Feedback Control Loop Questions & Answers:

1. With adequate gain and inphase feedback any system

will:Oscillate
2. The natural frequency at which a closed-loop system
will cycle depends upon:
The phase shift provided by the resistance-capacitance and
dead time networks that exist in the system

3. The Bode diagram describes:

a. Gain and phase shift through the usable frequency range

4. All systems may be assumed to be:

c. Linear for the purpose of initial consideration but with full

knowledge that this may not be the case

5. A closed-loop control system that employs a three-mode

controller: Can oscillate or cycle at several frequencies.
depending on controller adjustment

6. We have a closed-loop control system which is cycling. We

should:
c. Check and adjust both

7. A proportional controller is being used to control a

process and the offset between set point and control point
must be held to a minimum. This would dictate that the
proportional band

a. Be as narrow as possible
8. The system gain of the closed-loop control system:

b. Refers to the gain of the measurement and control devices

9. If a closed-loop control system employs a straight

proportional controller and is under good control. offset:
b. Will not exceed one-half of the proportional bandwidth

10. Any closed-loop system with in-phase feedback and a

gain of one or more will:
b. Cycle or oscillate

11. If a closed-loop control system is adjusted to produce a

0.25 damping ratio when subjected to a step change, the
system gain is: 0.5

12. A straight proportional controller is employed to control

a process of Narrowing the proportional band will:

b. Decrease the offset

13. The type of process that most often can benefit from
derivative is:c. Temperature

14. Pure dead time in a process contributes a gain or:d. One

16. The integral control mode is: Phase-Iagging

17. The derivative control mode is: Phase-Ieading

18. The most common combination of control modes found

in the typical process plant is: Proportional-plus-integral
15. Referring to Figure, the transmitter span is 200 °F; the
controller proportional band is adjusted to 150 percent; the
equal percentage valve delivers saturated steam containing
40,000 Btu per minute at full open; and water enters the
exchanger at 50°F and is heated to 200 DegF at a 40 gpm
maximum flow rate. The static gain of this control loop is
approximately:

Fig : Responsec haracteristicso Ce ache lementi n a Ceedbaccko

ntrolloop-heat, exchangepr rocesso

a. 0.5
 Process Control Questions & Answers

1. With a proportional-only controller, if measurement

rules set point, the output will be: 50 percent

2. If in a proportional-plus-integral controller
measurements away from the set point for a long period,
the controller’s output will be: 0

3. In the modem controller, derivative action is applied

only to the: b. Measurement

4. The function of the integral (reset) mode is to:

c. Eliminate offset

5. Automatic controllers operate on the difference between

set point and measurement, which is called:

Error

6. A two-position controller (on/off) always:

Controls around a point

7. Gain and proportional bands are:

Reciprocally related

8. When we adjust integral time in a controller:

We determine an RC time constant in the controller’s internal feedback

path

9. A proportional controller will have an offset difference between

set point and control point: That depends on process load
10. If it were possible for a proportional controller to have a true 0
percent proportional band, the controller gain would have to be:
d. Infinite

11. If the proportional band of the controller is adjusted to the

minimum possible value, the control action is likely to be:

a. On/off

12. The following symbol appears in an instrument diagram.

It represents :

a. Flow rate controller

13. All control systems that fit into the usual pattern are:
c. Closed-loop

14. If operating properly, automatic control will always:

c. Make the process operate more uniformly

Feedforward Control Questions & Answers

1. The feedback control system:

a. Cannot make corrections until a measurable error exists

2. The feedforward control system:

d. Is theoretically capable of perfect control

3. The original boiler drum level application of feedforward control,

developed in 1925:

a. Is still being applied everyday

4. A properly designed feedforward control system:

b. Should be employed when its use can be justified economically and
technologically

5. The most dramatic application of feedforward techniques has

occurred in their application to:
d. Distillation columns

Control Systems Multiple Choice Questions

Cascade control is characterized by:

(B) one controller providing a setpoint for another controller

Adaptive gain is used for controlling processes.

(A) Nonlinear

The three “elements” in a three-element boiler feedwater control

system are:
(E) Steam flow, drum level, and feedwater flow

The purpose of feedforward control is to:

(B) reduce the effect of load variation on the process variable

In a feedback control system, the controller gets its input from the.

(D) Controlled variable

Ratio control is where:

(A) one variable is controlled in proportion to another

The following P&ID shows a/an control strategy:

(D) Cascade

The primary controller in a cascade control system must

always be tuned:
(E) after the secondary is tuned

The following P&ID shows a/an control strategy:

(C) Feedforward with trim

Lead/lag compensation, sometimes called “dynamic

compensation,” is commonly used to:

