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Lecture 17

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6 views15 pages

Lecture 17

Uploaded by

Aurangzaib Gill
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Operator Overloading,

Inheritance and
Polymorphism
CS 200
Learning objectives
• Finishing touches
• Operator overloading
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Compile-time
• Run-time

2
Recap
• Why do we use
inheritance?
• It is an object-
oriented way of code
reuse
• Derived classes
inherit the
characteristics of
the base class
• Minimizes redundant
code 3
Methods and Inheritance
• Derived class inherits base class methods and
attributes
• Some methods are not inherited
• Constructors
• Copy constructors
• Destructor
• = operator
• Private methods
• Let’s code!
• A dynamic array that also maintains the largest
value stored
4
Overloading << and >>
void Matrix::operator=(const Matrix& other) {}

Matrix Matrix::operator+(const Matrix& other) const {}

Matrix Matrix::operator-(const Matrix& other) const {}

Matrix Matrix::operator*(const Matrix& other) const {}

Matrix Matrix::operator*(int scalar) const {}

bool Matrix::operator==(const Matrix& other) const {}

ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Matrix& mat) {}

istream& operator>>(istream& in, Matrix& mat) {}


Which class do the last two operators
belong to? 5
Overloading << and >>
• What’s the left operand of << or >>?
• An ostream or an istream object
• Those are pre-defined classes
• As such, we can’t define our custom class
operators there
• We can define operators as global (or friend)
functions

6
<< for Complex
• Let’s look at the code example with and without
friend function

7
Other Global Function
Operators
• What if you want to implement > for different
classes?
• Compare a Circle and a Square based on their surface
area

8
Summary
• Stream << and >> operators must be defined
outside the class
• Global or other class member functions may be
declared as friend
• An entire class may be declared as friend
• Friend classes or functions may access this
class’ private or protected members
• Not recommended practice

9
Universal Modelling Language
(UML) Notation
• A diagrammatic way to document object-oriented
design
• Each class is represented as a group of three
rectangles
• Top: Name
• Middle: Attributes (with types) Length
• Bottom: Methods (with argument and return- feet:
types) int
- inches: int int)
• The – symbol indicates private members
+ Length(int,
+
• The + symbol indicates public membersoperator++(Length&)
+ operator
• The # symbol indicates protected members
+(Length&)
…
10
UML Notation for Inheritance
Base
class Base {
protected:
…
public:
…
};
class Derived : public Base {
protected:
… Derived
public:
…
};
11
Upcasting
Base
• Use a base class pointer or
reference for a derived class
object
• Example
• Derived a;
• Base *ptr = &a;
• Example usage: Passing multiple
types of arguments to the same Derived

function
• Slicing: May only access the
What if you have to access derived
base class members through ptr
class members? 12
Slicing

Base class object


Base b;

Base* ptr = &d;


ptr

Derived class object


Derived d;
13
Downcasting
Base
• Convert a base class pointer or
reference to refer to a derived
class object
• Example
• Base* pa = new Derived;
• Derived *ptr = (Derived*) pa;
• Risky, therefore, explicit
Derived

14
Summary
• Upcasting: Storing a derived class reference
(or pointer) in a base class reference (or
pointer)
• You may only access base class members
• Unless you downcasting
• Downcasting: The opposite of upcasting
• Must be done explicitly and is risky

15

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