Thin entrance window for measurements in the 250 µm thick
vicinity of surfaces and interfaces Outer dimensions diameter 7 mm,
length 45.5 mm
The 60018 Dosimetry Diode SRS is ideal for dose meas-
urements in photon fields with a maximum field size
Useful ranges:
of 10 cm x 10 cm and with a maximum energy of 6 MV. 60Co
Radiation quality ... 6 MV photons
The very high response of this detector allows to meas-
Field size 1 (1 x 1) cm2 ... (10 x 10) cm2
ure beam profiles with a very high resolution and very
short dwell time. Typical use is beam profile measure- Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
ment for stereotactic radio surgery (SRS). (50 ... 104) °F
Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Specification
Type of product p-type silicon diode
Application dosimetry in radiotherapy
beams TN60018 Dosimetry Diode SRS, connecting system BNT
TW60018 Dosimetry Diode SRS, connecting system TNC
Measuring quantity absorbed dose to water
TM60018 Dosimetry Diode SRS, connecting system M
quality
Nominal sensitive 0.3 mm3
1 cm x 1 cm. Depending on the accuracy required by the user, correction
volume factors may be necessary as described in international scientific publica-
Design waterproof, disk-shaped tions. This applies to any detector used in very small fields.
cular to detector axis
Reference point on detector axis, 1.31 mm
from detector tip
Dose stability ≤ 0.8 %/kGy at 6 MV
Temperature response ≤ (0.1 ± 0.05) %/K
≤ ± 1 % for tilting ≤ ± 20°
29
Therapy Detectors
Dosimetry Diode PR
Type 60020

dosimetry in high-energy proton beams

Useful for measurements in proton fields Entrance window 0.3 mm RW3
0.4 mm epoxy
Total window 140 mg/cm2
Thin entrance window for measurements in the area density
vicinity of surfaces and interfaces Water-equivalent 1.33 mm
window thickness
The 60020 Dosimetry Diode PR is ideal for dose
measurements in proton beams. The excellent spatial Sensitive volume 1 mm2 circular
20 µm thick
resolution makes it possible to measure very precisely
beam profiles even in the penumbra region of small Outer dimensions diameter 7 mm,
fields The waterproof detector can be used in air, solid length 45.5 mm
state phantoms and in water. The detector shows an
increased dose stability compared with other silicon
diode detectors. Useful ranges:
Radiation quality (50 … 270) MeV protons
Specification Field Size1 (1 x 1) cm2... (40 x 40) cm2
Type of product p-type silicon diode Temperature (10 … 40) °C
Application dosimetry in radiotherapy (50 … 104) °F
Measuring absorbed dose to water Humidity (10 … 80) %, max 20 g/m3
quantity
Reference 60Co
radiation quality
TN60020 Dosimetry Diode PR, connecting system BNT
Nominal sensitive 0.02 mm3 TW60020 Dosimetry Diode PR, connecting system TNC
volume
TM60020 Dosimetry Diode PR, connecting system M
cular to detector axis
Reference point on detector axis, 1.33 mm 1 cm x 1 cm. Depending on the accuracy required by the user, correction
from detector tip factors may be necessary as described in international scientific publica-
tions. This applies to any detector used in very small fields.
Direction of axial
incidence
Dose stability ≤ 9 %/kGy
after initial preirradiation
Temperature ≤ 0.4 %/K
response
Detector bias 0V
voltage
Directional ≤ ± 0.5 % for rotation
response around the chamber axis
≤ ± 1 % when tilting ± 20°
30
Therapy Detectors
0.02 cm3 Soft X-Ray

Chamber
Type 23342
Thin window plane parallel chamber
for dose measurements in superficial
radiation therapy

Ultra thin entrance window Entrance foil 0.03 mm PE
For low-energy photons from 8 keV to 35 keV Total window area density 2.76 mg/cm2
Sensitive volume 0.02 cm3, vented to air Sensitive volume radius 1.5 mm
depth 1 mm
The 23342 soft X-ray chamber is the golden standard for Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
absolute dose measurements in low-energy photon Ion collection time 30 µs
beams as used in superficial radiation therapy. Correction Max. dose rate for
factors needed for the determination of absorbed dose ≥ 99.5 % saturation 175 Gy/s
to water are available. The chamber is designed for the ≥ 99.0 % saturation 350 Gy/s
use in solid state phantoms. Max. dose per pulse for
Specification
acc. IEC 60731 Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 400) V
Application absolute dosimetry in Radiation quality (8 ... 35) keV X-rays
low-energy photon beams
air kerma, exposure Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
(50 ... 104) °F
Reference radiation 30 kV, HVL 0.37 mm Al (T30)
quality Humidity (20 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Nominal sensitive 0.02 cm3 Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
volume
Design not waterproof, vented Ordering Information
Reference point in chamber center of TN23342 Soft X-ray chamber 0.02 cm3,
entrance foil underside connecting system BNT
Direction of incidence perpendicular to chamber TW23342 Soft X-ray chamber 0.02 cm3,
plane
TM23342 Soft X-ray chamber 0.02 cm3,
Long-term stability ≤ 1 % per year connecting system M
± 500 V maximal Options
Directional response ≤ ± 1 % for chamber tilting T48010 Radioactive check device 90Sr
up to ± 20°
31
Therapy Detectors
0.2 cm3 Soft X-Ray

Chamber
Type 23344
radiation therapy

Ultra thin entrance window Entrance foil 0.03 mm PE
Sensitive volume 0.2 cm3, vented to air Sensitive volume radius 6.5 mm
depth 1.5 mm
The 23344 soft X-ray chamber is used for absolute dose Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
measurements in low-energy photon beams as used in Ion collection time 30 µs
superficial radiation therapy. The sensitive volume is Max. dose rate for
larger than that of the 23342 chamber, giving a higher ≥ 99.5 % saturation 60 Gy/s
signal at the cost of a lower spatial resolution. Correction ≥ 99.0 % saturation 120 Gy/s
factors needed for the determination of absorbed dose Max. dose per pulse for
to water are available. The chamber is designed for the ≥ 99.5 % saturation 1.1 mGy
use in solid state phantoms.

Type of product vented plane parallel Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 400) V
ionization chamber Radiation quality (8 ... 35) keV X-rays
acc. IEC 60731
Application absolute dosimetry in low-
energy photon beams Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
(50 ... 104) °F
air kerma, exposure Humidity (20 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Reference radiation 30 kV, HVL 0.37 mm Al (T30) Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
quality
Nominal sensitive 0.2 cm3 Ordering Information
volume
TN23344 Soft X-ray chamber 0.2 cm3,
Design not waterproof, vented
Reference point in chamber center of TW23344 Soft X-ray chamber 0.2 cm3,
entrance foil underside
plane TM23344 Soft X-ray chamber 0.2 cm3,
connecting system M
Long-term stability ≤ 1 % per year Options
Chamber voltage 400 V nominal T48010 Radioactive check device 90Sr
± 500 V maximal
Directional response ≤ ± 1 % for chamber tilting
up to ± 20°
32
Therapy Detectors
0.005 cm3 Soft

X-Ray Chamber
Type 34013
radiation therapy

Ultra thin entrance window Entrance foil 25 µm PE
Extremely small size Sensitive volume radius 0.85 mm
depth 0.75 mm
The 34013 soft X-ray chamber is used for absolute dose Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
measurements in low-energy photon beams as used Ion collection time 0.03 ms
in superficial radiation therapy. The chamber’s small Max. dose rate for
size enables the user to perform measurements with ≥ 99.5 % saturation 0.99 kGy/s
excellent spatial resolution. Correction factors needed ≥ 99.0 % saturation 1.9 kGy/s
for the determination of absorbed dose to water are Max. dose per pulse for
available. The chamber is designed for the use in solid ≥ 99.5 % saturation 4 mGy
≥ 99.0 % saturation 10 mGy
state phantoms.

Type of product vented plane parallel Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 400) V
ionization chamber Radiation quality (8 ... 35) keV X-rays
Application absolute dosimetry in low- Field size (0.5 x 0.5) cm2 ... (40 x 40) cm2
energy photon beams
Measuring quantities absorbed dose to water, (50 ... 104) °F
air kerma, exposure
Humidity (20 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Reference radiation 30 kV, HVL 0.37 mm Al (T30)
quality Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
volume Ordering Information
Design not waterproof, vented TN34013 Soft X-ray chamber 0.005 cm3,
Reference point in chamber center of connecting system BNT
entrance foil underside TW34013 Soft X-ray chamber 0.005 cm3,
Direction of incidence perpendicular to chamber connecting system TNC
plane
TM34013 Soft X-ray chamber 0.005 cm3,
Nominal response 200 pC/Gy connecting system M
± 400 V maximal
Directional response ≤ 5 % for chamber tilting
up to ± 10°
33
Therapy Detectors
SOURCECHECK 4π
Type 33005
Ionization chamber for measuring the

source strength of radioactive seeds and
intravascular brachytherapy sources
Features Measures:
Measures low energy seeds and high energy Inner well diameter 32 mm
afterloading sources Outer dimensions height 180 mm
base diameter 127 mm
Measures all sources in a full 4π geometry outer well diameter 93 mm
Adapters for all commercial afterloading devices Weight 1.4 kg
and seeds
User friendly accessories for fast and safe handling
Compatible to high class PTW dosemeters Useful ranges:
Calibration for Ir-192 and for I-125 available Temperature (10 ... 40) °C for sources
> 100 keV photons
The SOURCECHECK 4π well-type ionization chamber is (15 ... 35) °C for sources
< 100 keV photons or
suitable for source strength measurements of all kind of < 1 MeV electrons
brachytherapy sources. International standards require
Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
the measurement of radioactive brachytherapy sources.
For HDR afterloading sources an acceptance test after Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
the replacement of the source and additional constancy
checks are required. For permanent implanted seeds the Ordering Information
typical quality assurance is measuring a defined amount
TN33005 SOURCECHECK 4π, connecting system BNT
seeds out of a delivered batch.
TW33005 SOURCECHECK 4π, connecting system TNC
Various adapters for all kind of afterloading applicators
TM33005 SOURCECHECK 4π, connecting system M
and for different seeds and seed strands are available.
The radioactive check source T48010 can be used for
constancy checks. The chamber can be calibrated for Options
Ir-192 and for I-125. T33004.1.012 HDR Universal Adapter 1.0 – 1.8 mm
T33004.1.013 HDR Universal Adapter 1.8 – 3.2 mm
Specification T33004.1.014 HDR Universal Adapter 3.2 – 4.6 mm
Type of product well-type ionization T33004.1.015 HDR Universal Adapter 4.5 – 5.9 mm
chamber T33004.1.016 HDR Universal Adapter 5.8 – 7.2 mm
Application source strength measure- T33002.1.009 Adapter for Nucletron AL
ment of brachytherapy T33005.1.100 SOURCECHECK single seed adapter
sources T33005.1.150 SOURCECHECK seed adapter Nucletron
Measuring quantities apparent activity T33005.1.130 SOURCECHECK strand adapter
air kerma strength T33005.1.120 SOURCECHECK Rapid Strand adapter
exposure strength
T33005.1.020 SOURCECHECK radioactive check source
Calibration Ir-192, I-125, others upon adapter
request
T48010 Check device 90-Sr, point source
Nominal response 125 fA/MBq (Ir-192) E21272 SOURCECHECK calibration Ir-192
65 fA/MBq (I-125) E21271 SOURCECHECK calibration I-125
Nominal volume 116 cm3
Design vented, guarded
Chamber Voltage 400 V nominal
Reference point 87 mm below chamber top
Long-term stability ≤ ± 1 % per year
34
Therapy Detectors
System Incorporated Detectors

for Radiotherapy
Besides the radiation detectors presented in this chapter, there are available a number of further detectors which are
incorporated components of therapy dosemeters. Firstly there are detectors used for in-vivo dosimetry during therapeu-
tic treatments to control the radiation load given to patients. Secondly state-of-the-art linear and planar detector matri-
ces for dose distribution measurements of intensity modulated therapy beams (IMRT) are part of the PTW detector range.
Patient in-vivo Detectors

Semiconductor probes for in-vivo dosimetry are fixed to the patient’s body to
measure the patient skin, entrance or exit dose during external radiation treat-
ments. Three different detector types for photon energies and one type for elec-
tron measurements are available. Additionally a risk organ diode with increased
sensitivity and homogeneous directional response is available.
LA48 Linear Chamber Array

The LA48 linear chamber array is designed specially for fast, accurate and reliable
dynamic field dosimetry measurements of virtual wedges and multileaf collima-
tors. It incorporates the latest development in fluid-filled ion chamber technology
into an advanced ion chamber array. The combination of speed, accuracy and
spatial resolution is simply not possible with other systems.
OCTAVIUS Detector 729 Chamber Array

The OCTAVIUS Detector 729 is a new concept of an ion chamber matrix in a
plane for IMRT verification and quality control in radiation therapy. There are 729
vented plane-parallel ion chambers located in a matrix of 27 x 27. Utilizing ion
chambers avoids radiation defects, the major drawback of solid-state detectors.
OCTAVIUS Detector 1000 SRS Chamber Array

The OCTAVIUS Detector 1000 SRS is the first liquid-filled 2D ionization chamber
array. The very small detector size of only 2.3 mm x 2.3 mm x 0.5 mm makes
this array ideal suited for dosimetry of small fields.
Target application is patient plan verification in stereotactic radio surgery and
quality assurance of small fields.
STARCHECK Planar Chamber Array

STARCHECK is a precise and reliable tool for fast measurements in radiation
therapy beams. Typical applications are quality control and LINAC beam adjust-
ment. The 527 ionization chambers feature an excellent relative response stabil-
ity, avoiding the need of frequent recalibration. The excellent spatial resolution
of only 3 mm ensures precise measurements even in penumbra regions.
STARCHECKmaxi Planar Chamber Array

STARCHECKmaxi is a precise and reliable tool for fast measurements in radiation ther-
apy beams. Typical applications are quality control and LINAC beam adjustment. The
707 ionization chambers feature an excellent relative response stability, avoiding the
need of frequent recalibration. It combines the high-resolution of 3 mm as known
from the STARCHECK with the ability to cover fields up to a size of 40 cm x 40 cm.
Details upon request
35
Check Devices
Radioactive 90Sr Check Devices

Radioactive check devices are used for air density corrections of vented ionization chambers and for constancy checks of
the complete dosemeters including chamber. Appropriate holding devices to reproducibly adapt the various ion cham-
bers to the radioactive check devices are available.
T48012 Check Device for Thimble Chambers

The check device type T48012 is specially designed for thimble chambers and
includes an encapsulated 90Sr source with a low activity of 33 MBq. The sensitive
volume of the inserted chamber is irradiated from all directions. The check device
is supplemented by a thermometer for controlling its inside temperature. The
source is equivalent to ISO class C64444.
T48010 Check Device for Flat Chambers

The check device type T48010 is specially designed for flat chambers and
includes an encapsulated 90Sr source with a low activity of 20 MBq. The cylin-
drical source of the check device is placed near to the entrance window of the
ion chamber by means of the appropriate holding device. The source is equiva-
lent to ISO class C6X444.
36
Diagnostic Detectors
CT Chamber 3.14 cm3 38
CT Chamber 9.3 cm3 39
SFD Chamber 75 cm3 40
SFD Chamber 6 cm3 41
R/F/D and MAM Detectors 42
Flat Chamber 30 cm3 43
System Incorporated Detectors 44
37
CT Chamber
Type 30009
Vented cylindrical pencil chamber for

dose length product measurements in
computed tomography

Pencil type chamber for measurements within Wall material 1 mm PMMA,
graphite coated
a CT head or body phantom or free in air
Wall area density 119 mg/cm2
Provides a sensitive measuring length of 10 cm
Shows a homogeneous response over the whole volume length 100 mm
chamber length
Electrode Al tube, graphited
The CT chamber is a vented cylinder chamber designed outer diameter 3 mm
for dose length product and dose length product rate
measurements in computed tomography. The chamber Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
allows the determination of the CTDI1001, CTDIW2 and Ion collection time 274 µs
CTDIVol3 according to IEC 61223-2-6 and IEC 61223-3-5. Max. dose rate for
Type of product vented pencil type chamber ≥ 95.0 % saturation 2.26 mGy
Application dosimetry in computed
tomography Useful ranges:
Measuring quantities air kerma length product, Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 400) V
exposure length product Radiation quality (50 ... 150) kV
Reference radiation 120 kV, HVL 8.4 mm Al Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
quality (RQT9) (50 ... 104) °F
Nominal sensitive 3.14 cm3 Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
volume
pencil type
Reference point chamber center Ordering Information
Direction of incidence radial TN30009 CT chamber 3.14 cm3, connecting system BNT
Nominal response 14 nC/(Gy·cm) TW30009 CT chamber 3.14 cm3, connecting system TNC
TM30009 CT chamber 3.14 cm3, connecting system M
Chamber voltage - 100 V nominal TL30009 CT chamber 3.14 cm3, connecting system L
± 500 V maximal
high voltage to be connected
1CTDI
only with active current-limit- 100 = Computed Tomography Dose Index 100
ing device (Imax < 0.5 mA) 2CTDI = Weighted CTDI
W 100
3CTDI = Volume CTDI
Energy response ≤ ± 5 % for Vol W
(70 ... 150) kV