(D) equalize load and manipulated variable lags in a feedforward system

Actuators Questions and Answers

1. A valve positioner :
b. Provides more precise valve position

2. Assume that a control valve regulates stream flow to a process

and that high temperature makes the reaction hazardous. The
usual pneumatically operated control valve utilizes the following
action for fail-safe operation

a. Air to open

3. The basic function of the spring in a control valve is to

b. Oppose the diaphragm so as to position the valve according to signal
pressure

4. A diaphragm actuator has a diaphragm area of 50 square inches

and is adjusted to stroke a valve when a 3 to 15 psi (20 to 100 k Pa)
Signal is applied. If the signal is 15 psi (100 k pa) the force on the
valve stem will be :

b. 750 pounds less than the opposing spring force

5. A high- pressure flow process requires a valve with tight packing.

This would suggest that :
b. The actuator must be sized to provide adequate force

6. An electronic controller creates a 4 to 20mA dc signal that must

actuate a steam valve for temperature control. The best and most
economical choice would be to :

c. Use pneumatic actuator with an electric to pneumatic valve positioned

7. A pressure control process using proportional plus integral
control has a time constant of 10 seconds. The best choice of
actuator would be :b. A pneumatic diaphragm

8. A diaphragm actuator has a diaphragm area of 115 square

inches. A valve positioner is attached to the actuator and fed with
22 psi air supply. If after 9 psi signal is received from the controller
the signal changes to 10 psi and the valve fails to move. What is the
force applied to the valve stem?

a. 2.530 pounds

9. One advantage of an electric to pneumatic valve positioner is :

a. It can be used on flow control

b. It produces positive valve position
c. It conserves energy
d. It dampers valve travels

Answer: b

10. A single seated globe valve containing a plug 1 1/2 inches in

diameter is used in a line pressurized to 500 psi. What actuator
force is required for tight Shutoff.?

a. 884 pounds
b. 2,000 pounds
c. Depends upon direction of flow through the valved
d None of the above

Answer: c
Control Valves Multiple Choice
Questions
When a valve is installed in a process with
where the differential pressure (drop)
across the valve decreases with increasing
flow, the best trim characteristic to choose
for the valve would be:
(A) Ported
(B) Quick-opening
(C) Equal percentage
(D) Linear
(E) Anti-cavitation

Answer : C

Question 2
The correct identities of the four control
valve types shown below are (in order from
left to right):

(A) Plug, Slide, Rotary, Ball

(B) Globe, Butterfly, Disc, Ball
(C) Ball, Gate, Butterfly, Plug
(D) Diaphragm, Gate, Disc, Globe
(E) Ball, Disc, Butterfly, Globe

Answer : C

Question 3

An air-to-open valve assembly may be

formed with which of these actuator/valve
body combinations?
(A) Reverse-acting actuator, direct-acting valve body
(B) Direct-acting actuator, direct-acting valve body
(C) Direct-acting actuator, reverse-acting valve body
(D) A or C
(E) B or C

Answer : D
Question 4

Calculate the necessary Cv rating for a liquid

service valve, given a pressure drop of 24
PSID, a specific gravity of 1.3, and a maximum
flow rate of 140 GPM. Assume there will be no
flashing or choked flow through the valve.
(A) 0.1319
(B) 32.58
(C) 7.583
(D) 2585
(E) 601.5

Answer : B

Question 5

The main purpose of a control

valve positioner is to:
(A) Alter the fail-safe status of the valve
(B) Improve the precision of the valve
(C) Alter the characterization of the valve
(D) Increase transmitter accuracy
(E) Eliminate cavitation in the valve

Answer : B
Question 6

The purpose of valve packing is to:

(A) Help reduce cavitation in the valve trim
(B) Increase stiction
(C) Cushion the valve against harm during shipment
(D) Seal process fluid from escaping past the stem
(E) Lubricate the valve trim

Answer : D

Question 7

The definition of split range control valves

implies that they are . . .
(A) designed to be easily disassembled.
(B) easily re-ranged for different characteristics.
(C) equipped with quick-acting positioners.
(D) only used in sets of three.
(E) calibrated with complementary ranges.

Answer : E

Question 8
Dual-ported globe valves typically enjoy
the following advantage over single-ported
globe valves:
(A) Less actuating force required
(B) Longer service life
(C) Easier disassembly and maintenance
(D) Tighter shut-off
(E) Greater temperature range

Answer : A

Question 9

Cavitation in a control valve is caused by:

(A) process noise
(B) vibration in the piping
(C) the Von Karman effect
(D) a laminar flow regime
(E) pressure recovery

Answer : E

Question 10

The proper “fail safe” status of a valve

should always be dictated by:
(A) economic savings
(B) the configuration of the positioner
(C) the controller’s tuning
(D) the controller’s action (direct or reverse)
(E) the nature of the process

Answer : E

PID Controllers Multiple Choice

Questions
Question 1

The derivative control action is typically used when

controlling, but rarely used when controlling.

(A) Temperature, Flow

(B) Flow, Level
(C) pH, Temperature
(D) Level, Temperature
(E) Level, Flow

Answer : A

Question 2
processes always require some degree of control action
to achieve setpoint.

