COMP (CM-403)

Unit-I
(CPU ORGANIZATION)
1. Draw the functional block diagram of Digital computer and explain the function of each unit.
2. Define Register
3. State the purpose of
3.1 Accumulator
3.2 Program counter
3.3 Instruction Register
3.4 Memory Buffer Register
3.5 Memory Address Register
4. Draw the block diagram of simple accumulator based CPU and explain the function of each unit.
5. Define the terms micro operation, macro operation,
6. Define instruction cycle, fetch cycle and execution cycle.
7. What is stored program concept
8. Describe the sequential execution of a program stored in memory by the CPU
9. Flynn's classification of Computers
9.1 Single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD)
9.2 Single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD)
9.3 Multiple instruction stream, single data stream (MISD)
9.4Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD)
1. Draw and Explain the functional block diagram of Digital computer

The main blocks in a digital computer are:

a) Input Unit
b) Central Processing Unit
i. Control Unit (CU)
ii. Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)
iii. Memory Unit (MU)
c) Output Unit

a) Input Unit:
➢ All data received by the computer goes through “Input Unit”.
➢ Input unit contains mouse, keyboard, scanner etc.
b) Central Processing Unit (CPU):
➢ CPU is the brain of the computer.
➢ CPU is divided into 3 units
i. Control Unit (CU)
ii. Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)
iii. Memory Unit (MU)
i. Control Unit (CU): It controls all arithmetic operations to be performed. it also co-
ordinate the functions of all hardware units of the computer.
ii. Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU): It performs all arithmetic calculations and logical
operations involved in the program.
iii. Memory Unit (MU): all the data that has to be processed or has been processed is
stored in the memory unit. It sends the result data to the required part of the computer
(Output Unit) whenever necessary.
c) Output Unit:
➢ Output unit receives information from the CPU and present it to the user.
➢ Output unit contains Monitor, Printer, and Speakers etc.
2. Define Register
➢ a Register is a type of computer memory, built directly into the processor or CPU.
➢ It is used to store and manipulate data during the execution of instructions.
➢ A register may hold an instruction, a address, or any kind of data.
➢ All data must be stored in a register before it can be processed.
➢ Examples: Accumulator, PC, IR/CIR, MAR, MBR/MDR etc.
3. Accumulator
➢ Accumulator is the special register of the computer.
➢ It allows very fast access.
➢ It stores data temporarily
➢ It is a temporary memory location that stores values of all arithmetic and logical
calculations
4. Program Counter (PC):
➢ Program Counter is a special purpose register in a computer.
➢ It contains the memory address or location of the next instruction to be executed in a
program.
➢ It is also known as instruction pointer or PC.
➢ It is used for fast execution of program.
5. Instruction Register / Current Instruction Register (IR / CIR):
➢ It is a part of CPU control Unit.
➢ It contains the current instructions to be executed.
➢ It only contains the instructions not the addresses.
6. Memory Buffer Register(MBR) Or Memory Data Register (MDR):
➢ It is a register in Computer’s CPU.
➢ It stores the data being transferred to and from the memory.
➢ It contains a copy of the value in the memory location specified by the Memory
Address Register (MAR).
7. Memory Address Register (MAR)
➢ It is a register in computer’s CPU.
➢ It holds the addresses and instructions
➢ Stored data and instructions can be accessed using this register from the memory.
8. Draw and explain the block diagram of simple accumulator based CPU
➢ Von Neumann architecture was first published by John Von Neumann in 1945.
➢ His computer architecture design consists of a Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic and
Logic Unit (ALU), Memory Unit (MU), Registers and Input & Output units
 ➢ Von Neumann Architecture is based on the stored-program computer
concept, where instruction data and program data are stored in the same
memory.
➢ This design is still used in most computers produced today.
a) Input Unit:
➢ All data received by the computer goes through “Input Unit”.
➢ Input unit contains mouse, keyboard, scanner etc.
b) Central Processing Unit (CPU):
➢ CPU is the brain of the computer.
➢ CPU is divided into 4 units
i. Control Unit (CU)
ii. Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)
iii. Registers
iv. Memory Unit (MU)
i. Control Unit (CU): It controls all arithmetic operations to be performed. it also co-
ordinate the functions of all hardware units of the computer.
ii. Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU): It performs all arithmetic calculations and
logical operations involved in the program.
iii. Registers: a Register is a type of computer memory, built directly into the processor
or CPU. All data must be stored in a register before it can be processed.
MAR Memory Address Register Holds the memory location of data that needs to be accessed
MDR Memory Data Register Holds data that is being transferred to or from memory
AC Accumulator Where intermediate arithmetic and logic results are stored
PC Program Counter Contains the address of the next instruction to be executed
CIR Current Instruction Register Contains the current instruction during processing