38
CT Chamber
Type 30017
Vented cylindrical pencil chamber for

dose length product measurements in
computed tomography

Pencil type chamber for measurements free in air Wall material 1 mm PMMA,
graphite coated
Provides a sensitive measuring length of 30 cm
Wall area density 119 mg/cm2
Shows a homogeneous response over the whole
chamber length volume length 300 mm
The CT chamber is a vented cylinder chamber designed Electrode Al tube, graphited
for dose length product and dose length product rate outer diameter 3 mm
measurements in computed tomography according to
the amendment to IEC 60601-2-44. Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
Specification Max. dose rate for
Type of product vented pencil type chamber ≥ 95.0 % saturation 12.4 Gy/s
Application dosimetry in computed Max. dose per pulse for
tomography ≥ 95.0 % saturation 2.26 mGy
Measuring quantities air kerma length product,
exposure length product Useful ranges:
Reference radiation 120 kV, HVL 8.4 mm Al Chamber voltage ± (100 ... 400) V
quality (RQT9) Radiation quality (50 ... 150) kV
Nominal sensitive 9.3 cm3 Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
volume (50 ... 104) °F
Design not waterproof, vented, Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
pencil type
Reference point chamber center
Nominal response 13 nC/(Gy·cm)
TN30017 CT chamber 9.3 cm3, connecting system BNT
Chamber voltage - 100 V nominal TW30017 CT chamber 9.3 cm3, connecting system TNC
± 500 V maximal
high voltage to be connected TM30017 CT chamber 9.3 cm3, connecting system M
only with active current-limit- TL30017 CT chamber 9.3 cm3, connecting system L
ing device (Imax < 0.5 mA)
Energy response ≤ ± 5 % for
(50 ... 150) kV
39
75 cm3 SFD
Diagnostic Chamber
Type 34060
Shadow-free plane parallel chamber
for absolute dosimetry in diagnostic
radiology

Shadow-free design for use with automatic exposure Entrance window 0.6 mm polycarbonate,
1.55 g/cm3
control / brightness control 0.002 mm graphite
Sensitive volume 75 cm3, vented to air 0.32 g/cm3
Suitable for measurements in front of and behind Total window area density 93 mg/cm2
a phantom Water-equivalent window 0.9 mm
thickness
The 34060 SFD diagnostic chamber is a general purpose,
Sensitive volume radius 45.7 mm
high precision chamber for measurements in diagnostic depth 2 x 5.71mm
radiology. The chamber complies with the standard
IEC 61674. Its shadow-free design makes it possible to
use the chamber even while the automatic exposure
Ion collection time 1 ms
control or brightness control is activated. Together with
an adequate diagnostic dosemeter the chamber features Max. dose rate for
≥ 99 % saturation 0.16 Gy/s
a wide dynamic range for measurements either in front ≥ 95 % saturation 0.78 Gy/s
of or behind a patient-equivalent phantom. The length
of the mounted connection cable is 2.5 m.
Useful ranges:
Specification
Type of product vented plane parallel Radiation quality (25 ... 150) kV X-rays
ionization chamber Field size (11 x 11) cm2 ... (40 x 40) cm2
acc. IEC 61674
Application absolute dosimetry in (50 ... 104) °F
diagnostic radiology
Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Measuring quantities air kerma, exposure
Reference radiation 70 kV, HVL 2.58 mm Al
quality (RQR5)
Nominal sensitive 75 cm3 Ordering Information
volume TN34060 SFD diagnostic chamber 75 cm3,
Design not waterproof, vented connecting system BNT
Reference point in chamber center TW34060 SFD diagnostic chamber 75 cm3,
Direction of incidence perpendicular to chamber connecting system TNC
plane, see label 'Focus' TM34060 SFD diagnostic chamber 75 cm3,
Nominal response 2.8 µC/Gy connecting system M
Long-term stability ≤ 0.5 % per year TL34060 SFD diagnostic chamber 75 cm3,
connecting system L
± 400 V maximal
Energy response ≤ ± 2 % (50 ... 150) kV
up to ≤ ± 15°
40
6 cm3 SFD
Mammo Chamber
Type 34069
Shadow-free plane parallel chamber
for absolute dosimetry in diagnostic
radiology and mammography

Shadow-free design for use with automatic exposure Entrance window 0.32 mm PMMA,
1.19 g/cm3
control 0.002 mm graphite
Sensitive volume 6 cm3, vented to air 0.32 g/cm3
Suitable for measurements in front of and behind Total window area density 38 mg/cm2
a phantom Water-equivalent window 0.4 mm
thickness
The 34069 SFD mammo chamber is a high precision
Sensitive volume radius 15.2 mm
chamber for measurements in diagnostic radiology at depth 2 x 4.21mm
high dose rates and in mammography. The chamber
complies with the standard IEC 61674. Its shadow-free
design makes it possible to use the chamber even while
the automatic exposure control is activated. Together
with an adequate diagnostic dosemeter the chamber fea- Max. dose rate for
≥ 99 % saturation 0.53 Gy/s
tures a wide dynamic range for measurements either in ≥ 95 % saturation 2.65 Gy/s
front of or behind a patient-equivalent phantom. The
length of the mounted connection cable is 2.5 m.
Useful ranges:
Specification
Type of product vented plane parallel Radiation quality (25 ... 150) kV X-rays
ionization chamber Field size (5 x 5) cm2 ... (40 x 40) cm2
acc. IEC 61674
Application absolute dosimetry in (50 ... 104) °F
Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
quality (RQR-M3)
70 kV, HVL 2.58 mm Al Ordering Information
(RQR5)
TN34069 SFD mammo chamber 6 cm3,
Nominal sensitive 6 cm3
volume connecting system BNT
Design not waterproof, vented TW34069 SFD mammo chamber 6 cm3,
Reference point in chamber center
TM34069 SFD mammo chamber 6 cm3,
Direction of incidence perpendicular to chamber connecting system M
plane, see label 'Focus'
TL34069 SFD mammo chamber 6 cm3,
connecting system L
± 400 V maximal
Energy response ≤ ± 2 % (25 ... 35) kV
Polarity effect ≤ 1 % (≤ 2 %)
up to ≤ ± 15°
Leakage current ≤ 5 fA
41
R/F/D and MAM

Detectors
Types 60004, 60005
Semiconductor detectors for diagnostic

X-rays
Features Measures:
Fully comply with IEC 61674 Dimension of volume type 60005:
2x diameter 5,04 mm
Small size and lightweight precision probes type 60004:
For acceptance testing, service and QC in diameter 11,28 mm
X-ray diagnostics Outer dimensions 40 mm x 30 mm x 12 mm
The R/F/D and MAM detectors are sturdy semiconductor Useful ranges:
detectors designed to withstand tough handling. Air Radiation qualities (25 ... 45) kV X-rays
density corrections with a radioactive check device or (RQR-M, MRV, WAV, WRV,
measurement of air pressure and temperature are un- WSV, RRV)
necessary. Both detectors do not need a high voltage (40 ... 150) kV X-rays
(RQR2 ... RQR10, RQA2 ...
supply. Fully compliant to IEC 61674 they are suitable for RQA10)
measurements during acceptance tests, service and qual-
ity control procedures. Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
(50 … 104) °F
Two detector types are available, covering either the radi-
ography/fluoroscopy and dental range (40 … 150) kV or Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max. 20 g/m³
the mammography range (25 … 45) kV. Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
The following quantities can be measured in conjunction

with e.g. the NOMEX Dosemeter:
Connecting system TNC or L:
air kerma and dose (with an additional absorber) in
the conventional range 60004 R/F/D Detector
60005 MAM Detector
air kerma and dose (with an additional absorber) in
the dental range
air kerma and dose (with additional 2 mm Al) in
mammography
dose per pulse and number of pulses in fluoroscopy
and irradiation time.
Specification
Type of product semiconductor detector
qualities (RQR-M3)
70 kV, HVL 2.58 mm Al
(RQR5)
Reference point 5,7 mm below the top side
Direction of incidence perpendicular to detector
plane
Nominal response type 60005: 15 µC/Gy
type 60004: 40 µC/Gy
Long-term stability ≤ ± 1 % per year
Energy response ≤±5%
Cable leakage ≤ 1 pC/Gy*cm
42
30 cm3 Flat Chamber

Type 233612
Flat ionization chamber for precise

dose measurements in the useful
X-ray beam

Suitable for dose measurements of diagnostic Entrance window 0.75 mm PMMA,
graphite coated
X-ray qualities in air
Can be used down to 35 keV radiation energy
Electrode 0.05 mm graphite coated
Comes with a holding stem for mounting in polyimide foil
the radiation field
The 30 cm3 flat chamber is especially designed for X-ray volume depth 2 x 5.98 mm
dose measurements in air down to 35 keV radiation
energy. The maximal polarizing voltage is 500 V. The area Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
density of the entrance window is 90 mg/cm2. A radio- Ion collection time 0.6 ms
active check device including check source and shielding Max. dose rate for
is available to correct air density and carry out function ≥ 99.5 % saturation 0.26 Gy/s
tests. Using the appropriate holder, the check source can ≥ 99.0 % saturation 0.52 Gy/s
always be positioned and oriented at the same place on
the chamber. Useful ranges:
Chamber voltage (300 ... 500) V
Specification Radiation quality (35 ... 75) keV X-rays
Type of product vented plane-parallel
ionization chamber Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
(50 ... 104) °F
diagnostic radiology Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Measuring quantities air kerma, exposure Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa

quality (RQR5) Ordering Information
Nominal sensitive 30 cm3 TN233612 Flat chamber 30 cm3,
Design not waterproof, vented TW233612 Flat chamber 30 cm3,
Reference point in chamber center connecting system TNC
Direction of incidence perpendicular to chamber TM233612 Flat chamber 30 cm3,
plane connecting system M
Nominal response 1 µC/Gy
± 500 V maximal
high voltage to be connected
only with active current-limit-
ing device (Imax < 0.5 mA)
Energy response ≤ ± 6 % (35 ... 75) keV
Directional response in ≤ 5% for chamber
water tilting up to 5°
Leakage current ≤ 10 fA
43
Diagnostic and Nuclear Medicine Detectors

for Diagnostic Radiology
Besides the radiation detectors presented in this chapter, there are available a number of further detectors which are
incorporated components of diagnostic dosemeters.
DIAMENTOR Patient Dosimetry Chambers

DIAMENTOR chambers for dose area product measurements are available in
different sizes and types to cover a wide range of diagnostic X-ray installations.
The chambers can easily be mounted to the X-ray collimator or are firmly
installed parts of the X-ray installation. The transparent models do not interfere
with the collimators light field diaphragm.
NOMEX Multimeter
The NOMEX Multimeter is a miniaturized non-invasive measuring system
for absolute dosimetry and quality control in X-ray diagnostic radiology.
It can be used for radiography, fluoroscopy, dental, CT and mammography
(Mo/Mo, Mo/Rh, W/Al, W/Rh, W/Ag, Rh/Rh) application.
XLS X-Ray Leakage Chamber

This rectangular plane parallel XLS ionization chamber is used as part of the
XLS X-ray leakage system for radiation leakage measurements of diagnostic
X-ray installations. Up to 18 of these chambers can be arranged for radiation
leakage detection around X-ray tubes.

for Nuclear Medicine
Besides detectors used in nuclear medicine presented in other chapters, e.g. for radiation protection measurements,
a special chamber as an incorporated component of the CURIEMENTOR system is available.
Well-type Chamber for CURIEMENTOR

Isotope Calibrator
The CURIEMENTOR chamber is a pressurized well-type ionization chamber
with nearly 4π measuring geometry. It is part of the CURIEMENTOR system
which measures the activity of radioactive isotopes as used in diagnostic and
therapeutic nuclear medicine and in intravascular brachytherapy.
44
Health Physics Detectors
Health Physics
Detectors
Radiation Monitoring Chamber 3 l 46
Radiation Monitoring Chamber 50 l 47
Spherical Chambers 1 l 48
Spherical Chambers 10 l 49
Spherical Chambers PS-10 and PS-50 50
Spherical Chamber TK-30 51
Cylinder Stem Chamber 30 cm3 52
Hp(10) Secondary Standard Chamber 53
Reference Soft X-Ray Chamber 54
Monitor Chambers for Calibration Facilities 55
Monitor Chambers for X-Ray Therapy Units 56
Böhm Extrapolation Chamber 57
45
3 Liter Radiation
Monitoring Chamber
Types 34031
Cylindrical polyethylene ionization
chamber for stationary radiation
monitoring of gamma radiation

Vented sensitive volume of 3 liters Wall of sensitive volume 4 mm PE graphite coated,
0.95 g/cm3
Suitable as radiation monitoring chamber
Total wall area density 0.38 g/cm2
Gamma energy range 80 keV to 1.3 MeV
The 3 liter chamber is used as a stationary surveillance volume length 200 mm
device for environmental radiation monitoring. The Central electrode graphite coated PE,
chamber is designed to measure protection level dose diameter 28 mm
rates. The chamber is fully guarded up to the sensitive Outer dimensions diameter 150 mm
volume. Since the sensitive volume is open to the sur- length 200 mm
roundings, air density correction is required for precise
measurement. The cylindrical chamber is made of Ion collection efficiency at nominal range:
graphite coated polyethylene with 4 mm wall thickness. Ion collection time 25 ms
The ion-collecting electrode is made of graphite coated Max. dose rate for
polyethylene too. The external chamber diameter is ≥ 99 % saturation 0.95 Sv/h
150 mm and the length is approx. 200 mm. For the ≥ 90 % saturation 9.5 Sv/h
transfer of the measuring signal and the polarizing
voltage, the chamber is supplied with two coaxial Useful ranges:
connectors. The maximal chamber polarizing voltage is Radiation quality 80 keV ... 1.3 MeV
1000 V. The chamber is supplied with an integrated Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
adapter for positioning a radioactive check source of (50 ... 104) °F
type T48010, which makes it possible to check the prop- Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
er performance of the entire measuring system.
Specification
Type of product vented cylindrical ionization Ordering Information
chamber
T34031 Radiation monitoring chamber 3 l,
Application radiation monitoring Fischer coax connectors
Measuring quantity photon equivalent dose
Nominal sensitive 3l
Option
volume T7262/U10-1.5 Connection cable with M connector,
Design not waterproof, vented length 1.5 m
Nominal response 100 µC/Sv
Energy response ≤ ± 10 % (Ephoton ≥ 80 keV)
Directional response in air ≤ ± 10 % for tilting
perpendicular to the axis
up to ± 20°
46
50 Liter Radiation
Monitoring Chamber
Type 7262
Cylindrical pressurized steel ionization
chamber for stationary gamma
radiation monitoring

