Unit I

Information
Management

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 Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn:
• The difference between data and
information
• What a database is, the various types of
databases, and why they are valuable
assets for decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from
file systems
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 Objectives (cont’d.)
• About flaws in file system data
management
• The main components of the
database system
• The main functions of a database
management system (DBMS)

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 Introduction
• Good decisions require good
information derived from raw facts
• Data is managed most efficiently
when stored in a database
• Databases evolved from computer
file systems
• Understanding file system
characteristics is important
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 Information Management
It is the management of
organizational processes and systems
that acquire, create, organize,
distribute and use information.

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 Information Management
It involves six related activities
• Identification of information needs
• Acquisition and creation of information
• Analysis and interpretation of information
• Organization and storage of information
• Information access and dissemination
• Information use and archiving

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 DIKAR Model
Gives a strong clue as to the layers involved in
aligning technology and organizational strategies, and it can
be seen as a pivotal moment in changing attitudes to
information management. The recognition that information
management is an investment that must deliver meaningful
results is important to all modern organizations that depend
on information and good decision making for their success.
Data
Information
Knowledge
Action
Result
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 Data versus Information

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 Data versus Information
• Data
• Collected facts about a topic or item

• Information
• The result of combining, comparing, and
performing calculations on data

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 Data vs. Information
Data- refers to raw facts that we can
collect about entities- people, objects,
and events.

Information- refers to processed data

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 Data versus Information : An
Example

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 Evolution of File System
and Data Processing
• File Systems
• Database Systems

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 File Systems
vs
Database Systems

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 Problems with File
System Data
Processing

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2011-
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 1. Structural and Data
Dependence
• Structural dependence: access to a file is
dependent on its own structure
▫ All file system programs must be modified
to conform to a new file structure
• Structural independence: change file
structure without affecting data access
• Data dependence: data access changes
when data storage characteristics change
• Data independence: data storage
characteristics do not affect data access

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 Structural and Data Dependence
(cont'd.)
• Practical significance of data dependence is
difference between logical and physical
format
• Logical data format: how human views the
data
• Physical data format: how computer must
work with data
• Each program must contain:
• Lines specifying opening of specific file type
• Record specification
• Field definitions
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 2. Data Redundancy
• File system structure makes it difficult to
combine data from multiple sources
• Vulnerable to security breaches
• Organizational structure promotes storage
of same data in different locations
• Islands of information
• Data stored in different locations is unlikely
to be updated consistently
• Data redundancy: same data stored
unnecessarily in different places
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 Data Redundancy (cont'd.)
• Data inconsistency: different and
conflicting versions of same data
occur at different places
• Data anomalies: abnormalities when
all changes in redundant data are
not made correctly
• Update anomalies
• Insertion anomalies
• Deletion anomalies
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 Example for Old File Processing Systems
Duplicate Data

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 3. Lack of Design and Data-
Modeling Skills
• Most users lack the skill to properly
design databases
• Despite multiple personal productivity
tools being available
• Data-modeling skills
• Vital in the data design process
• Good data modeling facilitates
communication between the
designer, user, and the developer
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 4. Exposure to various
data anomalies
• Anomaly means an abnormality, an error, or an
inconsistency. Types of data anomalies are as
follow:
• Update anomaly - happens when an update done
results in data inconsistency or discrepancy.
• Insertion anomaly - happens when inserting a new
record might result in incomplete information or failure
to insert due to dependence on other attributes.
• Deletion anomaly - happens when deleting a record
might result in loss of data or information.

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 End
☺

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 References:
• Coronel, Carlos et. al. Database
Principles:Fundamentals of Design,
Implemenation and Management

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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.