12

Q. 1 Solve Any Two or the rollowlng:

Unde rsUmd 6
A) Given point p (-2,6,3). and vector A= Y a ,+ (x+z) a ,. Express p and A

in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates.

Understand 6
B) Three field quantities are given as P = 2a, - a., Q = 2a, - By+ :za.,

R = 2a, - J a , +a,. Determine

(i) (P + Q) + (P - Q) (ii) (Q • R X P) (iii) (P X (Q X R))

C) Explain the term Curl of a vector and hence derive the Stokes Theorem Understand 6

D) Explain the term Divergence of a vector field and hence derive the Unde rsUmd 6

Divergence Theorem. Determine the Divergence of the vector field

A= yz a. + 4XY a, + Ya. at a given point ( 1.-2.3)

Q .2 Solve Any T wo or the roUowlng. 12

A) Derive an Expression for Electric Field Intensity E due to Infinitely Long UndersUm d 6
Straight Uniformly Charged Wire
B) State nnd explain Ampere's Circui1 law and Maxwell's Cont inuity Remember 6

equation

C) Find total charge enclosed by the volume with charge density p . = 4xyz', UndersUmd 6

For osps2. and 05 Z 5 3.

D ) State and explain the Coulomb's law and the superposition Remember 6
principle applied for the static charge distribution.

Q. J Solve Any Two of the roUo wlng. 12

A) State and Explain the Boundary conditions for medium separating : Reme mber 6
Dielectric- Dielectric nnd Conductor - Dielectric
B) State and explain the gradient of n senlru' field. Show that E = • (Grad V) UndersUmd 6

where V is a scalar function and hence dclcrmine the gradient or the scalar
1
field U = • y+ x y z
C) State nnd explain the basic Maxwell's Equations in its point and integral Reme mber 6
form with their proper significance.

Q .4 Solve Any Two or the roUowln g. 12

A) A trnnsmission line cable has following primary constants. R = 75 Cl/km. Unde rsUmd 6
G = 60 µmho/km. L = 1.7 mH/km and C = 0.075 µF/km, llt n signal o f
2kHz. calculate (i) characteristics impedance, (ii) auenuntion constant (iii)
phase constnnt (iv) wnvelcngth (v) velocit y and (vi) time taken by signal 10
travel 100 km along line.
B) Derive the expression for Electric Potential Energy nnd Electrical Remember 6
P01en1inl.
C) Deline 1he following term., with reference to EM Wave:
Remember 6
(i) Propagation constant (ii) chnracterist ic impedance and (iii) VSWR

D) State ohms law in EM fie ld and prove the cqun1ion for ohin, law
Understand
J = 6 E. where J is conduction currcnt density in amp per meter square.
6(Sigma) is the conductivity nnd E is electric field strength in volt per
meter.

Q.5 Solve Any Two or the roUowlng.

12
A) A uniform plane wave of 50 Hz propagating through Copper conductor Unden umd 6
having o = 6.8 x 10' mho/ m, er • 1, µr = I . Find (i) attenuation cons1nnt,

(ii) phn.~c constant, (iii) propogotion constant. (iv) intrinsic impedance.

(v) wavelength and (vi) phnsc velocity.
B) G ive n the circular plate parallel capacitor with radius of s cm where the Undersumd
6
dis1ance of separation between the plates is 2cm and connected to a battery
of 200 Voh. Find the value or cnpncito r and the energy stored in the
capacitor.

C) Show 1ha1 the net power flowing out or a given volume v is equal 10 the Undersumd
6
time rote of decrease in the energy stored within volume v minus the ohmic
losses.
D) Derive the cquu1ion for the uniform EM plane waves for the free space.
Remember 6
••• End•••
 or
d2 = (x2 - x,)2 + (y2 - y,)2 + (z2 - z,>2 (Cartesian) (2.31)
d 2
= Pi + p: - 2p pz cos(<f>i -
1 cl>,) + (z 2 - z1)2 (cylindrical) (2.32)
d 2
= r~ + Ti - 2r 1r2 cos 112 cos 11 1
(2.33)
- 2r 1r 2 sin 112 sin 11 1 cos(<f>i - c/> 1) (spherical)

Given point P(-2, 6, 3) and vector A = ya, + (x + z)a>" express P and A in cylindrical
"1PLE2.1
and spherical coordinates. Evaluate A al P in the Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical
systems.