Sealed sensitive volume of 50 liters Wall of sensitive volume 3 mm Al, 2.7 g/cm3
3.25 mm steel,
Suitable as stationary radiation monitoring chamber 7.85 g/cm3
Gamma energy range 80 keV to 1.3 MeV Total wall area density 3.361 g/cm2
The ionization chamber T7262 has a constructive volume Dimension of sensitive radius 66.75 mm
volume length 360 mm
of 5 liters filled with Argon gas at the pressure of 10 bar,
resulting in an effective sensitive volume of 50 liters. This Central electrode brass, diameter 17.5 mm
superior design makes the chamber very sensitive and Outer dimensions diameter 195 mm
enables performing low level gamma radiation measure- length 538 mm
ments down to the natural radiation background. The
chamber is used as highly sensitive stationary surveillance Ion collection efficiency at nominal range:
device for environmental radiation monitoring. The Ion collection time 30 ms
chamber is fully guarded up to the sensitive volume. Max. dose rate for
Since the sensitive volume is sealed, no air density cor- ≥ 99 % saturation 1 mSv/h
rection is required. The cylindrical 50 liter chamber is ≥ 90 % saturation 10 mSv/h
made of steel with 3.25 mm wall thickness and a 3 mm
aluminum cover. The ion-collecting electrode is made of Useful ranges:
brass. The external chamber diameter is 195 mm and the Radiation quality 80 keV ... 1.3 MeV
length is 538 mm. The chamber is supplied with two Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
coaxial Fischer connectors for the transfer of the meas- (50 ... 104) °F
uring signal and the polarizing voltage. Via an optional Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
adapter cable of 1.5 m length, the chamber can be con-
nected to a dosemeter with M connector, which has
input circuits on ground potential. The maximal chamber
polarizing voltage is 1000 V. Ordering Information
T7262 Radiation monitoring chamber 50 l,
Specification Fischer coax connectors
Type of product pressurized cylindrical
ionization chamber Option
Application radiation monitoring T7262/U10-1.5 Connection cable with M connector,
Measuring quantity photon equivalent dose length 1.5 m
Nominal sensitive 50 l
volume
Design sealed and pressurized,
filled with Ar (10 bar)
Nominal response 2 mC/Sv.
Energy response ≤ ± 10 % (Ephoton ≥ 80 keV)
Directional response in air ≤ ± 10 % for tilting
perpendicular to the axis
up to ± 20°
47
1 Liter Spherical
Ionization Chamber
Type 32002
Spherical ionization chamber for

radiation protection

Vented sensitive volume of 1 liter Wall of sensitive volume 3 mm POM
(polyoxymethylene)
Suitable for survey meter calibration and low level
measurements
Central electrode graphite coated polystyrene,
Superior energy response, reproducibility, diameter 50 mm
directional dependence and long-term stability
Outer dimension diameter 140 mm
The spherical chamber is designed for the measurement Ion collection efficiency at nominal range:
of ionizing radiation in radiation protection. Superior Ion collection time 37 ms
features make the chamber suitable as standard cham- Max. dose rate for
ber for calibration purposes. It fulfills the requirement for ≥ 99.5 % saturation 210 mGy/h
excellent reproducibility and long-term stability of the ≥ 99.0 % saturation 420 mGy/h
sensitive volume. The spherical construction ensures a Max. dose per pulse for
nearly uniform response to radiation from every direc- ≥ 99.5 % saturation 1.6 µGy
≥ 99.0 % saturation 3.1 µGy
tion. The energy response is very flat. This is achieved by
the thin layer of aluminum on the inner wall surface,
which provides for an increased photoelectric yield to Useful ranges:
compensate for the absorption of soft X-rays. The outer Chamber voltage ± (300 ... 500) V
chamber diameter is 140 mm. Radiation quality 25 keV ... 50 MeV
Specification (50 ... 104) °F
Type of product vented spherical ionization Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
chamber
Application radiation protection
measurements
Measuring quantity photon equivalent dose Ordering information
Nominal sensitive volume 1l TN32002 Spherical chamber 1 l, connecting system BNT
Design not waterproof, vented TW32002 Spherical chamber 1 l, connecting system TNC
TM32002 Spherical chamber 1 l, connecting system M
Nominal response 40 µC/Gy Options
± 500 V maximal T48001 Chamber holding device for check device
Energy response ≤ ± 4 % (32002)
48
10 Liter Spherical
Ionization Chamber
Type 32003
Spherical ionization chamber for


Vented sensitive volume of 10 liters Wall of sensitive volume 2.75 mm POM
(polyoxymethylene)
Suitable for survey meter calibration and low level
measurements
Central electrode graphite coated polystyrene,
Superior energy response, reproducibility, diameter 100 mm
directional dependence and long-term stability
Outer dimensions diameter 276 mm
The spherical chamber is designed for the measurement Ion collection efficiency at nominal range:
of ionizing radiation in radiation protection. Superior Ion collection time 150 ms
features make the chamber suitable as standard cham- Max. dose rate for
ber for calibration purposes. It fulfills the requirement for ≥ 99.5 % saturation 13 mGy/h
excellent reproducibility and long-term stability of the ≥ 99.0 % saturation 26 mGy/h
sensitive volume. The spherical construction ensures a Max. dose per pulse for
nearly uniform response to radiation from every direc- ≥ 99.5 % saturation 0.3 µGy
≥ 99.0 % saturation 0.8 µGy
tion. The energy response is very flat. This is achieved by
the thin layer of aluminum on the inner wall surface,
which provides for an increased photoelectric yield to Useful ranges:
compensate for the absorption of soft X-rays. The outer Chamber voltage ± (300 ... 500) V
chamber diameter is 276 mm. Radiation quality 25 keV ... 50 MeV
Specification (50 ... 104) °F
Type of product vented spherical ionization Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
chamber
measurements
Measuring quantity photon equivalent dose Ordering information
Nominal sensitive volume 10 l TN32003 Spherical chamber 10 l, connecting system BNT
Design not waterproof, vented TW32003 Spherical chamber 10 l, connecting system TNC
TM32003 Spherical chamber 10 l, connecting system M
Nominal response 330 µC/Gy Options
± 500 V maximal T48001 Chamber holding device for check device
Energy response ≤±3%
49
PS-50 and PS-10

Spherical Chambers
Types 32007S, 32008S
Primary standard spherical ionization
chambers for radiation protection
measurements

Vented sensitive volumes of 50 cm3 and 10 cm3 Wall of sensitive volume 3.5 mm graphite
Suitable as primary standard for radiation protection Total wall area density 647 mg/cm2
measurements Central electrode graphite, diameter 3 mm
Exact volume individually determined Outer dimensions diameter 53 mm (32007S)
diameter 34 mm (32008S)
Designed in collaboration with the National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Ion collection efficiency at nominal range:
The spherical graphite chambers PS-50 and PS-10 are
Ion collection time 8.7 ms (32007S)
vented ionization chambers for the use as primary stan- 1.9 ms (32008S)
dard for radiation protection measurements and for
Max. dose rate for
absolute dosimetry. The spherical graphite chambers have ≥ 99,5 % saturation (32007S), (32008S)
been designed in collaboration with the Radiation 1.23 mGy/s, 26 mGy/s
Interactions and Dosimetry Group at the National ≥ 90 % saturation 2.46 mGy/s, 52 mGy/s
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The exact Max. dose per pulse for
volume of each chamber is individually determined. The ≥ 99.5 % saturation (32007S), (32008S)
homogeneity of the walls and electrodes is 0.06 mm. The 7.1 µG, 33 µGy
≥ 99.0 % saturation 14.2 µGy, 65 µGy
chambers are constructed with a long rigid stem of
approx. 29 cm length for easy mounting in the radiation
beam. Air density correction is required for each meas- Useful ranges:
urement. Chamber voltage ± (400 … 1000) V
Radiation quality 60Co, 137Cs
Specification Field size (square field) ≥ (6 x 6) cm2 (32007S)
Type of product vented spherical ionization ≥ (4 x 4) cm2 (32008S)
chambers
Application primary standard for (50 ... 104) °F
measurements Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Measuring quantity air kerma, Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
photon equivalent dose
Nominal sensitive volume 50 cm3 (32007S) Ordering information
10 cm3 (32008S)
TN32007S Spherical chamber PS-50,
Design not waterproof, vented connecting system BNT
Reference point chamber center TN32008S Spherical chamber PS-10,
Nominal response 1.73 µC/Gy (32007S) connecting system BNT
0.349 µC/Gy (32008S)
Chamber voltage 1000 V nominal (32007S)
500 V nominal (32008S)
± 1000 V maximal
Directional response in air ≤ ± 0.5 % for rotation
around the chamber axis
and ≤ ± 1 % for tilting the
chamber axis up to ± 60°
(32007S) ≤ ± 1 % for
tilting the chamber axis
up to ± 50° (32008S)
50
Spherical Ionization
Chamber TK-30
Type 32005
Spherical ionization chamber with a
long rigid stem for radiation protection
measurement

Vented sensitive volume of 28 cm3 Wall of sensitive volume 3 mm POM
(polyoxymethylene,
Suitable as high precision reference chamber graphite coated)
for radiation protection dosimetry Total wall area density 453 mg/cm2
Very flat energy response within a wide range Dimension of sensitive radius 22 mm
volume
The spherical chamber TK-30 is designed as a reference
chamber for absolute dosimetry to be used by secondary Central electrode graphite coated PMMA,
diameter 4.2 mm
standard dosimetry laboratories (SSDL) and users with
high quality requirements. It has very small variations of
response with radiation quality from low X-ray energies up Ion collection efficiency at nominal range:
to high-energy photon radiation. The guard ring is Ion collection time 4.5 ms
designed up to the sensitive volume. The chamber is con- Max. dose rate for
structed with a long rigid stem of approx. 20 cm length for ≥ 99 % saturation 29.4 Gy/h
≥ 90 % saturation 294 Gy/h
easy mounting in the radiation beam. Air density correc-
tion is required for each measurement. Max. dose per pulse for
≥ 99 % saturation 26 µGy
Specification
Type of product vented spherical ionization Useful ranges:
chamber Chamber voltage ± (200 ... 400) V
Application radiation protection Radiation quality 25 keV ... 50 MeV
measurements
Measuring quantity photon equivalent dose, (50 ... 104) °F
exposure
Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3

Ordering information
TN32005 Spherical chamber TK-30,
TW32005 Spherical chamber TK-30,
Chamber voltage 400 V nominal connecting system TNC
± 1000 V maximal
60Co)
TM32005 Spherical chamber TK-30,
Energy response ≤ ± 5 % (48 keV ...
connecting system M
Directional response in air ≤ ± 0.5 % for rotation
and ≤ ± 3 % for tilting of
the axis up to ± 45°
51
30 cm3 Cylinder Stem

Ionization Chamber
Type 23361
Cylindrical PMMA ionization chamber
with a long rigid stem for radiation
protection measurement

Vented sensitive volume of 30 cm3 Wall of sensitive volume 1 mm PMMA, graphited
Suitable as high precision reference chamber Total wall area density 119 mg/cm2
for radiation protection dosimetry Dimension of sensitive radius 15.5 mm
volume length 51 mm
Very flat energy response within a wide range
Central electrode graphite coated Al,
Radioactive check device (option) diameter 14 mm
The cylinder stem chamber is designed as a reference Outer dimensions diameter 33 mm
chamber for absolute dosimetry to be used by secondary length 335 mm
standard dosimetry laboratories (SSDL) and users with Build-up cap PMMA, thickness 3 mm
high quality requirements. It has very small variations of
response with radiation quality from low X-ray energies up Ion collection efficiency at nominal range:
to high-energy photon radiation. The guard ring is Ion collection time 1.3 ms
designed up to the sensitive volume. The chamber is con-
Max. dose rate for
structed with a long rigid stem of approx. 20 cm length for ≥ 99.5 % saturation 60 mGy/s
easy mounting in the radiation beam. An acrylic build-up ≥ 99.0 % saturation 120 mGy/s
cap with 3 mm wall thickness for in-air measurement in Max. dose per pulse for
60Co beams is included with each chamber, as well as a
≥ 99.5 % saturation 50 µGy
calibration certificate. Air density correction is required for ≥ 99.0 % saturation 100 µGy
each measurement. A radioactive check device and an
appropriate holding device are available. Useful ranges:
Radiation quality 30 keV ... 50 MeV
Specification Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
Type of product vented cylindrical (50 ... 104) °F
ionization chamber
Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
measurements Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
Measuring quantity photon equivalent dose,
exposure Ordering information
Nominal sensitive 30 cm3 TN23361 Cylinder stem chamber 30 cm3,
Design not waterproof, vented TW23361 Cylinder stem chamber 30 cm3,
Reference point on chamber axis, connecting system TNC
27 mm from chamber tip
TM23361 Cylinder stem chamber 30 cm3,
Direction of incidence radial connecting system M
Nominal response 1 µC/Gy
Chamber voltage 400 V nominal Options
± 500 V maximal T48010 Radioactive check device 90Sr
Energy response ≤ ± 4 % (40 keV ... 60Co) T23237 Chamber holding device for check device
Directional response in air ≤ ± 0.5 % for for rotation
for tilting see diagram page 66
Stem leakage ≤ 1 pC/(Gy·cm)
52
Hp(10) Secondary
Standard Chamber
Type 34035
Parallel plate ionization chamber for
direct measurement of Hp(10) personal
dose equivalent on a slab phantom

Vented sensitive volume of 10 cm3 Phantom material PMMA
Measures the Hp(10) personal dose equivalent directly Outer dimensions 300 mm x 300 mm
Suitable as a reference chamber for Hp(10) calibration chamber assembly height 31 mm
additional slab phantom height 120 mm
The parallel plate ionization chamber model 340351 is
integrated into a slab phantom to measure the Hp(10)
Useful ranges:
radiation protection measuring quantity directly. The
high performance chamber is designed to be used as a
secondary standard chamber for calibration purposes. Radiation quality (15 ... 1400) keV
The beam calibration with the Hp(10) chamber makes it Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
unnecessary to precisely determine the spectrum of the (50 ... 104) °F
X-ray beam. The chamber comes uncalibrated; a primary Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
standard calibration by PTB, the German National
Laboratory, is available. The chamber set includes a
phantom slab of 31 mm thickness with chamber assem-
bly and an additional PMMA phantom slab of 120 mm Ordering information
thickness. Both sets available include an adapter cable to L981937 Hp(10) Secondary standard chamber type
connect the chamber either to a dosemeter with M con- 34035, connecting system M
nector or with BNC connector and banana pin. The L981938 Hp(10) Secondary standard chamber type
Hp(10) chamber should be used in connection with a 34035, connecting system BNC and banana pin
high quality dosemeter such as UNIDOS, UNIDOS E or
UNIDOSwebline to ensure best performance. Option
PTB Primary standard calibration upon request
Specification
Type of product vented parallel plate cham-
1 Ankerhold, Ambrosi, Eberle – A chamber for determining the conven-
ber
tionally true value of Hp(10) and H*(10) needed by calibration laborato-
Application radiation protection ries – Rad. Prot. Dos. Vol. 96, Nos 1-3, pp. 133 - 137 (2001), Nucl.
measurements Techn. Publishing
Measuring quantity Hp(10) personal dose

equivalent
Nominal sensitive volume 10 cm3
Reference conditions 20°C, 1013 hPa 65 % rel.
humidity
Reference point chamber center, 13.5 mm
below chamber surface or
15.5 mm below surface of
integrated step cylinder
Nominal response 285 nC/Sv
53
100 cm3 Reference

Soft X-Ray Chamber
Type 34047
Calibration grade plane parallel
chamber for dose measurements in
low-energy photon beams

