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Network

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6 views3 pages

Network

Uploaded by

Viknesh Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TCP

UDP - User Datagram Protocol


Packets - Smaller units of data
Ports:
0 to 1023 - Well-Known
1024 to 49,151 - Registered
49,152 to 65,535 - Dynamic

Asymmetric transmission - Networks having varying upload and download rates


Digital Subscriber Line - DSL
DSL Modem - Converts digital signals from computer into high frequency audio
signals.

Socket - Processes on different machines send messages to each other through the
network. Socket is an interface between process and network.
It's a combination of ip address and port number

Application Layer - HTTP, SSH, DNS, TELNET


End-users interact with the application layer (Web browsing) where
application can access network services
Writing data to the network
Reading data from end user

Presentation Layer - SSL, IMAP


Formats data so that it can be viewed by end users
Data Encryption, Decryption content presentation, end-to-end compression

Session Layer - Sockets, IPC, API, Websockets


Manages user sessions. Establishes and ends connections between two hosts

Transport Layer - TCP, UDP


Provides process to process message/data transfer. Error handling takes place
at the Transport layer
Segments large data into smaller chunks (datagrams or segments)

Network Layer - Routers, IPV4, IPV6


Moves Packets from source to destination
Determines best routes for transferring packets

HTTP - Stateless protocol


Uses TCP/UDP behind the scenes at the transport layer
Non-persistent and Persistent HTTP

Cookies - unique string identifiers that can be stored on the client’s browser.
set by the server through HTTP headers when the client first visits
the website.
After the cookie is set, it’s sent along with subsequent HTTP
requests to the same server
Uses set-cookie header to store a cookie in browser

DNS - Domain Name Server (Maps the name of domain to an IP Address)

DNS Server Types:


1. DNS Resolver - Recieves DNS queries that includes hostname. Used for tracking
the ip address for that hostname
2. DNS Root Server - Extracts the Top Level Domain (TLD) from the user's query. for
example, www.example.com — provides details for the .com TLD Name Server. It
provides details for domains with the .com DNS zone

3. Authoritative DNS Server - Authoritative server for a particular hostname. It


holds up-to-date information for that hostname. It is the last stop in the name
server query—it takes the hostname and returns the correct IP address to the DNS
Resolver

Zone File: A zone file is a simple text file that contains a mapping between the
domain name and IP Address. This is how DNS system finally find out which IP should
contact when a user requests a certain domain name.

DNS Record Types:


1. A Record - Stores hostname and corresponding IP
2. PTR Record - Reverse-lookup Pointer records (allows a DNS resolver to provide an
IP address and receive a hostname)
3. Canonical Name record (CNAME Record) - alias a hostname to another hostname

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol


- allows a host to automatically retrieve its assigned IPv4 address
- manages a pool of IPv4 addresses assigned to the subnet.
- DHCP server is associated with the subnet to which it is connected
- When a host is first attached to the subnet, it sends a DHCP request
message

Route 53 main functionalities:


1. Register Domain Name: website need name such as sanjeev3d.tk, this help to
register a name for a web server or web application name as domain name.

2. Route Internet traffic to the resources for the domain: When user open browser
and enter domain name then DNS connect browser with website or web application.

3. Check Helth of resources: Automated Route 53 send a request to the resource over
the internet to test the health of resource, also chose to set a notification when
resource get unavailable.

Routing Policies (Route 53):


1. Simple
2. Weighted
3. Latency based
4. Failover
5. Geo Location

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IP - 32 bit written in 4 different octets


A – large organizations (127 networks – 7 bits) with a very large number of hosts
(16 million – 24 bits),
1 bit per class definition,
B – Medium organizations (16 thousand networks – 14 bits) with a large number of
hosts (65 thousand – 16 bits),
2 bits per class definition,
C - small organizations (2 million networks – 21 bits), small number of hosts (256
– 8 bits),
3 bits per class definition,
D – group distribution of packets
Subnetting is the practice of dividing a network into two or smaller networks. It
increases routing efficiency, which helps to enhance the security of the network
and reduces the size of the broadcast domain.

Subnet Mask - It is used to distinguish the subnet part and host part of the IP
address

Class Default subnet mask No. of networks No. of host per network
A 255.0.0.0 127 16,777,214
B 255.255.0.0 16,000 65,534
C 255.255.255.0 2 million 126

Gateway - It's an entrypoint from one network to others. host sends all packets
directed to other hosts outside the local network to the default gateway

Router - Connects different network to each other. Hardware that connects a local
network to internet
Routers connect a modem (like fiber, cable, DSL modem) to connect to other devices
and enables connectivity to internet
Used to find the shortest path for a packet.

Switch - Switches allow two computers on a network to talk to each other privately.
connects devices in a single network. Switch recognizes each device using MAC
Address. Switch matches IP address to MAC Address using Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP)

Example of message sent across a network

Computer 1 wants to talk to Computer 5. Computer 1 first sends an ARP frame to the
switch asking for the IP of the router, 10.1.1.1. The switch broadcasts this
message to all devices, and the router returns the message with its MAC address.
Now computer 1 knows the router’s MAC address.
Computer 1 now sends a packet to the router with the IP address of computer 5. The
router sends an ARP frame to the switch on Network 2, who broadcasts it to find out
what MAC address belongs to that IP. Computer 5 responds with its MAC address.
Computer 1 now knows Computer 5’s IP and MAC address. It sends a packet to Computer
5 and Computer 5 responds back with a message.

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