Solution:
Al point P: JC = -2, y = 6, z = 3. Hence,

p = YJC
2
+ y2 = V4+36 = 6.32
cf>= Ian- I~= Ian-I~= 108.43°
X -2
l =3
r = Yx2 + y2 + z2 = Y4 + 36 + 9 = 7
II= ian- •
v?+7 . 140
40
z Y = 1an- 1 _v__ = 64.62°
3
Thus,
P(-2, 6, 3) = P(6.32, 108.43°, 3) = P(7, 64.62°, 108.43°)
In the Cartesian system, A at P is
A= 6a, + a,

2.4 SPHERICAL COORDINATES (r, 9, ♦) ■ 37

For vector A, A, = y, A, = x + z, A, = 0. Hence, in the cylindrical system

or

A, = y cos cl> + (x + z) sin cl>

A. "' -y sin cl> + (JC + z) cos cl>
A, : 0

But JC = p cos cl>, y = p sin ,ti, and substituting these yields

A = (A,, A., A,) = [p cos cl> sin ,ti + (p cos ,ti + z) sin ,t,)a,
+ [ - p sin2,t, + (p cos cl> + z) cos cl>l-♦
AtP

6
p = V40, lane/>= -
-2
Hence,

-2 . 6
cos cl>= V'40' Stnc/> : - -
V40
 But x = P cos ti>, Y = P sin ti>, and substituting these yields
A = (Ap, A•• A,) = [p cos ti> sin ,t, + (j, cos ,t, + z) sin ,t,]a
. 2ti>+ (J,cos,t, + z)cos,t,]a.
+ I - psm p

AtP

Hence,

-2 6
cos ti> = V4o' sin ,t, = \l4o

6
r.: -2 ·.r.:+ (·v40·-+ 6a
r.: -2 3) · - ]
A -_ [·V40·.r.:
v40 v40 \/4o V40 •
[-V40 ·4036 + (V40 ·2 + 3). 2]-.
+
V4o V40
-6 38
= V40 a, - V4o a. = -0.9487a, - 6.008a.

Similarly, in the spherical system

)r

+ (x + z)sin 8 sin ,t,

A, = y sin 8 cos ti>
A,= ycos8cos,t, + (x + z)cos llsin,t,
A• = -y sin ,t, + (x + z)cos ,t,

11 / 25

Jinate Systems and Transformation

But x = r sin II cos ,J,, y = r sin 8 sin ,J,, and z = r cos 8. Substituting these yields
A = (A,, A,, A.)
= rjsin 2 8 cos ,J, sin ,J, + (sin II cos ,J, + cos 8) sin 8 sin ,J,]a,
+ rjsin 8 cos 8 sin ,J, cos ,J, + (sin 8 cos ,J, + cos 8) cos 8 sin ,J,]a,
+ rt -sin 8 sin2 ,J, + (sin 8 cos ,J, + cos 8) cos ,J,]a•

AtP

6 V40
r = 1, tan q, = _2• tanll = - -
3

Hence,

-2 6 3 . V40
cos q, = V40. sin ,J, = \/40' cos 8 =
7, sm 8 = - 1-

A
40 -2
= 7 . [49 . V40 . V4Q +
6 (\/40
-7- .
-2
V40 3) V40 6 ]
+ 7 . - 7- . V40 a,

+7·[~·r ~· ~ +(~· ~+D-~· ~J..

-\/40 36 (V40 -2 3) -2]
+ 7 · [- 7-·40 + - 7- · \/4o +7 . V40 a.
-6 18 38
= - a - - - a, - - - a.
7 r 7V4D \140
= - 0.857 la, - 0.4066a, - 6.008a.

Note that /A I is the same in the three systems: that is.