Ultra thin entrance window Entrance foil 3.5 µm PET
(polyethylenterephthalat),
For low-energy photons from 5 keV to 20 keV graphite coated
Sensitive volume 100 cm3, vented to air Total window area density 0.5 mg/cm2
The 34047 soft X-ray chamber is a reference chamber Sensitive volume radius 39.9 mm
depth 20 mm
used in calibration laboratories. Its very thin entrance
window makes it possible to measure photon radiation
with energies down to 5 keV. Due to the large volume, Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
the chamber gives reasonable and accurate signals. The Ion collection time 6.3 ms
chamber is designed for measurements free in air. Max. dose rate for
≥ 99.5 % saturation 2.1 mGy/s
≥ 99.0 % saturation 4.2 mGy/s
Specification
Application absolute dosimetry in Chamber voltage ± (300 … 400) V
low-energy photon beams Radiation quality (5 ... 20) keV X-rays
Measuring quantities absorbed dose to water, Field size (15 x 15) cm2 ... (40 x 40) cm2
air kerma, exposure
Reference radiation 30 kV, HVL 0.37 mm Al (T30) (50 ... 104) °F
quality
Humidity (20 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Nominal sensitive 100 cm3
Reference point in chamber center of Ordering Information
entrance foil underside TN34047 Reference Soft X-ray chamber 100 cm3,
Direction of incidence perpendicular to chamber connecting system BNT
plane TW34047 Reference Soft X-ray chamber 100 cm3,
Nominal response 4.8 µC/Gy connecting system TNC
Long-term stability ≤ 1 % per year TM34047 Reference Soft X-ray chamber 100 cm3,
Chamber voltage 400 V nominal connecting system M
± 500 V maximal
54
Monitor Ionization
Chambers
Types 34014, 786
Large size plane parallel transmission
chambers for use as dose monitors
combined with calibration facilities

Vented sensitive volumes of 94 cm3 and 86 cm3 Entrance window 3 x 0.025 mm polyimide,
graphite coated
Include twin-sensitive volumes
Total window area density 3 x 3.55 mg/cm2
Shadow-free transmission chambers for dose
Electrode polyimide foil, graphite
monitoring with calibration facilities coated
The circular plane parallel transmission chambers Outer dimensions diameter 230 mm
are used for dose monitoring in combination with cali-
bration benches. The sensitive volumes are designed Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
as twin-chambers with 2.5 mm measuring depth each Max. dose rate for
and a diameter of 155 mm (model 786) or 148 mm ≥ 99.5 % saturation 8.5 Gy/s
(model 34014). The chamber walls and the electrodes ≥ 99.0 % saturation 17 Gy/s (34014)
18 Gy/s (786)
are made of polyimide (PI) of 0.025 mm thickness each
with graphite layer. The chambers are fully guarded. The Max. dose per pulse for
≥ 99.5 % saturation 590 µGy
external diameter of the chamber housing is 230 mm. ≥ 99.0 % saturation 1.19 mGy
Two holes with 6 mm threads serve for mechanical
chamber fixation.
Useful ranges:
Radiation quality (7.5 ... 420) kV X-rays
Two chamber versions are available: model 786 is used
together with dosemeters having the input circuits on Field size ≤ 148 mm diameter (34014)
ground potential, and model 34014 is used together with ≤ 155 mm diameter (786)
dosemeters having the input circuits on high voltage. Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
(50 ... 104) °F
Specification Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
Type of product vented plane parallel Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
twin-chambers
Application dose monitoring in
calibration facilities Ordering information
Measuring quantity exposure TN34014 Monitor chamber, connecting system BNT
TW34014 Monitor chamber, connecting system TNC
Nominal sensitive 86 cm3 (34014)
volumes 94 cm3 (786) TM786 Monitor chamber, connecting system M
TB786 Monitor chamber, connecting system BNC
and banana pin
Nominal response depends on field size Monitor chambers with smaller diameter of sensitive
Chamber voltage 400 V nominal volume upon request
Leakage current ≤ 1 pA
55
X-ray Therapy
Monitor Chamber
Type 7862
Large size plane parallel transmission
chamber for use as dose monitor
combined with X-ray therapy units

Vented sensitive volume of 17.6 cm3 Entrance window 4 x 0.05 mm polyimide,
graphite coated
Shadow-free transmission chamber for dose
Total window area density 4 x 7.1 mg/cm2
monitoring with radiation therapy X-ray equipment
Electrode polyimide foil, graphite
The circular plane parallel transmission chamber model coated
7862 is used for dose monitoring in combination with Outer dimensions diameter 119.5 mm
radiotherapy X-ray units. The sensitive volume is de-
signed as a very thin cylinder of 2.4 mm thickness and Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
96.5 mm diameter. The chamber wall and the electrode Max. dose rate for
are made of polyimide (PI) of 0.05 mm thickness each ≥ 99.5 % saturation 10 Gy/s
with graphite layer, mechanically protected by another ≥ 99.0 % saturation 20 Gy/s
PI foil of 0.05 mm in front of each wall. The nominal Max. dose per pulse for
photon energy range is 7.5 kV up to 420 kV and the ≥ 99.5 % saturation 640 µGy
leakage current is less than 1 pA. The chamber is fully ≥ 99.0 % saturation 1.29 mGy
guarded. The external diameter of the chamber housing
is 119.5 mm. Three holes with 3.5 mm threads serve for Useful ranges:
mechanical chamber fixation. The transmission chamber Radiation quality (7.5 ... 420) kV X-rays
model 7862 is used in connection with dosemeters hav- Field size ≤ 95 mm diameter
ing the input circuits on ground potential.
(50 ... 104) °F
Specification
Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
triple-chamber Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
Application dose monitoring in X-ray
therapy units Ordering information
Measuring quantity exposure TM7862 Monitor chamber for X-ray therapy units,
Nominal sensitive 17.6 cm3 connecting system M
volume
Nominal response depends on field size
56
Böhm Extrapolation
Chamber
Type 23392
Low energy extrapolation chamber with
adjustable volume depth for measure-
ments of absorbed dose in soft tissue

Measures absolute dose of beta radiation and Entrance window PET, graphite coated
X-rays in soft tissue equivalent material very precisely Total window area density 0.75 mg/cm2
Includes a micrometer screw for the depth Measuring electrode diameter 30 mm
adjustment of the sensitive volume down to zero Rear electrode PMMA, graphite coated
Suitable for beta calibration at PSDLs and SSDLs diameter 60.5 mm
Distance between (0.5 ... 10.5) mm
The Böhm extrapolation chamber is a high quality device electrodes
for absorbed dose measurements of beta and low energy
X radiation in certain depths below the surface of the Ion collection efficiency at nominal voltage:
entrance window. Primary standard dosimetry labora-
Ion collection time and dependent on electrode
tories (PSDL) and secondary standard dosimetry laborato- max. dose rate distance
ries (SSDL) use it for low energy radiation calibration. The
dose is determined from the ionization density in Useful ranges:
a small air gap, the extrapolation chamber volume, Temperature (10 ... 40) °C
embedded in tissue equivalent material (PMMA). The (50 ... 104) °F
chamber is supplied with a very thin entrance window of Humidity (10 ... 80) %, max 20 g/m3
0.75 mg/cm2 and a collecting electrode of 30 mm in
diameter. By means of the built-in micrometer screw, the Air pressure (700 ... 1060) hPa
collecting electrode surrounded by a guard ring of 15 mm
can be moved to adjust the depth of the sensitive volume Ordering information
between 10.5 mm and 0.5 mm. The zero point of the T23392 Böhm extrapolation chamber
chamber depth setting can be obtained by measuring the
T23392/U5 Connection cable for Böhm extrapolation
chamber capaciting charge C versus the chamber depth x and
chamber, connecting system M
extrapolating C-1 towards x = 0. The chamber is equipped
with two BNC sockets for signal and polarizing voltage. A
connection cable from both BNC sockets to an electrometer
with M type connector is available. An electrometer with the
input circuits on ground potential is required. The extrapola-
tion chamber comes in a protective storage case.
Specification
Type of product extrapolation chamber
according to Böhm
Application absolute dosimetry of beta
radiation and X-rays
Measuring quantity absorbed dose in soft tissue
Nominal sensitive volume (0.353 ... 7.422) cm3
fully guarded
Reference point in chamber center of
entrance foil underside
Nominal response dependent on electrode
distance
Chamber voltage dependent on electrode
distance 500 V maximal
57
Notes
Notes
58
Quick View
Quick View
Product Family Quick View
Drawings and Diagrams 60
Connector Design 70
Overview of PTW Detectors 72
59
Drawings
Drawings
Farmer Chamber 30010 Farmer Chamber 30011
Farmer Chamber 30012 Farmer Chamber 30013
0.125 cm3 Semiflex Chamber 31010 0.3 cm3 Semiflex Chamber 31013
60
Drawings
0.3 cm3 Rigid Stem Chamber 30016 1.0 cm3 Rigid Stem Chamber 30015
Advanced Markus Chamber 34045 Markus Chamber 23343
Roos Chamber 34001 10.5 cm3 Bragg Peak Chamber 34070
61
Drawings
2.5 cm3 Bragg Peak Chamber 34073 PinPoint Chamber 31014
PinPoint Chamber 31015 PinPoint 3D Chamber 31016
microDiamond 60019 Dosimetry Diode P 60016
62
Drawings
Dosimetry Diode E 60017 Dosimetry Diode SRS 60018
Dosimetry Diode PR 60020 0.02 cm3 Soft X-Ray Chamber 23342
0.2 cm3 Soft X-Ray Chamber 23344 0.005 cm3 Soft X-Ray Chamber 34013
63
Drawings
75 cm3 SFD Diagnostic Chamber 34060
SOURCECHECK 4π 33005 6 cm3 SFD Diagnostic Chamber 34069
3.14 cm3 CT Chamber 30009 9.3 cm3 CT Chamber 30017
64
Drawings
50 Liter Radiation Monitoring Chamber 7262
3 Liter Radiation Monitoring Chamber 34031 Spherical Ionization Chamber TK-30 32005
1 Liter Spherical Ionization Chamber 32002 10 Liter Spherical Ionization Chamber 32003
65
Drawings
50 cm3 Spherical Ionization Chamber PS-50 32007S 10 cm3 Spherical Ionization Chamber PS-10 32008S
30 cm3 Cylinder Stem Ionization Chamber 23361 30 cm3 Cylinder Stem Ionization Chamber 23361
Directional response in air
Hp(10) Secondary Standard Chamber 34035 Böhm Extrapolation Chamber 23392
66
Drawings
Monitor Ionization Chamber 34014
100 cm3 Reference Soft X-Ray Chamber 34047 Monitor Ionization Chamber 786
X-Ray Therapy Monitor Chamber 7862 30 cm3 Flat Chamber 233612
67
Notes
Notes
69
Connectors
The Connector Design

The following overview of connecting systems facilitates the identification of the adequate connector to fit your measuring
system. Outer shape, colors and the size of the housing may vary, depending on the production year and the manufacturer.
Some connectors may have protective covers which veil the real shape of the connector. All connectors are displayed with-
out such protective covers. The images are not full-scale. See table on page 71 for approximate outer connector diameters.
Supply of detectors with BNC connectors with banana pin, BNC biax connectors and DIAMENTOR F type connectors
upon request.
BNT Connector (N Type) male BNT Connector (n type) female
TNC Connector (W type) male TNC Connector (w type) female
Triax PTW Connector (M type) male Triax PTW Connector (m type) female
BNC Connector with Banana Pin (B type) male BNC Connector with Banana Pin (b type) female
LEMO Connector (L type) male LEMO Connector (l type) female
70
Connectors
DIAMENTOR Connector (V type) male DIAMENTOR Connector (v type) female
DIAMENTOR Connector (A type) male DIAMENTOR Connector (a type) female
DIAMENTOR Connector (F type) male DIAMENTOR Connector (f type) female
PTW can provide adaptation cables for all combinations of detectors shown above. In practice not all combinations make
sense and are dangerous respectively. The reason for this is among other things, that the different connecting systems
have diverse uses for the outer shielding of the cable. While some connecting systems use the cable’s outer shielding for
the high voltage supply of the ionization chamber, other systems use it for the grounding of the chamber and connect it
to the chamber housing. Unsuitable adaptation cables may result in improper grounding of the chamber and in the worst
case in the risk of an electric shock. Touchable parts of the chamber may conduct high voltage.
Adaptations between Triax PTW (M type) and BNC with Banana (B type) are problem-free. Likewise are adaptations
between BNT (N type) and TNC (W type) systems in general unproblematic. The same applies to our different DIAMENTOR
connecting systems. For all other combinations of connecting systems we strongly dissuade from using adaptation cables.
Any use of such adaptation cables is definitely out of the intended use and left to the user’s responsibility.
The following table shows the possible connector

combinations used in radiation therapy. Approximate outer connector diameters:
N, n W, w M, m B, b Connector Type Outer Diameter

N, n 15 mm, 14 mm
N, n ✓ ✓ ✘ ✘
W, w 16 mm, 14 mm
W, w ✓ ✓ ✘ ✘ M, m 25 mm, 24 mm
B, b 18 mm, 18 mm
M, m ✘ ✘ ✓ ✓
L, l 9 mm, 9 mm
B, b ✘ ✘ ✓ ✓ V, v 15 mm, 16 mm
A, a 14 mm, 14 mm
✓ Suitable adaptation cable
F, f 18 mm, 19 mm
✘ Unsuitable adaptation cable
71
Quick View
Guide to PTW Detectors

This guide gives a review of the complete range of PTW radiation detectors arranged in the order of their scope. Some
of the detectors are suitable for various applications. Especially the ion chambers designed for absolute dosimetry in
radiotherapy can also be used for therapy beam analysis. All ionization chambers are supplied with vented sensitive
volumes, open to the surrounding, except the sealed 0.1 cm3 chamber models 23322 and 23323. The type numbers
in brackets represent former chamber types with identical specification. Radiation detectors which are integrated
components of radiation measuring systems such as LA48 Linear Array, DIAMENTOR or CURIEMENTOR, are not listed
in this guide.
Radiation Therapy
30010 0.6 cm3 Thimble chamber with acrylic wall and Al electrode for meas- page
(30001) Farmer Chamber uring high-energy photon and electron radiation in air and
PMMA/Al phantom material. BNT, TNC or M connector
10
30011 0.6 cm3 Thimble chamber with graphite wall and graphite electrode page
(30002) Farmer Chamber for measuring high-energy photon and electron radiation in air
Graphite/Graphite and phantom material. BNT or TNC connector
11
30012 0.6 cm3 Thimble chamber with graphite wall and Al electrode for page
(30004) Farmer Chamber measuring high-energy photon and electron radiation in air
Graphite/Al and phantom material. BNT or TNC connector
12
30013 0.6 cm3 Waterproof chamber with acrylic wall and Al electrode for page
(30006) Farmer Chamber measuring high-energy photon and electron radiation in air,
Waterproof water and phantom material. BNT, TNC or M connector
13
31010 0.125 cm3 Waterproof thimble chamber for measuring high-energy photon page
(31002) Semiflex Chamber and electron radiation in air, water and phantom material.
BNT, TNC or M connector
14
31013 0.3 cm3 Waterproof thimble chamber for measuring high-energy photon page
(31003) Semiflex Chamber and electron radiation in air, water and phantom material.
15
30016 0.3 cm3 Thimble chamber with 25 cm rigid stem for measuring high- page
(23332) Rigid Stem Chamber energy photon and electron radiation in air and phantom
material. BNT, TNC or M connector
16
30015 1 cm3 Thimble chamber with 25 cm rigid stem for measuring high- page
(23331) Rigid Stem Chamber energy photon and electron radiation in air and phantom
material. BNT, TNC or M connector
17
34045 0.02 cm3 Improved plane parallel chamber with thin membrane for meas- page
Advanced Markus uring high-energy electron radiation in water and phantom
Electron Chamber material. BNT, TNC or M connector
18
23343 0.055 cm3 Classic plane parallel chamber with thin membrane for measur- page
Markus Electron ing high-energy electron radiation in water and phantom mate-
Chamber rial. BNT, TNC or M connector
19
34001 0.35 cm3 Precision plane parallel chamber for absolute dosimetry of page
Roos Electron Chamber high-energy electron radiation in water and phantom material.
20
34070 10.5 cm3 Waterproof plane parallel chamber for measuring the exact page
Bragg Peak Chamber location of the Bragg peak in proton beams.
21
34073 2.5 cm3 Waterproof plane parallel chamber for measuring the exact page
Bragg Peak Chamber loacation of the Bragg peak in horizontal proton beams.
22
31014 0.015 cm3 Ultra small-sized waterproof therapy chamber for dosmimetry in page
PinPoint Chamber high-energy photon beams.
23
31015 0.03 cm3 Small-sized waterproof therapy chamber for dosmimetry in page
PinPoint Chamber high-energy photon beams.
24
72
Quick View
31016 0.016 cm3 Ultra small-sized waterproof therapy chamber with 3D page
PinPoint 3D Chamber characteristics for dosmimetry in high-energy photon beams.
25
60019 microDiamond Waterproof small volume diamond detector for dosimetry in page
high-energy photon and electron beams.
26
60016 Dosimetry Diode P Waterproof p-type Si diode detector for dosimetry in page
for Photons high-energy photon beams.
27
60017 Dosimetry Diode E Waterproof p-type Si diode detector for dosimetry in page
for Electrons and high-energy electron and photon beams.
Photons BNT, TNC or M connector
28
60018 Dosimetry Diode SRS Waterproof p-type Si diode detector for dosimetry in photon page
for Photons beams. Typical use is for measurements for stereotactic radio
surgery. BNT, TNC or M connector
29
60020 Dosimetry Diode PR Waterproof p-type Si diode detector for dosimetry in page
for Protons high-energy proton beams.
30
23342 0.02 cm3 Plane parallel chamber with thin membrane for measuring page
Soft X-ray Chamber therapeutic X-ray beams between 10 and 100 kV in air and
phantom material. BNT, TNC or M connector
31
23344 0.2 cm3 Plane parallel chamber with thin membrane for measuring page
Soft X-ray Chamber therapeutic X-ray beams between 10 and 100 kV in air and
32
34013 0.005 cm3 Plane parallel chamber with thin membrane for measuring small page
Soft X-ray Chamber size therapeutic X-ray beams between 15 and 50 kV in air and
33
33005 SOURCECHECK 4π Well-type ionization chamber for source strength page

