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Ai 2024

Ai

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Vettri Vinayagam
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24 views5 pages

Ai 2024

Ai

Uploaded by

Vettri Vinayagam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Designing a linear neural network with a single hidden layer for classifying handwritten digits

(such as those in the popular MNIST dataset) involves several steps. Here's an outline of the
network design and the process for minimizing classification error:

1. Network Architecture

For classifying handwritten digits (0–9), we need a neural network that takes the input image,
processes it through one hidden layer, and outputs class probabilities for each digit.

Input Layer: Each digit image is 28x28 pixels, so the input layer will have 784 neurons (one for
each pixel). These neurons receive the pixel values, typically normalized to the range [0, 1].

Hidden Layer: This layer introduces non-linearity to help the network learn more complex
patterns. Let's assume the hidden layer has 128 neurons. The size of the hidden layer can be
adjusted based on experimentation, but 128 is a reasonable starting point for MNIST.

Output Layer: The output layer has 10 neurons, one for each digit class (0–9). The activation
function for this layer is softmax, which converts the raw output values (logits) into class
probabilities.

2. Network Structure

A linear neural network with one hidden layer looks like this:

Input: 784-dimensional vector (28x28 flattened image).

Hidden layer: 128 neurons, with a non-linear activation function such as ReLU (Rectified Linear
Unit).

Output layer: 10 neurons, with softmax activation to provide probabilities for each class.

Mathematically:

Let:

be the input vector (shape: [784, 1])

be the weight matrix between the input layer and hidden layer (shape: [128, 784])

be the bias vector for the hidden layer (shape: [128, 1])
be the weight matrix between the hidden layer and output layer (shape: [10, 128])

be the bias vector for the output layer (shape: [10, 1])

The network equations are:

1. Hidden layer pre-activation:

2. Hidden layer activation (ReLU):

3. Output layer pre-activation:

4. Output layer activation (softmax):

3. Loss Function

To minimize classification error, we use a loss function that measures the difference between
the predicted class probabilities () and the true class labels ().

Cross-Entropy Loss is commonly used for classification tasks. It is defined as:

\mathcal{L} = -\frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{j=1}^{10} Y_{ij} \log(\hat{Y}_{ij})

4. Optimization Process

To minimize the classification error, we use an optimization algorithm to adjust the network's
weights and biases during training. The most common optimization algorithm is Stochastic
Gradient Descent (SGD) or its variants, like Adam.

Forward Propagation:

Pass the input through the network to compute the output .


Compute the Loss:

Use the cross-entropy loss to calculate the difference between the predicted and true labels.

Backward Propagation:

Compute the gradient of the loss with respect to the network's parameters (weights and biases)
using the chain rule.

Weight Updates:

Update the weights and biases using the gradients and a learning rate . For example, in SGD:

W_1 = W_1 - \eta \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial W_1}

W_2 = W_2 - \eta \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial W_2}

5. Training Process

Initialize Weights:

Initialize the weights (e.g., using He initialization for ReLU activations).

Training Loop:

For each epoch (complete pass through the training dataset):

Shuffle the data to avoid overfitting.

For each mini-batch of data:

1. Perform forward propagation.

2. Compute the loss.


3. Perform backpropagation to compute gradients.

4. Update weights using an optimizer like Adam.

Evaluation:

After training, evaluate the model on a validation set to check how well it generalizes to unseen
data.

6. Hyperparameter Tuning

To improve the model's performance, you might need to tune the following hyperparameters:

Learning rate

Number of neurons in the hidden layer

Number of epochs

Batch size

7. Avoiding Overfitting

To prevent overfitting, which can increase classification error on unseen data, use techniques
like:

Dropout: Randomly drop neurons during training to prevent over-reliance on specific paths in
the network.

Early Stopping: Stop training when performance on a validation set stops improving.

Regularization: Apply regularization to penalize large weights.

Conclusion
In summary, this linear neural network uses one hidden layer and softmax output to classify
handwritten digits. To minimize classification error, we use the cross-entropy loss function and
optimize weights via gradient descent or Adam, while incorporating techniques to prevent
overfitting. This approach can achieve high accuracy for digit classification tasks like MNIST.

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