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Correlational Research

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11 views19 pages

Correlational Research

Uploaded by

Nomdeplume
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CORRELATIONAL

RESEARCH
What is a
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH?

A type of non-experimental research


that investigates the relationship
between two or more variables.
Purpose

Identify patterns or
relationships
between variables.

Predict outcomes Explore connections


based on without
relationships. manipulating
variables.
ADVANTAGES
ETHICAL EXPLORATORY
FLEXIBILITY POTENTIAL
Can study Identifies
relationships potential
where relationships for
experimentation is further
unethical. investigation.

SUPPORTS
COST - PREDICTIONS
EFFECTIVE Useful for
Often less predicting
expensive than trends based on
experimental observed
research. relationships.
DISADVANTAGES
NO CAUSALITY CONFOUNDING
Correlation does VARIABLES
not imply Relationships may
causation; be influenced by
variables may be
an unmeasured
related without one
causing the other.
external variable.

SUBJECTIVITY IN LIMITED SCOPE


DATA
COLLECTION
Doesn’t explore
Surveys and self- the “why”
reports may behind
introduce bias. relationships.
SAMPLE RESEARCH
QUESTIONS

Is there any
relationship What effect does
between the regular social distancing have
use of social media on depression?
and eating habits?
SPURIOUS CORRELATION
a mathematical relationship between two or more variables that appears to be causal but is
not

Here are some examples of spurious correlations:


Ice cream sales and shark attacks correlate positively at a beach, but common sense tells
us that ice cream sales do not cause shark attacks.

Two variables A third, unseen


are factor is
coincidentally present
related
TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
POSITIVE
CORRELATION
If one variable increases, the other one
will grow accordingly. If there is any
reduction, both variables will decrease.
NEGATIVE
CORRELATION
All changes happen in the reverse
direction. If one variable increases, the
other one should decrease and vice
versa.
ZERO
CORRELATION
No association between 2 factors or
events can be found.
EXPLANATORY RESEARCH DESIGN
It's a type of correlational research that
focuses on understanding why a relationship
exists between variables, rather than just
identifying the relationship.

Example:
-Crime rates
-Loneliness and social media
-that you would like to know whether one's age
affects his or her ability to use a particular type of
computer software.
PREDICTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
examines if a set of variables can predict another
set of variables
EXAMPLE:
-High school GPA prediction
A study that examines if a student's socioeconomic status,
race, gender, and engagement with school counseling
services can predict their high school GPA
-College success prediction
A study that uses college entrance exam scores to predict
a student's success in college
PREDICTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
examines if a set of variables can predict another
set of variables
EXAMPLE:
-High school GPA prediction
A study that examines if a student's socioeconomic status,
race, gender, and engagement with school counseling
services can predict their high school GPA
-College success prediction
A study that uses college entrance exam scores to predict
a student's success in college
STATISTICAL TOOLS
1. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient (r): Measures the
linear relationship between two continuous variables.
Values range from -1 (strong negative correlation) to
+1 (strong positive correlation).
2. Spearman’s Rank Correlation: Used for non-linear
relationships or ordinal data.
3. Point Bi-serial Correlation-a statistical measurement of
the relationship between a dichotomous variable and a
continuous variable.
WHEN TO USE THE STATISTICAL TOOLS
The Pearson Coefficient is useful for understanding the relationship
between two variables. It can provide insight into whether changes in one
variable result in corresponding changes in another variable and the
strength of this correlation.

For example, if you wanted to measure the relationship between height and
weight in a population, you could use the Pearson Coefficient. The
calculation would involve comparing each individual’s height to their
corresponding weight.
WHEN TO USE THE STATISTICAL TOOLS
Spearman Correlation (S) measures the strength and direction of the linear
relationship between two variables. It measures how well two variables are
associated, regardless of their units or scales.

For example, we can use the Spearman Coefficient to analyze the


relationship between reading skills and test scores. Calculating a Spearman
rank-order Correlation Coefficient between these two factors will help
examine how well a student’s score on a standardized reading test
correlates with their overall literacy level.
THANK YOU
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