Well-type Chamber measurements in brachytherapy.
34
Diagnostic Radiology
30009 3.14 cm3 Vented cylindrical chamber for dose length product page
CT Chamber measurements in computed tomography.
BNT, TNC, M or L connector
38
30017 9.3 cm3 Vented cylindrical chamber for dose length product page
CT Chamber measurements in computed tomography.
39
34060 75 cm3 Shadow-free plane parallel chamber for absolute dosimetry page
SFD Diagnostic in diagnostic radiology.
Chamber BNT, TNC, M or L connector
40
34069 6 cm3 Shadow-free plane parallel chamber for absolute dosimetry page
SFD Mammo Chamber in diagnostic radiology and mammography.
41
60004 R/F/D Detector Semiconductor detectors for diagnostic X-rays. page

60005 MAM Detector TNC or L connector
42
233612 30 cm3 Flat circular transmission chamber for dose measurements of page
Flat Chamber diagnostic X-rays in the energy range above 35 keV.
43
73
Quick View
Health Physics
T34031 3 Liter Cylindrical poly ethylene chamber for stationary low level page
T32004 Cylindrical Chamber gamma radiation measurement above 80 keV.
Special connectors for signal and HV
46
T7262 50 Liter Cylindrical pressurized steel chamber for stationary lowest page
Cylindrical Chamber level gamma radiation measurement above 80 keV. Special
connectors for signal and HV
47
32002 1 Liter Spherical chamber, 140 mm diameter, for low level gamma page
Spherical Chamber radiation protection measurements in the energy range of
45 keV to 50 MeV. BNT, TNC or M connector
48
32003 10 Liter Spherical chamber, 270 mm diameter, for lowest level gamma page
Spherical Chamber radiation protection measurements in the energy range of
49
32007S 50 cm3 Spherical chamber, 53 mm diameter, for primary standard page

Spherical Chamber radiation protection measurements in 60Co and 137Cs beams.
PS-50 BNT connector
50
32008S 10 cm3 Spherical chamber, 34 mm diameter, for primary standard page

Spherical Chamber radiation protection measurements in 60Co and 137Cs beams.
PS-10 BNT connector
50
32005 30 cm3 Spherical chamber, 22 mm diameter, for gamma radiation page

Spherical Chamber protection measurements in the energy range of 25 keV
to 1.3 MeV. BNT, TNC or M connector
51
23361 30 cm3 Cylindrical reference chamber, 31 mm diameter, for gamma page

Cylindrical Chamber radiation protection measurements in the energy range of
52
34035 Hp(10) Secondary Plane parallel reference chamber embedded in an acrylic slab page
L981937 Standard Chamber phantom for direct measurement of Personal Dose Equivalent
L981938 Hp(10). M or BNC/banana connector
53
34047 100 cm3 Reference Circular plane parallel reference chamber for radiation page
Soft X-ray Chamber protection measurements of 5 keV to 20 keV low energy
X-rays. BNT, TNC or M connector
54
TN34014 Transmission Circular transmission chambers of 155 mm resp. 148 mm page

TW34014 Monitor Chambers for sensitive diameter for radiation monitoring of calibration
TM786 Calibration Benches benches. BNT, TNC, M or BNC/banana connector
55
TM7862 Transmission Circular transmission chamber of 96.5 mm sensitive diameter for page
Monitor Chamber for radiation monitoring of X-ray therapy units.
X-ray Therapy Units M or BNC/banana connector
56
T23392 Böhm Extrapolation Precision extrapolation chamber with adjustable depth of the page
Chamber sensitive volume between 0.5 mm and 10.5 mm for dose
measurements of Beta and soft X-rays. BNC sockets
57
74
Codes of Practice
Codes of Practice
Absorbed Dose Determination
in Photon and High Energy
Electron Beams
Based on Standards of
Absorbed Dose to Water
1 Introduction 76
2 General Instructions
2.1 Corrected reading M 77

2.2 Measuring phantoms 77
2.3 Chamber positioning 77
2.4 Air density 79
2.5 Ion recombination 79
2.6 Polarity effect 81
2.7 Humidity 81
3 Kilovoltage X-Ray Beams
3.1 10 kV to 100 kV 82
3.2 100 kV to 300 kV 82
4 High Energy Photon Beams
4.1 IAEA TRS 398 84

4.2 AAPM TG-51 86
4.3 DIN 6800-2 87
5 High Energy Electron Beams
5.1 IAEA TRS 398 89

5.2 AAPM TG-51 91
5.3 DIN 6800-2 92
6 Measurements in Acrylic Phantoms
6.1 General 95
6.2 High energy photons 95
6.3 High energy electrons 95
7 References 96
Appendix A: 97
Disclaimer Summary of PTW Chamber Data
Although the information in this document has
been carefully assembled, PTW-Freiburg does not
guarantee that this document is free of errors.
PTW-Freiburg shall not be liable in any way for any
consequence of using this document.
75
Absorbed Dose Determination in Photon and High Energy Electron Beams
Introduction
1 Introduction
This document constitutes an excerpt of procedures NOTE

and data from various dosimetry protocols for the The terms 'Markus Chamber', 'Advanced Markus
determination of absorbed dose to water using ioni- Chamber' and 'Roos Chamber' are the propriety of
zation chambers. As most modern dosimetry proto- PTW-Freiburg. The published data specific to these
cols (e.g. IAEA, AAPM, DIN) refer to ionization chambers are not valid for chambers manufactured
chambers calibrated in absorbed dose to water, this by other companies, even if they are sold as 'Mar-
document does not describe dose determination kus' or 'Roos' type chambers.
with ionization chambers having other calibration
factors.1
A summary of PTW chamber data is given in
The chapters referring to high energy radiation de- Appendix A.
scribe the formalisms outlined in IAEA TRS 398,
AAPM TG-51 and DIN 6800-2 as these dosimetry
protocols are widely used, see references [IAEA
398], [AAPM 51] and [DIN 6800-2]. The chapter
referring to kilovoltage X-ray beams describes only
the formalism outlined in the DIN standards as
IAEA TRS 398 differs only slightly from DIN, and
AAPM TG-51 does not address this energy range.
Although this document provides the reader with a

concise overview of formulae and factors it shall not
replace pertinent protocols and publications, nor is
it intended to give all of the details that are impor-
tant for accurate dosimetry. Also, the procedures
outlined in this document are not the only ones
described in the referenced literature, they consti-
tute only one of several possibilities for absorbed
dose determination.
The present document is limited to
 the use of open (vented) ionization chambers

 the use of plane-parallel chambers in case of
low energy X-ray beams
 the use of cylindrical chambers in case of me-
dium energy X-ray beams
 PTW chambers if factors are given that depend
on the design of the ionization chamber.
1
Document D560.210.00 refers to chambers calibrated
in Air Kerma, Absorbed Dose to Air, and Exposure.
76
76
General Instructions
2 General Instructions
2.1 Corrected reading M 2.3 Chamber positioning

All formulae in this document used for the determi- 2.3.1 General rules
nation of absorbed dose to water Dw refer to a
dosemeter reading M which is corrected for the The dosemeter reading is obtained by positioning
influence quantities given in chapters 2.4 - 2.7. The the ionization chamber at the point of interest in the
reader must compute the corrected reading M phantom. Depending on the dosimetry protocol and
from the uncorrected reading M uncorr and the read- radiation quality, either the effective point of meas-
ing without irradiation M 0 by urement or the reference point of the ionization
chamber is positioned at the point of interest. This
M  (M uncorr  M 0 )  k elec  k TP  k S  k pol  k h (2-1) document states the correct positioning method in
each of the related chapters.
The correction factor k elec corresponds to the cali- The effective point of measurement is defined as
bration factor of the electrometer if the electrometer
readout is in terms of charge or current [IAEA 398,  a point on the axis of a cylindrical chamber in
AAPM 51]. If the electrometer and the ionization case of photon beams with energy < 1.33 MeV
chamber are calibrated together and the readout is
 a point shifted by 0.5 r from the axis of a cylin-
in terms of Gy or Gy/s, a value of unity is to be used
drical chamber towards the focus2 in case of
for k elec .
high energy photon and electron beams ( r is
The correction factors k TP , k S , k pol and k h are the inner radius of the measuring chamber vol-
ume) [IAEA 398, DIN 6800-2]
described in chapters 2.4 - 2.7. For absorbed dose
determination, additional factors are to be applied to  a point at the center of the inner side of the en-
the corrected reading M as described in chapters trance window of a plane-parallel chamber, in-
3 - 6.
dependent of radiation quality. Care must be
taken to scale the thickness of the entrance win-
dow to water-equivalent thickness.
2.2 Measuring phantoms
The reference point is defined as
This document assumes that all measurements are
made in a water phantom, except for chapter 3.1  a point on the central axis of a cylindrical cham-
where the measurements are made at the surface ber as stated by the manufacturer
of an acrylic (PMMA) phantom. If measurements
are nevertheless made in other than water phan-  a point at the center of the inner side of the en-
toms, the measures described in chapter 6 are to trance window of a plane-parallel chamber.
be taken. It should be noted, however, that most
dosimetry protocols prescribe measurements in
water only.
2
To measure dose at a focus distance of x cm, the axis
of the cylindrical chamber must be positioned at a focus
distance of x cm + 0.5 r , i. e. the chamber must be
shifted away from the focus, i.e. downstream.
77
77
2.3.2 Plane-parallel chambers  according to (2-2) the water-equivalent thickness

of the entrance window is d w  1.06 mm , i.e.
Plane-parallel chambers usually have entrance the effective point of measurement is located
windows which are not exactly water-equivalent. behind a 'water layer' of 1.06 mm from the
For the correct positioning of a plane-parallel chamber surface
chamber in water, the geometrical thickness d p of
the entrance window must be scaled to equivalent  the measuring depth in water shall be
water thickness d w . The effective point of meas- z  10 mm . As the entrance window contributes
urement is then located behind the water-equivalent 1.06 mm , the chamber surface has to
thickness d w of the entrance window. be positioned at a water depth of
10 mm  1.06 mm  8.94 mm .
The scaling of the geometrical thickness (e.g. plas-
tic thickness) d p to water equivalent thickness d w 2.3.3 The TRUFIX system
is done by [IAEA 398]
The task of positioning various types of ionization
ρp chambers precisely in their effective point of meas-
dw  d p  (2-1) urement can be quite challenging. The patented
ρw
TRUFIX system (see Figure 1) facilitates this task
considerably. TRUFIX can be used on automated
where ρp and ρ w are the densities of the entrance
PTW water phantoms (MP2, MP3 etc.) in connec-
window and water, respectively3. Using the area tion with most PTW therapy detectors. A plastic tip
density σ p and ρw  1 g / cm 3 , equation (2-1) can lets you easily locate the water surface where the
be written as coordinate system is set to (0,0,0). Then the plastic
tip is replaced by a holding device specific to each
σp σp detector type, and the effective point of measure-
dw   (2-2)
ρw 1g/cm 3 ment is automatically placed at the tip's earlier posi-
tion. The radius of cylindrical chambers, the water-
The area density σ p of PTW plane-parallel cham- equivalent window thickness of plane-parallel
bers is given in Appendix A. For instance, the wa- chamber windows and the chamber centers are
ter-equivalent thickness of the entrance window of a automatically accounted for.
Roos chamber type 34001 ( σ p  132 mg / cm 2 ) is
d w  1.32 mm . The entrance window of the Ad-
vanced Markus chamber (including protection cap,
( σ p  106 mg / cm 2 ) has a water-equivalent thick-
ness of d w  1.06 mm .
Example
How to position the effective point of measurement

of an Advanced Markus chamber with protection
cap at a measuring depth of z  10 mm in water:
 according to Appendix A, the area density of the

Figure 1: The TRUFIX chamber positioning system.
entrance window, including the protection cap
and air gap, is σ p  106 mg / cm 2
3
DIN 6800-2 suggests to use the electron volume densi-
ties of the materials rather than the physical densities.
The difference is neglected in this document.
78
78
2.4 Air density kp and km must not be mixed up with correction

factors described in other chapters of this docu-
2.4.1 The T&P method ment.
Open (vented) ionization chambers must be cor-

rected for air density according to [IAEA 398] 2.5 Ion recombination
P0  273.2  T 
k TP  (2-3) 2.5.1 The two-voltage method
P  273.2  T0 
Correction factors for insufficient charge collection
T and P are the temperature and pressure in the in the measuring volume of the ionization chamber
measuring environment, the reference values are can be measured using the two-voltage method
P0  101.3 kPa and T0  20 o C . Note that in some [IAEA 398, AAPM 51]. They depend on the geome-
countries the reference temperature given in the try of the ionization chamber and on the dose rate
calibration certificate is 22 o C instead of 20 o C . or dose per pulse, respectively.
AAPM TG-51 uses a value of 22 o C as reference
and a value of P0  101.33 kPa for the reference For pulsed or pulsed-scanned radiation the correc-
pressure. tion factor k S can be determined from [IAEA 398]
Care must be taken to ensure the use of correct M1 / M 2  1

kS  1 (2-5)
values for the barometric pressure P existing in the V1 / V2  1
measuring environment. Details can be found in the
literature [Christ 2004]. where M1 and M 2 are the readings at two voltages
V1 and V2 . V1 is the normally used voltage, and V2
2.4.2 The check source method is a voltage reduced by a factor of at least 3. For-
mula (2-5) is valid for k S  1.03 . If k S  1.03 refer
Instead of using (2-3) measurements in a radio- to chapter 2.5.2.
active check source can be made. The temperature
of the check source and the ionization chamber For continuous radiation k S is taken from [IAEA
must be the same as the temperature of the phan- 398]
tom in which the dose measurements are per-
formed. The reference value kprotocol of the check
kS 
V1 / V2 2  1 (2-6)
source reading is given in the calibration certificate V1 / V2 2  M1 / M 2 
for a given date and for reference conditions (e.g.
101.3 kPa , 20 o C ). The reader must correct the
Formula (2-5) assumes a linear relationship bet-
reference value kprotocol for the decay of the radio-
ween 1/ M and 1/ V , formula (2-6) a linear relation-
active material. Then an actual check source read- ship between 1/ M and 1/ V 2 . New chambers
ing k measured is taken and the correction factor for should be tested in accordance with the following
air density is determined from chapter.
kprotocol 2.5.2 Jaffé diagrams

k TP  (2-4)
kmeasured
A Jaffé diagram represents the inverse reading
NOTE 1/ M of an ionization chamber as a function of the
The results of (2-3) and (2-4) normally coincide inverse voltage 1/ V ( 1/ V 2 in case of continuous
better than 0.5 % . If not, the reason must be found. radiation). The reading M is corrected for polarity
effect, i.e. M is the mean value of M  and M  ,
NOTE see chapter 2.6. Figure 2 shows a Jaffé diagram for
In the calibration certificates of PTW-Freiburg the pulsed radiation with the axes normalized to the
reference reading kprotocol is described as kp , the usual voltage V1 and the corresponding reading
check reading kmeasured is described as km . M1 .
79
79
1,030
The two-voltage method (see chapter 2.5.1) can be
1,025
applied only if both voltages V1 and V2 are within
1,020
1,015 the linear range of the Jaffé diagram. If this is not
the case, the ionization chamber should be oper-
M 1/M
1,010
1,005
ated at the highest voltage of the linear range of the
1,000
Jaffé diagram, and the correction factor k S should
0,995
0,990 be determined by extrapolating the linear part of the
0,985 Jaffé diagram to an infinite voltage ( 1/ V  0 ). It
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5
should be noted that operating an ionization cham-
V 1/V
ber at a voltage other than stated in the calibration
certificate may cause an error as the calibration
Figure 2:Jaffé diagram of a typical Farmer chamber factor sometimes depends on the applied voltage.
usually operated at V1  400 V . The re-
gression line to the linear part intersects 2.5.3 The DPP method
the M1 /M axis at 0.992 resulting in a cor-
rection factor kS  1/0.992  1.008 . The If the dose per pulse (DPP) of the accelerator at the
dose per pulse was 0.974 mGy . point of measurement is known, the correction fac-
tor can be calculated by [DIN 6800-2]
The useful range for the chamber voltage should be γ δ

kS  1    DP (2-7)
limited to the linear part of the Jaffé diagram. This U U
document suggests to measure Jaffé diagrams at
the lowest and at the highest dose per pulse or DP is the absorbed dose to water per accelerator
dose rate for each radiation quality, and to deter- pulse, expressed in mGy , U is the chamber volt-
mine the linear range for the used ionization cham- age in V , and the coefficients γ and δ are listed
ber from these diagrams. in Table 1 [Bruggmoser 2007]. Formula (2-7) is only
valid if the frequency of the accelerator pulses is
smaller than the reciprocal of the ion collection time.
γ δ Dose per pulse Chamber voltage

