notation

Topics Level Key words

c lnequalities greoter thon, less thon

c Sets universol set, empty set, union, intersection,

element

c Venn diagrams FOL'NCIATIGIN complement, Venn diogrom

c More notation HIG¡HEFI subset

c Practical problems HIG¡HEFI

Whoi you need to be oble to do in the exominofions:

FOUNCIATION
a Understond ond use the symbols >¡ <, > ¿ <. Understond sets defined in olgebroic ferms
o Undersfond the definition of o set. i4 Understond ond use the complement of o
o Use the set nototion l), a, e , Ç. set.

. Understond the concept of the Universol Set ond Érì Use lhe nototion n (A) for the number of
the Empty Set ond the symbols for these sets. elements in the set A.
o Understond ond use subsets. ,., Use sets in procticol situotions.
o Use Venn diogroms to represent sets ond the
number of elements in sets.

e
 You need to know the meaning of the following symbols

= equals )

+ does not equal

The arrow tiPs in( or >
signs point towarcls the
smaller numbers

EXAMÍ'LE 1

n iø a poeilive lnNe4er anà n 1 6, WhaN are Nhe poøøible valuee of n?

Becauee n is poeilive lhe poseible values are 1,2,3, 4 anà 5. 6 ie nol incluàeà because
Ihe øign øayø'lees than' . ff the quesNion eaià n < 6 then 6 woulà be incluàeà'

Sometimes two inequalities are used together

EXAMPLE 2
Finàlhe posøible valuee of xil xis aninleger anà -3 1 x < 3'

Íhie means Nhal x is a whole number belween - 3 anà 3.

The po søible v alues o1 x are -2, 2, 3. Nol.e Vhal -3 ie noN in lh e liøN buN 3 is
-1, O, 1,

incluàeà becauee < 3 means equal Yo aø well as lese Nhan 3 '

I Here are three sYmbols: ( = ).

o
I Put the correct symbol between each pair of numbers:
Þ
a 3.5...3.15 b 180cm ..2 m
o d 5km..' 5000 m
c 5x7...6x6
=
Ð
o
E
e J of 27 ...]of 12 + 42 '.' B
s 10x10...8x12 h ^10q..'Z 2

! Here are three fractions:

+,t,+
Fill in the gaps below to list them in order, smallest first:

O
 GHAPÍER 6: Set language and notation

t) ¿ is the number scored when a normal six-sided dice is thrown

List the possible values of d in the following cases:

a d>4 b d<3
c d>5 d d<5
e 2<d<4 r 3<d<6
s 1<d<4 h 5<d<6

i! The table shows whether babies of a particular age are underweight or overweight
Mass ( 6.5 ke Underweight
6.5 ke < mass < 8.5 ks Normal
Mass ) 8.5 ke Overweight

Are babies of the following masses underweight, overweight or normal?

a 6.3 kg u 9.3 kg
c 7.8 kg d 8.5 kg

O is an even number and 20 € ¿ ( 30 and e * 24. Listthe possible values of e.

"
fD ln a lotteryeach ball has a numbern where I < n < 4g.
a What is the largest number on a ball?
b The first ball is a multiple of 5 and n ) 40. What are the possible values of n ?

c The second ball is a multiple of 3 and ¡z < 10. What are the possible values of n ?

d On the third ball 15 < n < 20. What are the possible values of n ?

! True or false? State which in each case.

a 3+-3 u -3<-5

G! 202 < 300 r 2OO minutes > 3 hours

I List all the possible values for an integer x in the following cases

a 51x19 b 26<x<28
d -2<x12
G! 17 <x<18 ¡ 32.5<x(33.5

e
 A set is any collection of items. They could be numbers, objects or symbols.
The items in a set are called etements. The elements in a set can be listed or described inside
brackets like this { }.
The elements are separated by commas, e.g. {vowels in English} = {a, e, i, o, u}.
We usually use capital letters to stand for sets, e.8.N = {1,3, 5,7,9\.
Dots show when we cannot list all the elements, e.g. {even numbers} = {2, 4,6,...}.
Youcandescribesetsusinginequalitysymbolse.g.tintegerx:5{x<'10}-{5,6,7,8,9,10}
can be read as'the set of integers between 5 and 10 inclusive''

Describing elements
Suppose ¡\,1 = {letters in the word "mathematics"} Only write each letter
= {e, c, e, h, i, m, s, t} once.
L = {letters in "language"l = {a, e, g, l, n, u}
$ = {letters in "science"} = {c, e, i, n, s}
d = {letters in "arT"} - {a, r, t}
The letters can be given in
We use € to mean "is a member of " and É to mean "is not a any order.
member of ".
Soø€MbutaÉS
gcLbutgÇM
Some letters are in more than one set.
For example, a and e arein M and L. We say that {a, e} is the intersection of M and L and we
write M À L = {a, e}. They are the only letters in both M and L'
Check that M lì S = {c, e, i, s} and L fl $ = {e, n}.
There are no letters which occur in both S and A'
We write S n A = { } and this is called the empty set. It has no elements'
Sometimes the symbol Ø is used for the empty set so we could write S I A = Ø.
If we list allthe letters in M or L (or both), this is called union of M and L.
We write M U L = {a, c, e, g, h, i, l, m, n, Lt, s, t}

Check that L U S has 9 elements.