(A) Integrating, Derivative

(B) Integrating, Feedforward
(C) Self-regulating, Proportional
(D) Runaway, Linear
(E) Self-regulating, Integral

Answer : E

Question 3

The reciprocal of proportional band is called:

(A) Reset
(B) Percent
(C) Minutes per repeat
(D) Gain
(E) Rate

Answer : D

Question 4

“Quarter-wave damping” may be described as:

(A) a condition of good control where PV approaches SP without

overshoot
(B) a condition of poor control where oscillations continue at
constant amplitude
(C) a condition of poor control where the transmitter is damped
by 25%
(D) a condition of good control where oscillations quickly
subside
(E) a condition of excellent control where there are no
oscillations

Answer : D

Question 5

Reset control action is often expressed in units of:

(A) percent
(B) seconds per rate
(C) minutes
(D) time constant ratio (unitless)
(E) repeats per minute

Answer : E

Question 6

A proportional band setting of 175% is equivalent to a

gain setting of .

(A) 175
(B) 0.756
(C) 0.571
(D) 1.32
(E) 1.75

Answer : C
Question 7

The open-loop response of a process is shown in the

following trend. What sort of process is indicated by this
behavior?

(A) Integrating
(B) Proportional
(C) Linear
(D) Direct-acting
(E) Self-regulating

Answer : A

Question 8

A condition where integral control action drives the

output of a controller into saturation is called:

(A) self-bias
(B) wind-up
(C) repeat
(D) noise
(E) offset

Answer : B

Question 9

Fast, self-regulating processes typically respond well to

aggressive control action.

(A) Nonlinear
(B) Derivative
(C) Proportional
(D) Reset
(E) Gain

Answer : D

Question 10

Process variable filtering should be used:

(A) to dampen noise

(B) only on integrating processes
(C) to improve response time
(D) only on self-regulating processes
(E) never

Answer : A
Control Loops Multiple Choice
Questions
Question 1

A basic control loop will consist of:

(A) signal converter, resistor, knob, and control valve
(B) transducer, valve packing, hex-head wrench, and tubing
(C) transmitter, controller, I/P transducer, and control valve
(D) resistor, capacitor, terminal block, and battery
(E) control valve, microprocessor, terminal block, and cables

Answer : C

Question 2In
order for a control loop to work
well under a wide range of conditions, it must
possess:
(A) Calibration drift
(B) Hysteresis
(C) A very expensive transmitter
(D) Proper documentation
(E) Negative feedback

Answer : E

Question 3

Which of the following is not a “final

control element”?
(A) A pressure transmitter
(B) An electric motor
(C) A heating element
(D) A control valve
(E) A servo

Answer : A

Question 4

The purpose of a “shield” wire on an

instrument signal cable is to:
(A) Hold a steadier setpoint value
(B) Ensure technician safety
(C) Minimize the possibility of sparking
(D) Protect the cable from corrosion
(E) Minimize electrical noise

Answer : E

Question 5
The most common analog signal standard
for industrial process instruments is:
(A) 10 to 50 milliamps DC
(B) 0 to 5 amps AC
(C) 0 to 10 volts
(D) 0 to 20 milliamps
(E) 4 to 20 milliamps DC

Answer : E

Question 6

In a process controller, “output” refers to:

(A) The target value for the measured variable
(B) The DC supply power to the transmitter
(C) The maximum value for the low-alarm point
(D) The command signal to the control valve
(E) The production quota for each work day

Answer : D

Question 7

Identify which of the following is an

example of a “primary sensing element”:
(A) I/P transducer
(B) Instrument signal cable
(C) Control valve
(D) Diaphragm
(E) Digital controller

Answer : D

Question 8

Identify the controller’s proper action in

the event that the thermocouple suddenly
detects a drop in process temperature:

(A) Re-calibrate the temperature transmitter

(B) Move the control valve further open
(C) Completely open the control valve
(D) Move the control valve further closed
(E) Hold the control valve’s position steady
Answer : D

Question 9

In a home heating system, room

temperature is the:
(A) Process variable
(B) Setpoint
(C) Inferred variable
(D) Manipulated variable
(E) Error variable

Answer : A

Question 10When
a process controller is in the
“automatic” mode,
(A) The output responds to changes in the process variable
(B) The control valve will fail closed
(C) The process variable cannot deviate from setpoint
(D) The controller will automatically generate alarms
(E) The control valve will fail open

Answer : A`

1. In a control system integral error compensation

_______steady state error
a) Increases
b) Minimizes
c) Does not have any effect on steady state error
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: b

Explanation: Integral compensation is the phase lag

compensation as it reduces or minimizes the steady state error
by not affecting the damping factor but reducing the natural
frequency.

2. With feedback _____ reduces.

a) System stability
b) System gain
c) System stability and gain
d) Damping

Answer: b

Explanation: With feedback damping increases and system gain

reduces as they are inversely proportional to each other and for
the good control system the speed of response must be high
with low gain and oscillations.

3. An amplidyne can give which of the following

characteristics?

a) Constant current
b) Constant voltage
c) Constant current as well as constant voltage
d) Constant current, constant voltage and constant power

Answer: d

Explanation: An amplidyne is the device so constructed so as

can give constant current, voltage and power and it is the
important device as single device can achieve all these features.