Chamber type
V V / mGy mGy V
0.15 – 0.35 100 – 300

PTW 30006/30013 Farmer 0.01 3.44
> 0.35 – 42 300 – 400
PTW 23332/30016 0.3 cm³ 0.15 – 0.5 100 – 250

0.13 1.05
Rigid Stem > 0.5 – 5.5 250 – 400
PTW 31002/31010 0.125 cm³ 0.15 – 0.6 100 – 300

0.38 2.40
Semiflex > 0.6 – 5.5 300 – 400
PTW 23331/30015 1 cm³

0.00 5.68 0.25 – 1.5 100 – 400
Rigid Stem
0.15 – 0.5 50 – 200

PTW 34001 Roos 0.06 1.69
> 0.5 – 42 200 – 300
0.25 – 1.0 50 – 200

PTW 34045 Advanced Markus 0.43 0.49
> 1.0 – 5.5 200 – 300
0.15 – 0.55 100 – 250

PTW 23343 Markus 0.32 1.99
> 0.55 – 3.0 250 – 300
Table 1: Coefficients γ and δ for formula (2-7), applicable within the stated dose per pulse and voltage
ranges, according to [Bruggmoser 2007, Bruggmoser 2008].
80
80
2.6 Polarity effect

The polarity effect depends on the radiation beam
quality Q . The correction factor can be determined
by [IAEA 398, DIN 6800-2]
M +M   / M  Q
kpol= (2-8)
M +M   / M  Co
M  = positive reading obtained with the usual

polarity
M  = positive reading obtained with the opposite

polarity
The index Co refers to the readings obtained in a

60
Co beam during calibration. This value is normally
60
not given in the calibration certificate. If Co is
available the user should measure this value, if not,
this value should be requested from the calibration
laboratory [IAEA 398, AAPM 51] or should be
measured with the lowest available photon energy
[DIN 6800-2]. If the effect of this value is smaller
than 0.3 % for 6 MV photon beams (or lower en-
ergy), the denominator in formula 2-8 can be set to
1, otherwise it must be taken into account [AAPM
51].
2.7 Humidity
A correction factor for humidity has to be applied
60
only if the Co calibration factor refers to dry air
[IAEA 398]:
kh  0.997 (2-9)
60
Usually the Co calibration factor refers to a rela-
tive humidity of 50 % ; in this case kh is taken as
1.000.
81
81
Kilovoltage X-Ray Beams
3 Kilovoltage X-Ray Beams
3.1 10 kV to 100 kV to use build-up foils, he should determine a correc-

tion factor for each beam geometry and radiation
Dw  k Q  N w  M (3-1) quality used.
Dw = absorbed dose to water [DIN 6809-4] 3.2 100 kV to 300 kV

kQ = energy dependent correction factor,
given in the calibration certificate for sev- Dw  kF  k Q  N w  M (3-2)
eral radiation qualities. PTW offers cali-
brations at 15, 30, 50, and 70 kV
Dw = absorbed dose to water [DIN 6809-5]
Nw = calibration factor for absorbed dose to
kF = correction factor for field sizes other than
water for the reference radiation quality
stated in the calibration certificate 10 cm x 10 cm (or circular fields of 10 cm
in diameter), see Table 3
M = corrected reading of the dosemeter, see
kQ = energy dependent correction factor,
chapter 2.1. Measurements are to be
made at the surface of an acrylic (PMMA) given in the calibration certificate for sev-
eral radiation qualities. PTW offers cali-
phantom. For measurements at other
depths, water-equivalent material is to be brations at 100, 140, 200, 280 kV, and
60
added Co. If no calibration data specific to the
chamber is available, use the values
given in Table 2. This will increase the
Influence Quantity Reference Condition uncertainty of the measured value
Phantom material PMMA Nw = calibration factor for absorbed dose to
60
Chamber plane-parallel, Type PTW water for Co
23342, 23344, or 34013 M = corrected reading of the dosemeter, see
Depth phantom surface chapter 2.1
Chamber positioning outer surface of entrance
window Influence Quantity Reference Condition
SSD as stated in calibration cer- Phantom material water
tificate
Chamber cylindrical
Field size as stated in calibration cer-
Depth 5 cm
tificate, or 3 cm x 3 cm at
the measuring plane Chamber positioning chamber axis
SSD 100 cm
NOTE Field size as stated in calibration cer-
DIN 6809-4 suggests the use of a 0.1 mm water- tificate, or 10 cm x 10 cm at
equivalent plastic foil in front of the ionization the phantom surface
chamber when measuring above 50 kV. This foil
should provide adequate build-up and eliminate low
energy electrons scattered upstream. IAEA TRS
398 suggests total material thicknesses (build-up
foils plus entrance window) depending upon radia-
tion quality (IAEA Table 24. Foil thicknesses should
read µm). Ideally, the chamber and the build-up
foils should be calibrated together, but this calibra-
tion is not available from PTW. If the user decides
82
82
Kilovoltage X-Ray Beams
Radiation Quality PTW 23331, PTW 23332, PTW 31013, PTW 31010,
(Gen. Voltage, HVL) 30015 30016 31003 31002
1.0 cm³ 0.3 cm³ 0.3 cm³ 0.125 cm³
Rigid Stem Rigid Stem Semiflex Semiflex
T100 (0.17 mm Cu) 1.025 - - -

T120 (0.28 mm Cu) 1.017 - - -
T140 (0.50 mm Cu) 1.008 1.045 1.025 1.025
T150 (0.85 mm Cu) 1.000 - - -
T200 (1.65 mm Cu) 0.998 1.002 0.999 0.999
T250 (2.5 mm Cu) 0.998 - - -
T280 (3.4 mm Cu) 0.996 0.996 0.994 0.994
60
Co 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Table 2: k Q for the reference depth of 5 cm and the reference field size of 10 cm x 10 cm [DIN 6809-5]. The
values for PTW 31002/31010 have been added by PTW-Freiburg. The values for the new chamber
types PTW 30015 and PTW 30016 should be similar to those given in the DIN table for PTW 23331
and PTW 23332, respectively.
Radiation Quality PTW 23331, 30015 PTW 23332, 30016

1.0 cm³ Rigid Stem 0.3 cm³ Rigid Stem
5 cm x 5 cm 15 cm x 15 cm 5 cm x 5 cm 15 cm x 15 cm
T100 1.02 1.00 1.00 1.00

T140 1.03 1.00 1.02 1.00
T200 1.04 0.99 1.03 1.00
T280 1.03 0.99 1.02 0.99
Table 3: Field size dependent correction factor kF at the reference depth of 5 cm [DIN 6800-9]. The values for
the new chamber types PTW 30015 and PTW 30016 should be similar to those given in the DIN table
for PTW 23331 and PTW 23332, respectively.
83
83
High Energy Photon Beams
4 High Energy Photon Beams
4.1 IAEA TRS 398 NOTE

In case TPR 20,10 values are not available, they can
be determined from [IAEA 398]
Dw  k Q  N w  M (4-1)
TPR20,10  1.2661 PDD20,10  0.0595
Dw = absorbed dose to water
where PDD20,10 is the ratio of the percent depth
kQ = energy dependent correction factor, see
doses at 20 cm and 10 cm depth, respectively. The
Table 4
PDD values must be measured at SSD  100 cm
60 with a field size of 10 cm x 10 cm at the phantom
water for Co
surface.
M = corrected reading of the dosemeter, see
chapter 2.1 For beam quality specification measurements with a
cylindrical chamber, the chamber axis should be
Influence Quantity Reference Condition positioned at the measuring depth. It is allowed to
use a plane-parallel chamber to determine beam
Phantom material water
quality.
Chamber cylindrical
Depth 10 cm (or 5 cm) for
TPR 20,10  0.7
10 cm for TPR20,10  0.7
Chamber positioning chamber axis

SSD / SDD 100 cm
Field size 10 cm x 10 cm
SSD setup: field size de-
fined at surface
SDD setup: field size de-
fined in detector plane
The tissue phantom ratio TPR 20,10 is measured for

each nominal accelerating voltage. TPR20,10 is de-
fined as the ratio M 20 / M10 of two ionization read-
ings of a dosemeter at different depths. M 20 is ob-
tained at 20 cm depth of water, M10 at 10 cm depth
of water at a fixed source-detector-distance
SDD = 100 cm and a field size of 10 cm x 10 cm at
the depth of measurement.
84
84
Photon PTW PTW PTW PTW PTW PTW PTW PTW

Beam 23331 23332 23333/ 30002/ 30004/ 30006/ 31002/ 31003/
Quality 30001/ 30011 30012 30013 31010 31013
30010
TPR20,10 1.0 cm³ 0.3 cm³ Farmer Farmer Farmer Farmer 0.125 cm³ 0.3 cm³
Rigid Rigid Semiflex Semiflex
Stem Stem
0.50 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.006 1.006 1.002 1.003 1.003

0.53 1.003 1.003 1.003 1.004 1.005 1.002 1.002 1.002
0.56 1.000 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.002 1.000 1.000 1.000
0.59 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.999
0.62 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.999 0.997 0.997 0.997
0.65 0.993 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.996 0.994 0.994 0.994
0.68 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.992 0.994 0.990 0.990 0.990
0.70 0.988 0.988 0.988 0.990 0.992 0.988 0.988 0.988
0.72 0.985 0.984 0.985 0.987 0.989 0.984 0.984 0.984
0.74 0.982 0.980 0.981 0.984 0.986 0.980 0.980 0.980
0.76 0.978 0.976 0.976 0.980 0.982 0.975 0.975 0.975
0.78 0.971 0.968 0.969 0.973 0.976 0.968 0.968 0.968
0.80 0.964 0.961 0.962 0.967 0.969 0.960 0.960 0.960
0.82 0.956 0.954 0.955 0.959 0.962 0.952 0.952 0.952
0.84 0.945 0.943 0.943 0.948 0.950 0.940 0.940 0.940
60
Table 4: Typical k Q values for PTW cylindrical chambers IAEA 398. For Co beams k Q is 1.000. The new
chamber types 31010 and 31013 have been added by PTW-Freiburg.
85
85
4.2 AAPM TG-51 At energies about 10 MV and above, a 1 mm lead

foil (thickness  20 %) should be used when meas-
uring the depth dose curve for the determination of
Dw  k Q  N w  M (4-2)
%dd ( 10 )x . The lead foil should be placed
(50  5) cm or if this is impossible, (30  1) cm
Dw = absorbed dose to water above the phantom surface.
The beam quality specifier is obtained from the
Table 5
corresponding value %dd (10)Pb by one of the fol-
60 lowing formulae
water for Co
M = corrected reading of the dosemeter, see lead foil at (50  5) cm and %dd (10)Pb  73 %
chapter 2.1
%dd (10) x  (0.8905  0.0015  %dd (10)Pb )  %dd (10)Pb
Influence Quantity Reference Condition (4-3)
Phantom material water lead foil at (30  1) cm and %dd (10)Pb  71 %
Chamber cylindrical, no nylon-wall
chambers %dd (10) x  (0.8116  0.00264  %dd (10)Pb )  %dd (10)Pb
Depth 10 cm (4-4)
Chamber positioning chamber axis
If %dd (10)Pb is below the above thresholds,
SSD/SDD 100 cm %dd (10 ) x equals %dd (10)Pb .
Field size 10 cm x 10 cm
SSD setup: field size NOTE
defined at surface The lead foil is used for beam quality specification
SDD setup: field size only. Remove lead foil for dose measurements.
defined in detector plane
For beam quality specification measurements with a
cylindrical chamber, the chamber axis must be
The beam quality specifier %dd ( 10 )x is the per-
shifted downstream by 0.6 r , where r is the inner
centage depth dose at 10 cm depth in a water
radius of the measuring volume. It is allowed to use
phantom due to photons only. %dd ( 10 )x is defined
a plane-parallel chamber to determine beam
at SSD  100 cm for a field size of 10 cm x 10 cm
quality.
at the phantom surface.
Photon Beam PTW 23333/ PTW PTW PTW 30006/ PTW 31002/ PTW 31003/
Quality 30001/30010 30002/30011 30004/30012 30013 31010 31013
%dd ( 10 )x Farmer Farmer Farmer Farmer 0.125 cm³ 0.3 cm³
Semiflex Semiflex
58.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
63.0 0.996 0.997 0.998 0.996 0.996 0.996
66.0 0.992 0.994 0.995 0.992 0.992 0.992
71.0 0.984 0.987 0.988 0.984 0.984 0.984
81.0 0.967 0.970 0.973 0.967 0.967 0.967
93.0 0.945 0.948 0.952 0.945 0.946 0.946
60
Table 5: Typical k Q values for PTW cylindrical chambers AAPM 51. For Co beams k Q is 1.000. The cham-
ber types which are not listed in the TG-51 table have been added by PTW-Freiburg after investigating
the differences between the corresponding k Q values in IAEA TRS 398. The values for Farmer cham-
bers PTW 30006/30013 where taken from type 30001. They should not deviate by more than 0.3 %
(compare IAEA 398).
86
86
4.3 DIN 6800-2

NOTE
Dw  kr  k Q  N w  M (4-5)
In case M10 and M 20 values are not available, Q
can be determined from DIN 6800-2
Dw = absorbed dose to water
Q  1.2661  m  0.0595
kr = 1 + 0.03 r replacement correction factor
( r is the inner radius of the measuring where m is the ratio of the percent depth doses at
volume of a cylindrical chamber, given in 20 cm and 10 cm depth, respectively. The percent
cm). kr is not applicable for plane- depth doses must be measured at SSD  100 cm
parallel chambers). See Table 7 with a field size of 10 cm x 10 cm at the phantom
kQ = energy dependent correction factor, see surface.
Table 6
Nw = calibration factor for absorbed dose to For beam quality specification measurements with a
60
water for Co cylindrical chamber, the chamber axis must be
M = corrected reading of the dosemeter, see shifted downstream by 0.5 r , where r is the inner
chapter 2.1 radius of the measuring volume. It is allowed to use
a plane-parallel chamber to determine beam
Influence Quantity Reference Condition quality.
Phantom material water