/A(x, y, z)I = /A(p, ,J,, z)I = /A(r, 8, t/>ll = 6.083
C\)

(f-t 0-) : :- 8 q~ -a; +Q..,)

(!>-61) = (qJ. -' .M ~

4 1

0 i

)
-= 4 )1 ( :J-J)-a; (- 1 1 -'?_) +a:7-( ~

:: (~trx tJQt?;-t-44.?)
s:'o /

0. · f?. o<p =- ( ~ti, -A~+ ~a..,) (1 a,,-u,ad + &a"J

c> P· EJ.K{?_ -:; 9

A,t a,- a7-
5 0/
f). c< (J.. =- Q_ -1 '<
Q -~ i
. \R {~ i ~'t""'" (-:i)'L-+1~

-:::. ~ ~-f . ~+ l

= l~'1

'l. -1 i

:-- ~ 1.~ -~, , -1 J'

-= ~-4,
 S t'n 0, - I[µ /I.I
9./l
\BJ ~J

e) In.
fa<9- (d) / w c 3e~, ,

0. o< R. :::. oa-x + ,;z_a~ - ~ ar

 0 KP.° -= ,~ ,t- + ~~d - 44 1
a~cl. \ 9- ~ ~\ = -ft~
'rPeA e ~ t ,,
a. UYI \ 9 V ec hA . f elt p en J,' cL( Ra,,, /4 hoJt: IJ- a"' J R..

,;-Q,<+v~,. - 11 4 1
~~,

- 3i.& ( ?t ?:,. + 9J).) - ~4 ~)

v ee JJ-o1t
P Co.I Prll.
tJ c.l,l/ p :: Qa 1 - a7

(J... ·. Qtl ')C - a' i ~ Qt t7

p. 6l ? (~a,r -- a7 )- (i a) •· a.,( \ a.11, )

~"' 2.) -1- 0 - ( 1 l('J )

~ - '<
-,, \
A-t-d,
\ Pl = ~ ~'t.~ (-l)'L.

-= ~ ~+ i
~...rr
a>x{
lBI::: ~ ~'l-+l-·-:i)'l.+2.t.
~ ~

-=-3

p. !Z.
IP/ 10-(

'<

2 O· 3

P oioll/ tl- i'.s = P Co.s0p(l

~ c~aJl -l(;.,) 0• 3
 • Green's Theorem

• Integral Calculus

• Area Under Curve Calculus

• Calculus

• Derivative Function Calculus

Stokes' Theorem Formula

The Stoke's theorem states that "the surface
integral of the curl of a function over a surface
bounded by a closed surface is equal to the
line integral of the particular vector function
around that surface."

STOKES ' THEOREM FORMULA

0
X y

fc F.d~ = ffs('v x his

Where,

C = A closed curve.

s = Any surface bounded by c.

F = A vector field whose components have
3
continuous derivatives in an open region of R
containing S.

This classical declaration, along with the

classical divergence theorem, fundamenta l
theorem of calculus, and Green's theorem are
exceptional cases of the general formulation
specified above.

This means that:

If you walk in the positive direction around C

with your head pointing in the direction of n,
the surface will always be on your left.

S is an oriented smooth surface bounded by a

simple, closed smooth-bou ndary curve C with
positive orientation.

Stokes Theorem Statemen t

The line integral around S (the boundary
curve) of F's tangential component is equal to
the surface integral of the normal component
of the curl of F.

The positively oriented boundary curve of the

oriented surfaces will be as.

Thus, stokes theorem can also be expressed

as:
Electric Field Due To An mrmne1y
Long straig ht Unifo rmly
charg ed Wire
Let us learn how to calculat e the electric field
due to infinite line charges . Conside r an
infinitely long straight, uniform ly charged wire.
Let the linear charge density of this wire be A. P
is the point that is located at a perpend icular
distance from the wire. The distance between
point p and the wire is r.

ll13YJU'S
A
n
...
. . . ··:· --. . ....
,
. '.:
.. , ,
I

A
n

A
n

A
n

The wire is conside red to be a cylindric al

Gaussia n surface. This is because to determi ne
the electric field E at point P, Gauss law is used.