4. Which of the following cannot be measured by LVDT?

a) Displacement
b) Velocity
c) Acceleration
d) Pressure

Answer: d

Explanation: LVDT is the linear variable differential transformer

and it is an inductive transformer and can measure displacement,
velocity and acceleration but pressure cannot be measured by
using LVDT.

5. __________directly converts temperature into voltage.

a) Thermocouple
b) Potentiometer
c) Gear train
d) LVDT

Answer: a
Explanation: Among all the instruments Thermocouple is the
instrument that has two different metals with different
temperatures and the difference in temperature is converted into
the potential difference.

6. The transfer function technique is considered as

inadequate under which of the following conditions?

a) Systems having complexities and nonlinearities

b) Systems having stability problems
c) Systems having multiple input disturbances
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d

Explanation: State variable analysis is used as Transfer function

approach cannot be practically used in the systems having
complexities, nonlinearities, stability problems and multiple
input.

7. Which of the following is the output of a thermocouple?

a) Alternating current
b) Direct current
c) A.C. voltage
d) D.C. voltage

Answer: d

Explanation: Thermocouple is the instrument that has two

different metals with different temperatures and the difference in
temperature is converted into the potential difference and gives
output in D.C. Voltage.

8. A.C. servomotor is basically a

a) Universal motor
b) Single phase induction motor
c) Two phase induction motor
d) Three phase induction motor

Answer: c

Explanation: A.C. Servomotor is the servomotor in which the

input is mainly the alternating current and is basically two phase
induction motor.

9. The first order control system, which is well designed, has

a

a) Small bandwidth
b) Negative time constant
c) Large negative transfer function pole
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c

Explanation: The first order control system which is the system

with maximum one root which can be at origin and has well
designed large negative transfer function pole.
10. Which of the following is exhibited by Root locus
diagrams?

a) The poles of the transfer function for a set of parameter values

b) The bandwidth of the system
c) The response of a system to a step input
d) The frequency response of a system

Answer: a

Explanation: Root locus diagrams is constructed by the locus

traced by the gain of the system with the varying frequency and
have the poles of the transfer function for a set of parameter
values

Stability Analysis by
Describing Functions
Stability Analysis by Describing Functions

1. The characteristic equation of a feedback control system is

given bys3+5s2+(K+6)s+K=0. In the root loci diagram, the
asymptotes of the root loci for large K meet at a point in the
s plane whose coordinates are:
a) (2,0)
b) (-1,0)
c) (-2,0)
d) (-3,0)

Answer: c

Explanation: The point is calculated by using Routh Hurwitz

table and then equating the S0term equal to zero.

2. The root locus diagram has loop transfer function G(s)H(s)

= K/ s(s+4)(s2+4s+5) has

a) No breakaway points
b) Three real breakaway points
c) Only one breakaway points
d) One real and two complex breakaway points

Answer: b

Explanation: The breakaway points are the points where the

root locus branches break and it is not necessary that this point
must lie on the root locus calculated by differentiating the value
of K with respect to s and equating it with zero.

3. For asymptotes passing from breakaway point then this

point is also centroid

a) True
b) False
Answer: a

Explanation: Asymptotes are the lines of infinite length and

these are tangents to the root locus that meet at infinity and for
these, passing from breakaway point then this point is also
centroid.

4. Transportation lag is seen in systems:

a) Amount to be transferred in large

b) Time take to transfer is large
c) Inefficiency of the process
d) Errors

Answer: b

Explanation: Transportation lag is the delay that is seen in the

systems where the output is not following the input and is seen
in systems where the time taken to transfer is very large.

5. Mediums responsible for transportation lag are:

a) Lines
b) Pipes
c) Belt conveyors
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d

Explanation: Transportation lag is the delay that is seen in the

systems where the output is not following the input and is mainly
seen in the practical mediums where the time of transfer is very
large.

6. Linear lumped parameter models are not valid under

situations as:

a) Transmission pipe between the hydraulic pump and the motor

causes a time lag in transportation of oil from pump to motor
b) Transmission of heat by conduction or convection produces
serious transportation lag
c) Transmission pipe causes the time lag and loss of heat by
conduction and convection
d) Transmission of pipe causes neither any time lag nor any heat
loss
Answer: c

Explanation: Linear lumped parameter models are the models

that simplifies the description of the behaviour of spatially
distributed physical systems into a topology consisting of
discrete systems and not valid when the pure time lags are
negligible compared to other lags in the system.

7. Practically all the systems have transportation lag :

a) True
b) False

Answer: b

Explanation: Not all systems have transportation lag but whose

transmission time is more.

8. Transportation lag causes :

a) Instability in system
b) Stability in system
c) System remains unaffected
d) Bandwidth increases

Answer: a

Explanation: Transportation lag is the delay that is seen in the

systems where the output is not following the input and causes
instability in the system.

9. The polar plot of a transfer function passes through the

critical point (-1,0).Gain margin is

a) zero
b) -1dB
c) 1dB
d) Infinity

Answer: a

Explanation: Gain margin is the point where the at phase cross

over frequency gain of the system i 1 dB and of a polar plot
passing through the critical point is zero.