Chamber cylindrical
60
Depth 5 cm for Co
10 cm for photons
Chamber positioning effective point of measure-
ment, see chapter 2.3
60
SSD 95 cm for Co
100 cm for photons
Field size 10 cm x 10 cm at 5 cm
60
depth for Co
10 cm x 10 cm at phantom
surface for photons
The beam quality index Q is to be measured for

each nominal accelerating voltage. Q is defined as
the ratio M 20 / M10 of two ionization readings of a
dosemeter at different depths. M 20 is obtained at
20 cm depth of water, M10 at 10 cm depth of water
at a fixed source-detector-distance SDD = 100 cm
and a field size of 10 cm x 10 cm at the depth of
measurement.
87
87
Beam Quality Index Q
Chamber Type 0.50 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.62 0.65 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
PTW 23331/30015 1.0090 1.0053 1.0008 0.9987 0.9957 0.9907 0.9867 0.9841 0.9806 0.9771 0.9727 0.9652 0.9576 0.9487 0.9363
Rigid Stem
PTW 23332/30016 1.0071 1.0044 1.0015 0.9988 0.9962 0.9926 0.9880 0.9856 0.9812 0.9770 0.9727 0.9644 0.9570 0.9495 0.9376
Rigid Stem
PTW 23333 1.0078 1.0048 1.0016 0.9988 0.9960 0.9922 0.9875 0.9850 0.9816 0.9772 0.9719 0.9645 0.9581 0.9494 0.9363
PTW 30001/30010 1.0078 1.0048 1.0016 0.9988 0.9960 0.9922 0.9875 0.9850 0.9816 0.9772 0.9719 0.9645 0.9571 0.9494 0.9363
PTW 30002/30011 1.0099 1.0058 1.0016 0.9988 0.9960 0.9922 0.9895 0.9870 0.9836 0.9802 0.9759 0.9685 0.9620 0.9533 0.9412
PTW 30004/30012 1.0099 1.0068 1.0026 0.9998 0.9980 0.9942 0.9915 0.9890 0.9856 0.9822 0.9779 0.9715 0.9640 0.9563 0.9432
PTW 30006/30013 1.0058 1.0038 1.0006 0.9988 0.9960 0.9922 0.9875 0.9850 0.9806 0.9762 0.9709 0.9635 0.9551 0.9464 0.9333
PTW 31002/31010 1.0065 1.0036 1.0006 0.9988 0.9961 0.9924 0.9877 0.9853 0.9809 0.9766 0.9713 0.9640 0.9556 0.9469 0.9339
Semiflex
PTW 31003/31013 1.0065 1.0036 1.0006 0.9988 0.9961 0.9924 0.9877 0.9853 0.9809 0.9766 0.9713 0.9640 0.9556 0.9469 0.9339
Semiflex
PTW 31014 1.0052 1.0036 1.0012 0.9989 0.9977 0.9944 0.9912 0.9880 0.9839 0.9788 0.9737 0.9656 0.9574 0.9502 0.9388
PinPoint
PTW 31016 1.0052 1.0036 1.0012 0.9989 0.9977 0.9944 0.9912 0.9880 0.9839 0.9788 0.9737 0.9656 0.9574 0.9502 0.9388
PinPoint 3D
60
Table 6: k Q values for PTW cylindrical chambers [DIN 6800-2]. For Co beams k Q equals 1.000. The data for
the 31016 PinPoint 3D as well as the chambers 30015 and 30016 have been added by PTW-Freiburg.
Chamber Type Radius r [cm] Correction Factor kr
PTW 0.6 cm³ Farmer 0.305 1.009

PTW 0.125 cm³ Semiflex 0.275 1.008
PTW 0.3 cm³ Semiflex 0.275 1.008
PTW 23331/30015 1.0 cm³ Rigid Stem 0.395 1.012
PTW 23332/30016 0.3 cm³ Rigid Stem 0.250 1.008
PTW 31014 0.015 cm³ PinPoint 0.100 1.003
PTW 31016 0.016 cm³ PinPoint 3D 0.145 1.004
Table 7: Radius of the measuring volume of PTW cylindrical chambers and values for the correction factor kr .
For details see Appendix A.
88
88
High Energy Electron Beams
5 High Energy Electron Beams
5.1 IAEA TRS 398 10 cm x 10 cm for R50  7 g / cm2
60
5.1.1 Chambers calibrated at Co 20 cm x 20 cm for R50  7 g / cm 2
Dw  k Q  N w  M (5-1) From the depth ionization distribution measured

with an air-filled ionization chamber, the quantity
R50,ion is obtained. This quantity can be converted
Dw = absorbed dose to water to R50 by
Table 8 R50  1.029  R50,ion  0.06 g / cm2 (5-2)
60 ( R50,ion  10 g / cm2 )
water for Co
M = corrected reading of the dosemeter, see R50  1.059  R50,ion  0.37 g / cm2 (5-3)
chapter 2.1 2
( R50,ion  10 g / cm )
For beam quality specification measurements with a

Influence Quantity Reference Condition
cylindrical chamber, the chamber axis must be
Phantom material water shifted downstream by 0.5 r , where r is the inner
(for beams with radius of the measuring volume. For R50  4 g / cm 2
R50  4 g / cm2 (approx. a plane-parallel chamber must be used.
E 0  10 MeV ) a plastic
phantom may be used)
Chamber plane-parallel
5.1.2 Cross-calibration
(for beams with
R50  4 g / cm 2 (approx.
IAEA TRS 398 recommends the cross-calibration of
E 0  10 MeV ) a cylindrical
plane-parallel chambers against a cylindrical cham-
chamber may be used) 60
ber which is calibrated at Co. Dose measurements
Depth zref  0.6  R50  0.1 g / cm 2 are performed under reference conditions (see
( zref and R50 in g / cm2 ) chapter 5.1.1) using the highest available electron
Chamber positioning effective point of measure- energy Qcross .
ment, see chapter 2.3
Step 1: measure a reference dose Dw,Qcross with a
SSD 100 cm
60
Field size 10 cm x 10 cm at phantom cylindrical chamber which was calibrated at Co,
surface, or that used for following the procedure described in chapter 5.1.1.
normalization of output fac-
Step 2: irradiate the plane-parallel chamber with
tors, whichever is larger
the same dose. Take the plane-parallel chamber's
corrected reading M and determine its calibration
factor for the energy used for cross-calibration
The beam quality is specified by R50 , the depth in
water at which the absorbed dose is 50 % of its Dw,Qcross
value at the absorbed dose maximum4. R50 is to be N w,Qcross  (5-4)
M
measured under the above reference conditions,
but at field sizes of at least
4
The mean energy E0 can be estimated by
E0  2.33  R50 ( R50 in g / cm2 and E0 in MeV).
89
89
Step 3: use the cross-calibrated plane-parallel

chamber to measure dose at any electron energy
Q other than Qcross
kQ
Dw   N w,Qcross  M (5-5)
kQcross
kQcross is the plane-parallel chamber's k Q value for

the cross-calibration energy Qcross . Values for k Q
are obtained from Table 8.
Electron PTW PTW PTW PTW PTW PTW PTW PTW PTW
Beam 23343 34045 34001 30001/ 30002/ 30004/ 30006/ 31002/ 31003/
Quality 30010 30011 30012 30013 31010 31013
R50 Markus Advanced Roos Farmer Farmer Farmer Farmer 0.125 cm 0.3 cm3
3
2
[g/cm ] Markus Semiflex Semiflex
1.0  0.966 0.965      

1.4  0.956 0.955      
2.0 0.925 0.945 0.944      
2.5 0.920 0.938 0.937      
3.0 0.916 0.932 0.931      
3.5 0.913 0.926 0.925      
4.0 0.910 0.921 0.920 0.911 0.916 0.920 0.911 0.912 0.912
4.5 0.907 0.917 0.916 0.909 0.914 0.918 0.909 0.910 0.910
5.0 0.904 0.912 0.912 0.907 0.912 0.916 0.907 0.908 0.908
5.5 0.901 0.909 0.908 0.905 0.910 0.915 0.905 0.906 0.906
6.0 0.899 0.905 0.904 0.904 0.909 0.913 0.904 0.905 0.905
7.0 0.894 0.899 0.898 0.901 0.906 0.910 0.901 0.901 0.901
8.0 0.889 0.893 0.892 0.898 0.903 0.907 0.898 0.898 0.898
10.0 0.881 0.883 0.882 0.893 0.897 0.902 0.893 0.893 0.893
13.0 0.870 0.871 0.870 0.885 0.890 0.894 0.885 0.885 0.885
16.0 0.860 0.861 0.860 0.877 0.882 0.887 0.877 0.877 0.877
20.0 0.849 0.849 0.848 0.868 0.873 0.877 0.868 0.867 0.867
Table 8: Typical k Q values for PTW plane-parallel and cylindrical chambers [IAEA 398] 5. The values for the
Advanced Markus chamber and the Farmer chambers type 30006/30013 have been added by PTW-
Freiburg. They were calculated according to IAEA TRS 3986.
5
With corrigendum STI/DOC/010/398.
6
For details refer to PTW's Technical Note D661.200.00
90
90
5.2 AAPM TG-51 10 cm x 10 cm for R50  8.5 cm
5.2.1 Chambers calibrated at Co

60
20 cm x 20 cm for R50  8.5 cm
From the depth ionization distribution measured

Dw  PgrQ  k R 50  k ecal  N w  M (5-6)
with an air-filled ionization chamber, the quantity I50
is obtained. This quantity can be converted to R50
Dw = absorbed dose to water by
PgrQ = correction for gradient effects, not needed
R50  1.029  I 50  0.06 cm (2  I 50  10 cm ) (5-7)
for plane-parallel chambers. For cylindrical
chambers with a cavity radius r the cor- R50  1.059  I 50  0.37 cm (I 50  10 cm ) (5-8)
rection factor at the reference depth dref is
obtained from
PgrQ  M (d ref  0.5  r ) / M (d ref )
k R' 50 = electron quality conversion factor, see k ecal
Chamber Type
formulae (5-9) and (5-10)
k ecal = photon-electron conversion factor, see PTW 34001 Roos 0.901
Table 9 PTW 34045 Advanced Markus 0.905
N w = calibration factor for absorbed dose to PTW 23343 Markus 0.905
60
water for Co PTW 30001/30010 Farmer 0.897
M = corrected reading of the dosemeter, see PTW 30002/30011 Farmer 0.900
chapter 2.1 PTW 30004/30012 Farmer 0.905
PTW 30006/30013 Farmer 0.896
PTW 31003/31013 0.3 cm³ Semiflex 0.898
Influence Quantity Reference Condition PTW 31002/31010 0.125 cm³ Semiflex 0.898
Phantom material water PTW 23331 1.0 cm³ Rigid Stem 0.896
PTW 23332/30016 0.3 cm³ Rigid Stem 0.898
Chamber plane-parallel preferred for
R50  4.3 cm (10 MeV) Table 9: Values of the photon-electron conversion
plane-parallel mandatory for factor k ecal . The values not listed in
R50  2.6 cm (6 MeV) AAPM 51 have been added by PTW-
Freiburg; they were calculated according
Depth d ref  0.6  R50  0.1 cm
to Rogers 1998.
Chamber positioning chamber axis for cylindrical
chambers, effective point of For beam quality specification measurements with a
measurement for plane- cylindrical chamber, the chamber axis must be
parallel chambers, see shifted downstream by 0.5 r , where r is the inner
chapter 2.3 radius of the measuring volume. Cylindrical cham-
SSD 90 - 110 cm bers should be used only for R50  4.3 cm .
Field size ≥ 10 cm x 10 cm at phantom
The electron quality conversion factor is obtained
surface for
from the following formulae with R50 expressed in
R50  8.5 cm (20 MeV),
cm.
≥ 20 cm x 20 cm at phantom
surface for R50  8.5 cm For cylindrical chambers and 2  R50  9 cm
The beam quality is specified by R50 , the depth in 

R50
water at which the absorbed dose is 50 % of its k R50  0.9905  0.071 e 3.67 (5-9)
value at the absorbed dose maximum. R50 is to be
measured under the above reference conditions, and
but at SSD  100 cm and at field sizes at the phan-
tom surface of at least
91
91
for well-guarded plane-parallel chambers and 5.3 DIN 6800-2

2  R50  20 cm
60
5.3.1 Chambers calibrated at Co
k
R50  1.2239  0.145  (R50 ) 0.214
(5-10)
Dw  kr  kE  N w  M (5-13)
5.2.2 Cross-calibration Dw = absorbed dose to water at zref

kr = 1 0.03 r replacement correction factor
AAPM TG-51 recommends the cross-calibration of ( r is the inner radius of the measuring
plane-parallel chambers against a cylindrical cham- volume of a cylindrical chamber, given in
60
ber which is calibrated at Co. Dose measurements cm). kr is not applicable for plane-parallel
are performed under reference conditions (see chambers)
chapter 5.2.1) using the highest available kE = k E  k E energy dependent correction factor,
electron energy Qcross . see chapter 5.3.3
Step 1: measure a reference dose Dw,Qcross with a 60
water for Co
60
cylindrical chamber which was calibrated at Co, M = corrected reading of the dosemeter at zref ,
following the procedure described in chapter 5.2.1. see chapter 2.1
Step 2: irradiate the plane-parallel chamber with

Influence Quantity Reference Condition
the same dose. Take the plane-parallel chamber's
corrected reading M and determine its calibration Phantom material water
factor for the energy used for cross-calibration Chamber plane-parallel
for R50  4 cm a cylindrical
Dw,Qcross chamber can be used
N w,Qcross  (5-11)
M zref (see chapter 5.3.2)
Depth
Step 3: use the cross-calibrated plane-parallel Chamber positioning effective point of measure-
chamber to measure dose at any electron energy ment, see chapter 2.3
Q other than Qcross SSD 100 cm
Field size 20 cm x 20 cm at phantom
k R' 50 surface
Dw   N w,Qcross  M (5-12)
k R' ,Qcross
50
5.3.2 Determination of R50 and zref
k R' 50 ,Qcross is the plane-parallel chamber's k R' 50 value R50 is defined as the depth at which the absorbed
for the cross-calibration energy Qcross . dose has dropped to 50 % of the maximum value.
k R' 50 values are obtained from formula (5-10). R50 is determined from the corresponding value
R50,ion of a depth ionization curve, measured at
SSD  100 cm with a field size of 20 cm x 20 cm
(optionally 10 cm x 10 cm for R50  7 cm )
R50  1.029  R50,ion  0.06 cm (R50,ion  10 cm) (5-14)
R50  1.059  R50,ion  0.37 cm (R50,ion  10 cm) (5-15)
The reference depth for dose measurements is

defined as ( zref and R50 in cm)
zref  0.6  R50  0.1 (5-16)
92
92
5.3.3 Determination of k E  k E'  k E" 5.3.4 Dose measurements at depths other than
zref
k E' is independent of the chamber type ( R50 in cm) The dose at depth z is determined by
k E'  1.106  0.1312  (R50 )0.214 (5-17) Dw ( z )  kr  kE  kNR  N w  M ( z ) (5-21)
a) kE" for plane-parallel chambers is determined kE is the correction factor at zref as described in
from chapter 5.3.3, kNR is given by
( p wall  pcav ) s w ,a ( z ) pcav ( z )

k E" 
R50
(5-18) kNR  (5-22)
( p wall  pcav ) s w ,a ( zref ) pcav ( zref )
Co
and
The relevant factors are listed in Table 10.
a  b x  c x ²  dy (5-23)
s w ,a ( z ) 
1  e x  fx ²  g x ³  h y
( pwall )R 50
Chamber ( pcav )
type
R50 ( pwall  pcav ) where x  ln(R50 ) and y  z / R50 ( z and R50 in
Co
cm) and
PTW 34001
1.000 0.981
Roos a= 1.0752 b = - 0.50867 c = 0.08867
PTW 34045 d = - 0.08402 e = - 0.42806 f = 0.06463