Throughout this example we have been looking at the letters of the U means Union
alphabet. That is the universal set for this example.
ll means intersection

We write ff = {letters of the alphabet}. The elements of M, L, S, and

A are all taken from'6.

Õ
 GHAPTER 6: Set language ano notatlon

$ Describe these sets in words.

a {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday...} b {1,3,5,7...}

c {Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars...} d {North, South, East, West}
e {1 ,2,3, 4, 5, 6}

I Lisi the elements of the following sets.

a A={integerx: 5(x<10} b B: {factors of 12}

c 6l= {prime numbers between 20 and 30} d D={x:x2=9}
ln questions 3 to 5:
ffi = {numbers on a clock face}
[ = {even numbers}, I = lodd numbers}, T = {multiples of 3}, p = {prime numbers}

lD Say whether these statements are true or false

a 3€E b 3e O c 3e T d 3€P
G! seE f 5ÉO s sqf h 5æP

I List the elements of the following sets:

a EaT b EnP t: EnO d onT

! t-ist the elements of:

a TUP b TUE c EUO

ln questions 6 to B:

| = {letters in the word india}

E = {letters in the word europe}
A = {letters in the word america}

I Suggest a universal set for l, E, and A.

I t-ist the elements of:

a lnE b lnA ci AnE

I How many elements are there in:

a EUI b EUA c IUA
r x - {1,3,4,6,8} x U Y - {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} X n Y ={4,8}
List the elements of Y.

C
 Suppose 8 = {1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, B, g}.
¡ = {x: ¡ is even}
3={x:-x<5)
We can show these sets in a Venn diagram. V,
trlama^+.
LrLrrrvrrrJ ;^
rr¡ rr aì
p
^ t t u atw ptqLçv ,.,1-^-^
^.^ ^l^^^.l Utc *,.,^
vvttçtc +l-^ ^i-^l^- uvcttdp.
Lvvu LilLtE5 ^..^-l^.^
AatB={2,4}
Each element of the universal set is in A, in B, in both, or in
neither. I
A'is the complement of set A and has the elements in % that are
not in A:
A'={1 ,3,5,7,9}
A u B - {1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, B}
(A U B)' is the complement of A U B and contains elements which are not in A and B together
(AUB)'={7,9}

We can also use Venn diagrams with three sets.

Supposeweadd ç={x:3 <x< 7} CO

Co
to our example. A

C={3,4,5,6,7}
A u B - {1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, B}
(AUB) lC={3,4,5,6}

I C

We can illustrate this by shading (o

CÕ
A B

Au B ///l
C\\
tAuB)ncxx
C

å
 GHAPIER 6: Set language and notation

EXERCISE 6C

jj-...

-,g A

iì ,,

o
g:

a List the elements of:

. A ¡¡ B ¡¡¡ A.B ,v AUB VA,

v¡(AUB)' vüA'ÀB vüiAelB'
b '8 = {letters in the name of a city}. What is the city?

fl,8 C

E = {f, (t at ctt, i, o, n, s}

C={l,a,t,i,o}
D={f,i,r,s,tl
a Copy the diagram and put the elements in the correct places.
b List the elemenl5Õf:
. (CUD), .i C, ...C,UD

(-'8={integerx: 1 s x<12}
A = {multiples of 2}
B = {multiples of 3}
a Show these sets on a Venn diagram.

b Describe setA ll B.

¡
 GHAPTER 6: Set language and notation

fß A

a List the elements of these sets:

.A..8
¡i¡ AaB iv AaC
v BUC vi C'
vii AaBaC nC
v¡¡¡ (AUB)
ix (BUC)' x (BUC)')A
b Complete these descriptions:
a '8: {integer _r: ...< r <...}
¡¡ A - {factors of ...}
i¡i C = {...numbers}

! On copies of this Venn diagram shade: @

Co
A
A A)B b A''B
c (AìB)' d (AUB)'
e A'UB' Í A'aB'

I Which of your answers in question 5 are identical?

(D On copies of this Venn diagram shade: a

ø
a (AuB)ac b A'a@uq
A

c 01 UB) nØUC) d (AUBUC)'

E¡ @Uq'î\A

Ð
Suppose R = {'l O, 12, 14,16, 18,20,22,24} and S = {9, 12, 15,18,21,24} and T = {10,20}
n(A) means "the number of elements in setA".
Check that r¿(R) = B, n(T) = 2 and n(R O S) = 3

lf all the elements of set X are in set Y we say that X is a subset of Y.

Check that Z C R and {9, 15,211 C S and {10} C 7.