10. Consider the following statements:

1. The effect of feedback is to reduce the system error
2. Feedback increases the gain of the system in one
frequency range but decreases in another.
3. Feedback can cause a system that is originally stable to
become unstable
Which of these statements are correct.
a) 1,2 and 3
b) 1 and 2
c) 2 and 3
d) 1 and 3

Answer: c

Explanation: Feedback can be of two types as positive and

negative and cause the increase in gain and also can cause stable
system to become unstable.

Stability of Nonlinear System

1. Stability of a system implies that :

a) Small changes in the system input does not result in large change in
system output
b) Small changes in the system parameters does not result in large
change in system output
c) Small changes in the initial conditions does not result in large change
in system output
d) Small changes in the initial conditions result in large change in system
output

Answer: a

Explanation: Stability of the system implies that small changes in the

system input, initial conditions, and system parameters does not result
in large change in system output.

2. A linear time invariant system is stable if :

a) System in excited by the bounded input, the output is also bounded

b) In the absence of input output tends zero
c) Both a and b
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c

Explanation: A system is stable only if it is BIBO stable and asymptotic

stable.

3. Asymptotic stability is concerned with :

a) A system under influence of input

b) A system not under influence of input
c) A system under influence of output
d) A system not under influence of output

Answer: b

Explanation: Asymptotic stability concerns a free system relative to its

transient behavior.
4. Bounded input and Bounded output stability notion concerns
with :

a) A system under influence of input

b) A system not under influence of input
c) A system under influence of output
d) A system not under influence of output

Answer: a

Explanation: BIBO stability concerns with the system that has input
present.

5. If a system is given unbounded input then the system is:

a) Stable
b) Unstable
c) Not defined
d) Linear

Answer: c

Explanation: If the system is given with the unbounded input then

nothing can be clarified for the stability of the system.

6. Linear mathematical model applies to :

a) Linear systems
b) Stable systems
c) Unstable systems
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: b

Explanation: As the output exceeds certain magnitude then the linear

mathematical model no longer applies.

7. For non-linear systems stability cannot be determined due to:

a) Possible existence of multiple equilibrium states

b) No correspondence between bounded input and bounded output
stability and asymptotic stability
c) Output may be bounded for the particular bounded input but may
not be bounded for the bounded inputs
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d

Explanation: For non-linear systems stability cannot be determined as

asymptotic stability and BIBO stability concepts cannot be applied,
existence of multiple states and unbounded output for many bounded
inputs.

8. If the impulse response in absolutely integrable then the system

is :

a) Absolutely stable
b) Unstable
c) Linear
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a

Explanation: The impulse response must be absolutely integrable for

the system to absolutely stable.
9. The roots of the transfer function do not have any effect on the
stability of the system.

a) True
b) False

Answer: b

Explanation: The roots of transfer function also determine the stability

of system as they may be real, complex and may have multiplicity of
various order.

10. Roots with higher multiplicity on the imaginary axis makes the
system :

a) Absolutely stable
b) Unstable
c) Linear
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: b

Explanation: Repetitive roots on the imaginary axis makes the system

unstable.
Feedback Compensation

1. Which of the following are the not characteristics of the closed

loop systems?

a) It does not compensate for disturbance

b) It reduces the sensitivity of plant-parameter variations
c) It does not involve output measurements
d) It does not has the ability to control the system transient response

Answer: d
Explanation: Feedback refers to the comparison of the final output to
the desired output at respective input so as to get accurate and error
free result and in the system improves the transient response of the
system.

2. Which one of the following effect in the system is not caused by

negative feedback?

a) Reduction in gain
b) Increased in bandwidth
c) Increase in distortion
d) Reduction in output impedance

Answer: c

Explanation: Distortion refers to the error in the open loop system and
it has many oscillations in the output and is reduced in case of negative
feedback.

3. Which of the statement is correct with regard to the bandwidth

of the control loop system:

a) In systems where the low frequency magnitude in 0 dB on the bode

diagram, the bandwidth is measured at the -3 dB frequency
b) The bandwidth is the measurement of the accuracy of the closed loop
system
c) The stability is proportional to the bandwidth
d) The system with larger bandwidth provides slower step response and
lower fidelity ramp response

Answer: a
Explanation: Bandwidth is the frequency measured at the gain of 3dB
and for the good control system the value of the bandwidth must be
large but the large value of the bandwidth increses the noise in the
system.

4. Which of the statements are the advantages of closed loop

systems over the open loop system:

a) The overall reliability of the open loop system is more than the closed
loop system is more than closed loop system.
b) The transient response in closed loop system decays more quickly
than in open loop system.
c) In open loop system closing the loop increases the gain of the system
d) In open loop system the effect of parameter variation is reduced

Answer: b

Explanation: Speed of response refers to the time taken to give the

final output and it depends upon the rise and settling time of the
transient response and speed of response of closed loop system is more
than that of open loop system.

5. In control system excessive bandwidth is not employed because

a) Noise is proportional to bandwidth

b) It leads to low relative stability
c) It leads to slower time response
d) Noise is proportional to the square of the bandwidth

Answer: a

Explanation: In closed loop system the bandwidth of the system is

more as compared to the open loop system and this is so required as
higher the bandwidth means lower the selectivity and hence higher the
noise.