1.000 0.985
Adv. Markus
g= 0.003085 h = - 0.1246
PTW 23343 1  0.037  e 0.27R 50 0.982 The cavity perturbation factor depends on the
Markus
chamber type
Table 10: Perturbation correction factors for plane-
a) Roos and Advanced Markus chambers
parallel chambers at the reference depth
zref [Christ 2002, Kapsch 2007, DIN pcav ( z )  pcav ( zref )  1.000
6800-2].
b) Markus chambers
b) kE" for cylindrical chambers at the reference
depth zref is calculated from 1
pcav ( z )  (5-24)
 z 
a   b c R50  dz 
( pcav  pcel )  R50 
R50
(5-19) 1 e
k E" 
( p wall  pcel )
Co
with z and R50 in cm and with

and
( pcav )R50  1  0.217  r  e 0.153R50 (5-20) a = 0.1498 b = -21.7336 c = -4.3379

d = 4.0487
where r and R50 are given in cm. r can be taken
c) Cylindrical chambers
from Table 7, ( p wall ) Co and ( pcel )R50 /( pcel )Co are
listed in Table 11. 
 0.2852 R 50  1 
z 

 1 . 271 R  0 . 23 
pcav ( z )  1  0.2155  r  e 50
(5-25)
with r in mm, z and R50 in cm.
93
93
( pcel ) R
Chamber type (p wall ) Co 50
( pcel ) Co
PTW 23331 1 cm³ Rigid Stem 1.001 1.005
PTW 30015 1 cm³ Rigid Stem 1.000 1.005
PTW 23332 0.3 cm³ Rigid Stem 1.001 1.005
PTW 30016 0.3 cm³ Rigid Stem 0.999 1.005
PTW 23333 Farmer (3 mm build-up cap) 1.001 1.005
PTW 23333 Farmer (4.6 mm build-up cap) 1.001 1.005
PTW 30001/30010 Farmer 1.001 1.005
PTW 30002/30011 Farmer 0.991 1.000
PTW 30004/30012 Farmer 0.991 1.005
PTW 30006/30013 Farmer 1.001 1.005
PTW 31002/31010 0.125 cm³ Semiflex 1.001 1.005
PTW 31003/31013 0.3 cm³ Semiflex 1.001 1.005
PTW 31014/31015 PinPoint 0.998 1.005
PTW 31016 PinPoint 3D 0.998 1.005
Table 11: Perturbation and central electrode correction factors for cylindrical chambers [DIN 6800-2].
Chambers not listed in DIN 6800-2 have been added by PTW-Freiburg.
94
94
Measurements in Acrylic Phantoms
6 Measurements in Acrylic Phantoms
6.1 General source-detector-distance [AAPM 21]

60
For dosimetry in high energy photon or electron zw  1.136  z p for Co - 35 MV (6-1)
beams all dosimetry protocols described in this
document (IAEA TRS 398, AAPM TG-51, DIN 6.2.2 Excess scatter correction
6800-2) require absorbed dose measurements in
real water. Solid state phantoms may only be used In PMMA phantoms the fraction of scattered pho-
for routine QA measurements, and a transfer factor tons is increased compared with water phantoms.
has to be established [AAPM 51]. The phantom To convert measuring values from PMMA to water,
should extend at least 5 cm beyond all sides of the the measuring value has to be multiplied by a cor-
rection factor kESC (Excess Scatter Correction).
field and at least 5 cm beyond the maximum depth
of measurement [IAEA 398]. Table 12 shows kESC values as a function of accel-
erator voltage and field size [AAPM 21].
This chapter helps to establish transfer factors and
'equivalent' measuring depths for measurements in
acrylic (PMMA, Perspex, C5H8C2) phantoms. 6.3 High energy electrons
Solid phantoms may be used below 10 MeV to de-
6.2 High energy photons termine absorbed dose at z ref [IAEA 398]. The
measuring depth in water z w can be determined
6.2.1 Conversion of measuring depth from the measuring depth in PMMA z p assuming
the same source-detector-distance
Photon beams are attenuated and scattered differ-
ently in water and solid phantoms. To take these zw  ρ  cpl  zp  1.120  zp (6-2)
differences into account, correction procedures
have to be carried out. cpl is the depth scaling factor and ρ the nominal
density of PMMA [IAEA 398]. The reading in the
Differences in photon beam attenuation are deter-
PMMA phantom Mp must be corrected by the flu-
mined by the ratio of the mean linear attenuation
ence scaling factor hpl to obtain the equivalent
coefficients of water and PMMA. The measuring
depth in water z w can be determined from the reading in water M
measuring depth in PMMA z p assuming the same
M  hpl  Mp  1.009  Mp (6-3)
Field size at depth (cm²)

Energy Depth
(MV) (cm) 5x5 10x10 20x20 30x30
60 0.5 0.997 0.996 0.995 0.996

Co
5.0 0.986 0.987 0.989 0.991
0.4 0.998 0.994 0.997
2
5.0 0.984 0.982 0.989
1.0 0.998 0.997 0.998
4
5.0 0.994 0.993 0.993
1.5 0.999 0.998 0.998
6
5.0 0.994 0.994 0.996
Table 12: kESC as a function of energy and field size.
95
95
References
7 References
[AAPM 21] A protocol for the determination of absorbed dose from high-energy
photon and electron beams. AAPM Task Group 21. Med. Phys. 10(6),
Nov/Dec 1983, 741ff
[AAPM 51] AAPM's TG-51 protocol for clinical reference dosimetry of high-energy
photon and electron beams. Med. Phys. 26 (9), September 1999,
1847-1870
[Christ 2002] Christ, Dohm, Bruggmoser, Schüle: The use of plane-parallel cham-
bers in electron dosimetry without any cross-calibration. Phys. Med.
Biol. 47 (2002), N121-N126
[Christ 2004] Christ, Dohm, Schüle, Gaupp, Martin: Air density correction in ioniza-
tion dosimetry. Phys. Med. Biol. 49 (2004), 2029-2039
[Bruggmoser 2007] Bruggmoser, Saum, Schmachtenberg, Schmid, Schüle: Determination
of the recombination correction factor kS for some specific plane-
parallel and cylindrical ionization chambers in pulsed photon and elec-
tron beams. Phys. Med. Biol. 52 (2007), N35-N50
[Bruggmoser 2008] G. Bruggmoser, private communication
[DIN 6800-2] DIN 6800: Dosismessverfahren nach der Sondenmethode für Photo-
nen- und Elektronenstrahlung; Part 2: Dosimetrie hochenergetischer
Photonen- und Elektronenstrahlung mit Ionisationskammern, March
2008
[DIN 6809-4] DIN 6809: Klinische Dosimetrie; Part 4: Anwendung von Röntgenstrah-
len mit Röhrenspannungen von 10 bis 100 kV in der Strahlentherapie
und der Weichteildiagnostik, December 1988
[DIN 6809-5] DIN 6809: Klinische Dosimetrie; Part 5: Anwendung von Röntgenstrah-
len mit Röhrenspannungen von 100 bis 400 kV in der Strahlentherapie,
February 1996
[IAEA 381] The Use of Plane Parallel Ionization Chambers in High Energy Elec-
tron and Photon Beams. Technical Reports Series No 381. Interna-
tional Atomic Energy Agency Vienna, 1997
[IAEA 398] Absorbed Dose Determination in External Beam Radiotherapy: An
International Code of Practice for Dosimetry Based on Standards of
Absorbed Dose to Water. Technical Reports Series No. 398. Interna-
tional Atomic Energy Agency Vienna, 2000
Corrigendum STI/DOC/010/398
[Kapsch 2007] Kapsch, Bruggmoser, Christ, Dohm, Hartmann, Schüle: Experimental
Determination of pCo perturbation factors for plane parallel chambers.
Phys. Med. Biol. 52 (2007), 7167-7181
[Rogers 1998] Rogers, A new approach to electron-beam reference dosimetry. Med.

Phys. 25 (3), March 1998, 310-320
96
96
Appendix A: Summary of PTW Chamber Data
PTW Cylindrical Chambers
Type Chamber Measuring Wall Electrode Wall Area Radius of Ion Collec-
No. Name Volume Density Measuring tion Time at
[cm³] [mg/cm²] Volume nominal HV
[mm]
30001 Farmer 0.6 0.275 mm PMMA Al 1 mm 45 3.05 0.14 ms
+ 0.15 mm C (1) (400 V)
30010 Farmer 0.6 0.335 mm PMMA Al 1.1 mm 57 3.05 0.14 ms
+ 0.09 mm C (2) (400 V)
30011 Farmer, all 0.6 0.425 mm C C 1 mm 79 3.05 0.14 ms
30002 graphite (2) (400 V)
30012 Farmer 0.6 0.425 mm C Al 1.1 mm 79 3.05 0.14 ms
30004 (2) (400 V)
30013 Farmer, 0.6 0.335 mm PMMA Al 1.1 mm 57 3.05 0.14 ms
30006 waterproof + 0.09 mm C (2) (400 V)
31002 Semiflex 0.125 0.55 mm PMMA Al 1 mm 78 2.75 0.10 ms
+ 0.15 mm C Graphite coated (1) (400 V)
31010 Semiflex 0.125 0.55 mm PMMA Al 1.1 mm 78 2.75 0.10 ms
+ 0.15 mm C (1) (400 V)
+ 0.15 mm C (1) (400 V)
23331 Rigid Stem 1.0 0.40 mm PMMA Al 1.5 mm 60 3.95 0.21 ms
+ 0.135 mm C (2) (400 V)
23332 Rigid Stem 0.3 0.35 mm PMMA Al 2 mm 54 2.5 0.04 ms

+ 0.135 mm C (2) (400 V)
31014 PinPoint 0.015 0.57 mm PMMA + Al 0.3 mm 85 1.0 0.02 ms

0.09 mm C (2) (400 V)
0.09 mm C (2) (400 V)
0.09 mm C (2) (400 V)
(1) Graphite density 0.82 g/cm³

(2) Graphite density 1.85 g/cm³
97
97
PTW Plane Parallel Chambers
Type Chamber Measuring Entrance Electrode Window Electrode Ion Collec-

No. Name Volume Window Diameter Area Distance tion Time at
[cm³] [mm] Density [mm] nominal HV
[mg/cm²]
34001 Roos 0.39 1 mm PMMA 15.6 132 2 0.13 ms
+ 0.02 mm C (200 V)
+ 0.1 mm Varnish
34045 Advanced 0.02 0.87 mm PMMA + 5 106 1 0.02 ms
Markus 0.4 mm Air (300 V)
+ 0.03 mm CH2
(Polyethylene)
(3)
23343 Markus 0.057 0.87 mm PMMA + 5.3 106 2 0.09 ms
0.4 mm Air (300 V)
+ 0.03 mm CH2
(Polyethylene)
(3)
23342 Soft X-Ray 0.02 0.03 mm CH2 3 2.8 1 0.02 ms
(Polyethylene) (300 V)
23344 Soft X-Ray 0.2 0.03 mm CH2 13 2.8 1.5 0.04 ms

34013 Soft X-Ray 0.0053 0.03 mm CH2 1.7 2.8 0.75 0.01 ms
(3) with protection cap in place
98
98
Index
Product Index
Product Page Product Page
Advanced Markus chamber 18 NOMEX 44
Böhm extrapolation chamber 57 OCTAVIUS detector 35
Bragg peak chamber 21, 22 PinPoint chamber 23-25
Check device 36 PS-10 spherical chamber 50
CT chamber 38, 39 PS-50 spherical chamber 50
CURIEMENTOR chamber 44 R/F/D detector 42
Cylinder stem chamber 52 Radiation monitoring chamber 46-49
Diagnostic flat chamber 43 Radioactive check device 36
DIAMENTOR chamber 44 Reference soft X-ray chamber 54
Diamond detector 26 Rigid stem chamber 16, 17
Dosimetry diode 27-30 Roos chamber 20
Extrapolation chamber 57 Semiflex chamber 14, 15
Farmer chamber 10-13 SFD diagnostic chamber 40, 41
Flat chamber 43 Silicon detector 27-30
HDR chamber 34 Soft X-ray chamber 31-33, 54
Hp(10) secondary standard chamber 53 SOURCECHECK 4π 34
In-vivo detectors 35 Spherical chamber 48-51
LA48 35 STARCHECK 35
LDR chamber 34 TK-30 spherical chamber 51
MAM detector 42 Transmission chamber 55, 56
Markus chamber 18, 19 Well-type chamber 34, 44
microDiamond 26 XLS chamber 44
Monitor chamber 55, 56 X-ray leakage system 44
Item Number Index

The item numbers below are without the leading letters. For complete ordering numbers, indicating the connecting system, see the according product page.
Item # Page Item # Page Item # Page Item # Page

23236 32 30016 16 34013 33 48010 36
23237 52 30017 39 34014 55 48012 36
23238 31 31010 14 34031 46 60004 42
23342 31 31013 15 34035 53 60005 42
23343 19 31014 23 34045 18 60016 27
23343/11 18, 19 31015 24 34047 54 60017 28
23344 32 31016 25 34060 40 60018 29
23361 52 32002 48 34069 41 60019 26
233612 43 32003 49 34070 21 60020 30
23392 57 32005 51 34073 22 7262 47
23392/U5 57 32007S 50 48001 48, 49 7262/U10 46, 47
30009 38 32008S 50 48002.1.004 14, 15 786 55
30010 10 33002.1.009 34 48002.1.007 23, 24 7862 56
30011 11 33004.1.xxx 34 48002.1.008 25 981937 53
30012 12 33005 34 48002.3.003 10-13 981938 53
30013 13 33005.1.xxx 34 48002.3.004 16, 17
30015 17 34001 20 48004 20
99
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Dosimetry Pioneers since 1922.

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know-how shaped the company’s history, leading to innovative dosimetry products that later became an industry standard. Over the
years, PTW has maintained its pioneering spirit, growing into a global market leader of dosimetry applications well known for its
product excellence and innovative strength. Today, PTW dosimetry is one of the first choices for healthcare professionals in radiation
therapy, diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine and health physics.
For more information on PTW products visit www.ptw.de

or contact your local PTW representative:
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IONIZING RADIATION

Health Physics Detectors 45

The Detector Design

Thimble Ionization Chamber

Plane-Parallel Ionization Chamber

Spherical Ionization Chamber

Well-Type Ionization Chamber

PTW Calibration Laboratory

calibration places is coordinated using a custom-made

Front view of the PTW-Freiburg factory, building with calibration labo-

Origin and tradition

ments) and calibration calculation for the department

Detail of the calibration laboratory approx. 1957

Quality and regulatory compliance

Radiation Protection Dosemeters

Farmer Chamber (PMMA/Aluminum) 10

Classical therapy chamber for absolute

Features Materials and measures:

Aluminum central electrode Total wall area density 56.5 mg/cm2

Specification Max. dose per pulse for

Pure graphite therapy chamber for

Features Materials and measures:

Specification Useful ranges:

Directional response in ≤ ± 0.5 % for rotation

Farmer chamber with graphite wall for

Features Materials and measures:

Design not waterproof, vented,

Waterproof therapy chamber for

Features Materials and measures:

Aluminum central electrode Total wall area density 56.5 mg/cm2

Specification Max. dose per pulse for

0.125 cm3 Semiflex

Features Materials and measures:

0.3 cm3 Semiflex

Therapy chamber for scanning systems

Features Materials and measures:

Application absolute dosimetry in

0.3 cm3 Rigid Stem

Features Materials and measures:

Aluminum central electrode Total wall area density 67 mg/cm2

1.0 cm3 Rigid Stem

Features Materials and measures:

Aluminum central electrode Total wall area density 73 mg/cm2

Features Materials and measures:

Classic plane parallel chamber for

Features Materials and measures:

Measuring quantity absorbed dose to water

Waterproof plane parallel chamber for

Features Materials and measures:

Bragg Peak Chamber

Waterproof plane-parallel chamber for

Features Materials and measures:

Leakage current ≤ ± 100 fA TM34070-2,5 Bragg peak chamber 10.5 cm3,

Bragg Peak Chamber

Waterproof plane-parallel chamber for

Features Materials and measures:

Ultra small-sized therapy chamber for

Features Materials and measures:

Application dosimetry in high-energy

Small-sized therapy chamber for