iv. Memory Unit (MU): all the data that has to be processed or has been processed is
stored in the memory unit. It sends the result data to the required part of the computer
(Output Unit) whenever necessary.
c) Output Unit:
➢ Output unit receives information from the CPU and present it to the user.
➢ Output unit contains Monitor, Printer, and Speakers etc.

9. Define the terms micro operation, macro operation

Micro Operations:
➢ Micro Operations are also known as micro-ops.
➢ In CPU, Micro operations are functional Or Atomic operations of a processor.
➢ These are low level instructions.
➢ They performs arithmetic and logical operations on registers
Macro Operations:
➢ Macro operations also known as macro-ops.
➢ Macro operations are fixed-length operations and arithmetic operations
➢ Macro operations require a set of micro operations
➢ Macro operations are more complex than basic operations
10. Define Instruction Cycle, Fetch Cycle and Execution Cycle
Fetch Cycle: the time taken by the CPU to fetch an op-code from memory is called Fetch
Cycle.
Execution Cycle: the time taken by the CPU to execute the fetched instruction is called
execute cycle.
Instruction Cycle: the time required to complete the execution of an instruction is called
instruction cycle.
Instruction Cycle (IC) = Fetch Cycle (FC) + Execution Cycle (EC)

11. Define Stored Program Concept

• In the stored program concept, both the instructions and the data stored in the computer
memory itself.
• The computer reads instructions into memory (RAM) before processing any data.
• The computer can then fetch, decode and execute the instructions sequentially.

12. Describe the sequential execution of a program stored in memory by the CPU
Step-1: A sequence of instructions is stored in memory.

Step-2: The memory address where the first instruction is located is copied to the program
counter.

Step-3: The CPU sends the address in the program counter to memory via the address bus.

Step-4: Memory responds by sending a copy of the state of the bits at that memory location on
the data bus, which the CPU then copies into its instruction register.

Step-5: The instruction pointer is automatically incremented to contain the address of the next
instruction in memory.

Step-6: The CPU executes the instruction in the instruction register.

Step-7: Go to step 3.

Steps 3, 4, and 5 are called an instruction fetch. Here, steps 3 - 7 make up a cycle, the
instruction execution cycle. It is shown graphically in below figure
13.Flynn’s Classification of Computers
Flynn’s classification divides computers into four major groups that are:
a. Single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD)
b. Single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD)
c. Multiple instruction stream, single data stream (MISD)
d. Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD)
a. Single-instruction, single-data (SISD) systems :
An SISD computing system is a uni-processor machine which is capable of
executing a single Instruction and operating on a Single Data Stream.

b. Single-instruction, Multiple-data (SIMD) systems :

An SIMD computing system is a multi-processor machine which is capable of
executing a single Instruction and operating on different Data Streams.

c. Multiple-instruction, single-data (MISD) systems

An MISD computing system is a multi-processor machine which is capable of
executing different Instructions on different PEs(Processing Elements) but all of them
operating on the same Data Stream

.
d. Multiple-instruction, Multiple-data (MIMD) systems
An MIMD computing system is a multi-processor machine which is capable of
executing multiple Instructions and operating on multiple Data Stream