6. Feedback control system is basically

a) High pass filter

b) Low pass filter
c) Band pass filter
d) Band stop filter

Answer: b

Explanation: Low pass filter is mainly as integral controller and it is used

as the controller in the system so as to increase the accuracy by
reducing or proper eliminating the steady state error of the control
system.

7. Which of the following will not decrease as a result of

introduction of negative feedback?

a) Instability
b) Bandwidth
c) Overall gain
d) Distortion

Answer: b

Explanation: Bandwidth always increases due to negative feedback as

the speed of response is directly proportional to the bandwidth.

8. As compared to the closed loop system, an open loop system is

a) More stable but less accurate
b) Less stable as well as less accurate
c) More stable as well as more accurate
d) Less stable but more accurate

Answer: a

Explanation: Open loop system always follows the input but closed
loop system always reduces the error irrespective of the input applied.

9. Insertion of negative feedback in control system affects:

a) The transient response to vanish uniformly

b) The transient response to decay very fast
c) No change in transient response
d) The transient response decays at slow rate

Answer: b

Explanation: Feedback can be positive or negative but practically

positive feedback is not used as it causes oscillations in the system with
more gain and hence negative feedback is use which causes speed of
response to increase.

10. Open loop system is ___________ stable than closed loop system

a) More
b) Less
c) Inclined
d) Exponential

Answer: a
Explanation: Open loop system always follows the input but closed
loop system always reduces the error irrespective of the input applied.

11. For the gain feedback system, does not affect the system output
if KG is :

a) Small
b) Negative
c) One
d) Very large

Answer: d
Explanation: T(s)=KG/(1+KGH)
If KG>>1: then C(s)=R(s)/H.

12. Determine the sensitivity of the overall transfer function for the
system shown in the figure below, at w=1 rad/sec with respect to
the feedback path transfer function.
a) 1.11
b) -1.11
c) 2.22
d) -2.22

Answer: b

Explanation: S= -G(s)H(s)/1+G(s)H(s)-1.1.

13. Primary purpose of using Feedback is :

a) To reduce the sensitivity of the system to parameter variations.

b) To increase the bandwidth of the system
c) To reduce the noise and distortion of the system
d) To increase stability of the system

Answer: a

Explanation: The major requirement of the feedback is to reduce of the

system with parameter variations that may vary with age, with changing
environment.

Tuning of PID Controllers

1. The input of a controller is

a) Sensed signal
b) Error signal
c) Desired variable value
d) Signal of fixed amplitude not dependent on desired variable value

Answer: b
Explanation: Controller is the block in the control system that control
the input and provides the output and this is the first block of the
system having the input as the error signal.

2. Phase lag controller:

a) Improvement in transient response

b) Reduction in steady state error
c) Reduction is settling time
d) Increase in damping constant
Answer: b

Explanation: Phase lag controller is the integral controller that creates

the phase lag and does not affect the value of the damping factor and
that tries to reduce the steady state error.

3. Addition of zero at origin:

a) Improvement in transient response

b) Reduction in steady state error
c) Reduction is settling time
d) Increase in damping constant

Answer: a

Explanation: Stability of the system can be determined by various

factors and for a good control system the stability of the system must
be more and this can be increased by adding zero to the system and
improves the transient response.

4. Derivative output compensation:

a) Improvement in transient response

b) Reduction in steady state error
c) Reduction is settling time
d) Increase in damping constant
Answer: c

Explanation: Derivative controller is the controller that is also like high

pass filter and is also phase lead controller and it is used to increase the
speed of response of the system by increasing the damping coefficient.

5. Derivative error compensation:

a) Improvement in transient response

b) Reduction in steady state error
c) Reduction is settling time
d) Increase in damping constant
Answer: d

Explanation: Damping constant reduces the gain, as it is inversely

proportional to the gain and as increasing the damping gain reduces
and hence the speed of response and bandwidth are both increased.

6. Lag compensation leads to:

a) Increases bandwidth
b) Attenuation
c) Increases damping factor
d) Second order
Answer: b

Explanation: Phase compensation can be lead, lag or lead lag

compensation and integral compensation is also known as lag
compensation and leads to attenuation which has least effect on the
speed but the accuracy is increased.

7. Lead compensation leads to:

a) Increases bandwidth
b) Attenuation
c) Increases damping factor
d) Second order
Answer: a

Explanation: High pass filter is similar to the phase lead compensation

and leads to increase in bandwidth and also increase in speed of
response.

8. Lag-lead compensation is a:

a) Increases bandwidth
b) Attenuation
c) Increases damping factor
d) Second order
Answer: d

Explanation: Lag-Lead compensation is a second order control system

which has lead and lag compensation both and thus has combined
effect of both lead and lag compensation this is obtained by the
differential equation.