@ Write down:
4
14
a n(T) ø n(F) c: n(Ë)
6

2
a n(TìF) Gr n(T U F) ¡ n(T')
12 l3
s n((T U F)') n n((T n F)')
7 89 11

{& tn this Venn diagram

ß P E s
ff = {positive integers}
P = iprime numbers)
fr = {even numbers}
g = {square numbers}

a Explain why n(P a E) = 1.

b ExplainwhyPlS=Ø.
c Describe the elements of E' lì S

a Writedown a number¡such thatxÇ Pand xÇE and-r É S

{@ Look at this Venn diagram.

ß A
Say whether these statements are true or false:

a ACB b BCA
c, AIB=B d AUB=B
e Bî\C=Ø r BUC=8
lÜ(o Co
n(A) = 59 n(B) = 49 n(AlB)=27
C
What is n(A U B)?.

C
CHAPIER 6: Set language and notation

@ A and B are two sets. Write as simply as possible:

a AUA' b BnB' c: ((AUB)')' d (AaB)ìB G! (AUÐ1A
@ E - {x: xis a positive integer}
g = lx:,r is a multi leof2
T = {x'. x is a multiple of 3i
P = {x: x is a multiple of 5}
a Draw a Venn diagram and place these numbers in it: 10,11,12,13,14,15.
u Complete this description:
E a T = {x: x is a multiple of .....}
e Write a description of T f\ F.
d Find an element of E ¡ T a F.
Gr Write a description of E n T a F.

We can use Venn diagrams to help solve practical problems.

EXAMPLE g
There are2O øluàenNein a claee.

12 play fooNball. 14 ewim regularly. B ào both

How many ào neiNher?

Draw a V enn àiaqram with eeIø lor

lootball (\
anà ewimming ($.
6 F
Weknow nft) =ZO
n(Ð=12
n(Ð =14
n(FñÐ=B
We can ueeÍhiøinlormaNionlo wriNe @
6
Lhe number of eluàenïsin each F
regíon:

2síuàenle ào neither.
20-(4+8+61=2

12-8=4 14-8=6
Stort

C
 unArlEn o¡ otru ldllgudgE dl lu I luLdLlul I

;t:E { ã{e{ F"T:üãj;t

ú, A group of people were asked if they had visited the

theatre (Ð or the cinema (Q recently. The numbers are
Co
C
T
I
shown in the Venn diagram. o
-
a How many had been to the theatre? m
b How many had been to the cinema but not the theatre?
7t
20

c How many had done neither?

d How many were in the survey?

i_?- A panel were asked to try three new flavours of fruit drink aø
(A, B, and C). The Venn diagram shows how many people A
lil<ed each one.

a How many likedA?

b How many liked B and C?

c How many liked two drinks but not the third one? 2 C
d How many did not like B?

', 3- 24 people were asked if they enjoyed two TV programmes, X and Y

10 said they enjoyed A, 17 enjoyed B, and B enjoyed both.

a Show this information on a Venn diagram

b How many people enjoyed neither?

11- ln a group of people, 15 wear glasses and there are 7 females

5 males and 4 females do not wear glasses.
How many people are there in the group?

,.r J-,, A group of 30 people were asked if they Iiked jazz or classical music.
12 said jazz, 17 said classical and B said neither.
How many said both?

\ J_-, A class of 2B students are all learning at least one language out of English, Chinese
and Russian.
5 are learning English and Chinese
3 are learning Russian and Chinese
7 are learning English and Russian
2 are learning all three languages.
How many are learning just one language?

O
Why this chapter matters
We use rotio, proporlion qnd speed in our eveq¡doy lives to
help us compore two or more pieces of informotion.
Rolio ond proportions ore often used to compore sizes; speed is
used to compore distonces with the time token to trovel them.

A 100-m sprinter
Speed
When is a speed fast?
On 16 August 2009 Usain Bolt set a new world record for the 100-m
sprint of 9.58 seconds. This is an average speed of 37.6|<mlh.
The sailfish is the fastest fish and can swim at
1 10 km/h.
Sailfish

The cheetah is the fastest land animal and can travel

at 121 km/h.
lhe fastest bird is the swifi which can travel at
170\<m/h.

Swift Cheetah
Ratio and proportion facts
a Russia is the largest 1-' -{â
country. "ts/Þ -
lÞ-
o Vatican City is the
smallest country.
a The area of Russia Englond
is nearly 39 million
times the area of
Vatican City.
a Monaco has the most Voticon City .Jo pon
people per square n
" lo¡won
mile.
o Mongolia has the
least people per Sierro Leone

square mile.
o The number of people per square mile in Monaco to the number of people in Mongolia
is in the ratio '10 800 : '1 .
o Japan has the highest life expectancy.
o Sierra Leone has the lowest life expectancy.
o On average people in Japan live over twice as long as people in Sierra Leone.
o Taiwan has the most mobile phones per 100 people (106.5).
o This is approximately four times that of Thailand (26.04).