9. Rate compensation :

a) Increases bandwidth
b) Attenuation
c) Increases damping factor
d) Second order

Answer: c

Explanation: Damping factor is increased for reducing the oscillations

and increasing the stability and speed of response which are the
essential requirements of the control system and damping factor is
increased by the rate compensation.

10. Negative exponential term in the equation of the transfer

function causes the transportation lag.

a) True
b) False
Answer: a

Explanation: Transportation lag is the lag that is generally neglected in

systems but for the accurate measurements the delay caused to
transport the input from one end to the other is called the
transportation lag in the system causes instability to the system.

Cascade Compensation in Time Domain

1. A proportional controller leads to:

a) Zero steady state error for step input for type 1 system
b) Zero steady state error for step input for type 0 system
c) Infinite steady state error for step input for a type 1 system
d) Finite steady state error for step input for type 1 system
Answer: a

Explanation: A proportional controller is the controller block used in the

system so as to follow the output and leads to zero steady state error for step
input for type 1 system.

2. An all-pass network imparts only

a) Negative phase to the input

b) Positive phase to the input
c) 90 degree phase shift to the input
d) 180 degree phase shift to the input

Answer: d

Explanation: An all-pass network is the network that is the combination of

the minimum and non-minimum phase systems and have the magnitude 1 for
all frequencies and imparts only 180 degree phase shift.

3. Which of the following is an effect of lag compensation?

a) Decrease bandwidth
b) Improves transient response
c) Increases the effect of noise
d) Increases stability margin

Answer: a

Explanation: Lag compensation is the integral compensation that introduces

the lag in the response by slowing the response and reducing the steady state
error value by decreasing bandwidth.

4. PD controller:
a) Decreases steady state error and improves stability
b) Rise time decreases
c) Transient response becomes poorer
d) Increases steady state error

Answer: b

Explanation: In Proportional and Derivative controller the damping factor

value is increases the oscillations are reduced and rise time decreases hence
speed of response increases.

5. PID controller:

a) Decreases steady state error and improves stability

b) Rise time decreases
c) Transient response becomes poorer
d) Increases steady state error

Answer: a

Explanation: Proportional Integral and Derivative controller is the controller

that is the combinational controller that increases the speed of response,
decreases steady state error and improves stability.

6. PI controller:

a) Decreases steady state error and improves stability

b) Rise time decreases
c) Transient response becomes poorer
d) Increases steady state error

Answer: c
Explanation: In Proportional and Integral controller which is the extension of
the integral controller which improves the steady state response but transient
response becomes poorer.

7. Proportional controller

a) Decreases steady state error and improves stability

b) Rise time decreases
c) Transient response becomes poorer
d) Increases steady state error

Answer: d

Explanation: Proportional controller is the controller that is used in the

system so that the output follows the input and increases steady state error.

8. PD controller is used to compensate a system, Compared to the

uncompensated system, the compensated system has:

a) A higher type number

b) Reduced damping
c) Higher noise amplification
d) Large transient overshoot

Answer: c

Explanation: The compensated system of the proportional derivative

controller has bandwidth increases and signal to noise ratio decreases.

9. Lead compensator increases bandwidth

a) True
b) False
Answer: a

Explanation: Lead compensator is similar to high pass filter and causes lead
in the system and increases the speed of response of the system and hence
increases Bandwidth.

10. Lag compensator reduces__________

a) Position constant
b) Velocity constant
c) Position variable
d) Acceleration constant

Answer: b

Explanation: Lag compensator is the integral compensation that causes the

lag in the response and reduces velocity constant.

Cascade Compensation in Frequency Domain

1. A phase lead compensation leads to:

a) Increase in overshoot
b) Reduction in bandwidth of closed loop system
c) Reduction in rise time of closed loop system
d) Reduction in gain margin
Answer: c

Explanation: Phase lead compensation and this is similar to the high pass
filter results in increase in bandwidth reduction in settling time and thus,
speed of response is improved.

2. PD controller is used to compensate system. Compared to the

uncompensated system, the compensated system has:

a) A higher type number

b) Reduced damping
c) Higher noise amplification
d) Large transient overshoot

Answer: c

Explanation: Proportional Derivative controller is used to increase the

bandwidth and also increases the signal to noise ratio by reducing the noise
and increasing the signal.

3. P+D controller:

a) Introduces offset
b) Increases bandwidth
c) Increases margin of stability
d) Reduces velocity constant

Answer: c

Explanation: Proportional Derivative controller is the controller increases

margin of stability and also used to increase he bandwidth and also increases
the signal to noise ratio.

4. Proportional controller:
a) Introduces offset
b) Increases bandwidth
c) Increases margin of stability
d) Reduces velocity constant

Answer: a

Explanation: Proportional controller is the controller that is block used to

control the gain of the control system and introduces offset error and there is
no effect on the damping factor.

5. The transfer function of a lead controller is 1+20s/1+5s. The high

frequency magnitude of the lead controller to dB is ___________

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

Answer: d

Explanation: G(s) = Tp (1+Tds)/s^2

It is type-2 function.
The type-2 function has a finite steady state error for unit-parabolic input.

6. Controllers play the following role in control system:

a) They amplify the signals going to the actuator

b) They act on the error signal coming out of the summing junction and
output a suitable to the actuator
c) They try to reduce steady state error optimizes overshoot.
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: a
Explanation: Controller amplify the signals going to the actuator and they are
of many types as proportional, integral, derivative some combinational
controller as combination of two controllers and combination of all the
controllers.

7. The transfer function of the compensator is s+4/s+16. The maximum

phase lead frequency and the corresponding phase is :

a) 6 rad/sec, 36.87°
b) 8 rad/sec, 36.87°
c) 6 rad/sec, -36.87°
d) 8 rad/sec, -36.87°

Answer: b

Explanation: Phase lead frequency is calculated when magnitude of transfer

function is 1 and this is the phase cross over frequency and the phase is
calculated by using the tanget formula with the transfer function.

8. Response to error is very fast for integral controller.

a) True
b) False

Answer: b

Explanation: Integral controller is used to reduce or eliminate the error of the

control system and for derivative controller the damping factor is increased
and speed of response also increases.

9. Consider the following statements:

1. Integral controller improves steady state response
2. By use of proportional controller, maximum peak overshoot decreases
3. Type and order of system reduces by one for derivative controller
4. Integral controller makes the system less stable in transient state due
to oscillations
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

a) 1,3 and 4
b) 1,2 and 3
c) 2.3 and 4
d) 1,2 and 4

Answer: a

Explanation: Integral controller improves steady state response and

derivative controller improves the transient response, type and order of
system reduces by one for derivative controller.

10. Rate mode controller is also known as ______________ controller mode.

a) Anticpatory
b) Delay
c) Integral
d) Derivative

Answer: a

Explanation: Anticipatory controller mode is also known as the rate mode

controller that is used to anticipate the future value with the use of the state.

Experimentation of Transfer Function MCQ

1. The impulse response of a LTI system is a unit step function, then the
corresponding transfer function is

a) 1/s
b) 1/s2
c) 1
d) s
Answer: a

Explanation: The impulse response of a LTI system is the transfer function

itself and hence for the unit step function . As input then the transfer function
will be 1/s.

2. For a type one system, the steady – state error due to step input is
equal to

a) Infinite
b) Zero
c) 0.25
d) 0.5

Answer: b

Explanation: The steady state error is defined as the error between the final
value and the desired response and the difference in the value of both will be
the steady state error due to step input for type one system is zero.

3. The equation 2s4+s3+3s2+5s+10=0 has roots in the left half of s–plane:

a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four

Answer: b

Explanation: The roots of the equation can be calculated using Routh-

Hurwitz criterion and hence there are 2 sign changes in the first column of the
row and therefore the two roots lie on the right half of s-plane.

4. If the Nyquist plot of the loop transfer function G (s)H (s) of a closed-
loop system encloses the (1, j0) point in the G (s)H (s) plane, the gain
margin of the system is
a) Zero
b) Greater than zero
c) Less than zero
d) Infinity

Answer: c

Explanation: Nyquist plot deals with the open loop poles and zero and
equals the encirclements to the open loop poles of the system.

5. Consider the function F (s) =5/s (s2+s+2) , where F (s) is the Laplace
transform f (t). Then the final value theorem is equal to

a) 5
b) 5/2
c) Zero
d) Infinity

Answer: b

Explanation: Final value theorem is given for the stable system only and this
is a type 1 system and for step input the final value can be calculated as 5/2.

6. The transfer function of a phase-lead controller is given by

a) (1+aTs)/(1+Ts) , a>1 T>0

b) (1+aTs)/(1+Ts) , a<1 T>0
c) (1-aTs)/(1+Ts) , a>1 T>0
d) (1±Ts)/(1+Ts) , a<1 T>0

Answer: a

Explanation: For the phase lead controller in which the stability and speed of
response is more for the system, the magnitude of the pole must be greater
than the magnitude of the zero.
7. If the system matrix of a linear time invariant continuous system is
given by Its characteristic equation is given by:

a) s2+5s+3=0
b) s2-3s-5=0
c) s2+3s+5=0
d) s2+s+2=0

Answer: a

Explanation: The transfer function is calculated by the state variable analysis

and hence the transfer function is calculated by state transition matrix and
taking the inverse Laplace transform.

8. Given a unity feedback control system with G (s) = K/s(s+4), the value
of K for which the damping ratio is 0.5.

a) 1
b) 16
c) 64
d) 32

Answer: b

Explanation: The value is found by using the Routh- Hurwitz criteria and
equating one of the row of the Routh-Hurwitz criteria equal to zero and hence
finding the value of K.

9. The LVDT is used in the measurement of:

a) Displacement
b) Acceleration
c) Velocity
d) Humidity
Answer: a

Explanation: The LVDT is the linear variable differential transformer and it is

used to calculate the displacement with the inductor process.

10. A system with gain margin close to unity and phase margin close to
zero is :

a) Highly stable
b) Oscillatory
c) Relatively stable
d) Unstable

Answer: c

Explanation: A system is relative stable not stable if the phase margin is close
to zero then the stability is checked by gain margin.