The surface area of the curved part is given as:

S = 2ml

The total charge enclose d by the Gaussia n

surface is given as:

The electric flux through the end surface s of

the cylindric al Gaussia n surface is given as:
<!>1 =0
[
The electric flux through the curved surface of
the cylindric al Gaussia n surface is given as:
<!>2 = E cose.s

<!>2 = E X l X 2ml

The total electric flux is given as:

Cl>= <!>1 + <!>2

ct> = O + E cose.s

<!>2 = 2nrlE (eq. 1)

From Gauss law, we know that

'P = t = ~ (eq.2)
From eq l. And eq 2

2n-rlE = M
E =~2 1 .lr~
1TE0
[
Therefore the ab
. , ove equatio n is the electric
field due to an infinitely long straight u .f
n1 ormh,
Superposition prlnclple
Coulomb's law explains the interaction
between two point charges. If there are more
than two charges, the force on one charge due
to all the other charges needs to be calculated.
Coulomb's law alone does not give the answer.
The superposition principle explains the
interaction between multiple charges.
According to this superposition principle, the
total force acting on a given charge is equal
to the vector sum of forces exerted on it by
all the other charges.
Consider a system of n charges, namely q1, q 2,
q3 . ... qn, The force on q 1 exerted by the charge
q2

F.12 = k q1q2 2 r21

'21

Here "r21 is the unit vector from q 2 to q1 along

the line joining the two charges and r 21 is the
iistance between the charges q1 and q 2 . The
~lectrostatic force between two charges is not
:1.ffected by the presence of other charges in the
1eighbourhood.
rhe force on q1 exerted by the charge q3 is

F-13 = kq1%- -
2 ,31
A

' 31

3y continuing this, the total force acting on the

:harge q 1 due to all other charges is given by

~ IOI = F.2+ it + ft.. + ..........ft.,,

-,..,
F = k! q.1q2rA + q1qJ r +qiq◄ rA +
A
I 2 21 2 31 2 ◄I...

I
~ I ~ I ~ I

.... + ql'!2,..1
r,,1 (1.3)
Maxwell's equations in integral form:

Electrodynamics can be summarized into four

basic equations, known as Maxwell's
equations. These equations are analogous to
Newton's equations in mechanics. Maxwell's
equations completely explain the behaviour
of charges, currents and properties of
electric and magnetic fields.

So we focus here only in integral form of

Maxwell's equations:

(i) First equation is nothing but the Gauss's

law. It relates the net electric flux to net
electric charge enclosed in a surface.
Mathematically, it is expressed as

Where Eis the electric field and Qenclosed is

the charge enclosed. This equation is true for
both discrete or continuous distribution of
charges. It also indicates that the electric
field lines start from positive charge and
terminate at negative charge. This implies
that the electric field lines do not form a
continuous closed path. In other words, it
means that isolated positive charge or
negative charge can exist.

(ii) Second equation has no name. But this law

is similar to Gauss's law in electrostatics. So
this law can also be called as Gauss's law in
magnetism. The surface integral of
magnetic field over a closed surface is zero.

Mathematically,

f .B.d.A = 0
where is the magnetic field. This equation
implies that the magnetic lines of force form
a continuous closed path. In other words, it
means that no isolated magnetic monopole
exists.

(iii) Third equation is Faraday's law of

electromagnetic induction. This law relates
electric field with the changing magnetic flux
which is mathematically written as

f E- .dl- d
= Tt ¢s

where Eis the electric field . This equation

implies that the line integral of the electric
field around any closed path is equal to the
rate of change of magnetic flux through the
closed path bounded by the surface.

(iv) Fourth equation is modified Ampere's

circuital law. This is also known as
ampereMaxwell's law. This law relates the
magnetic field around any closed path to the
conduction current and displacement current
through that path.

f B.d/ =µ 0 lmclosed +·µ0 £ofE.dA

I

Where Bis the magnetic field. This equation

shows that both conduction and also
displacement current produces magnetic
field . These four equations are known as
Maxwell's equations in electrodynamics.
'fh~ cwu-act«b,ic impcdwrc m- ,s urp imp.--dmtce or a unifiann tr'lm111m-.ion Hoc. :is Lile mr:io or 1hc·
amplitude.Ji of a smgle parir of \"nltage and cumnl wavmi 'fll'opqa1ing ablg 1111: line il!I 1hc a.b!encc -or
nilleccicms. The ST unit ol clmructerutic: impedllm:c is the nhm.

Clmrn17tcristic impedance i'I 1hr: imp:m,nce ~uired 11 Lhe ;;coding md of lhc·

.~ = R + j1ttL
Ii..DI!'. Ill IS
, ,6-"
...\"CD
. . b)." L.lll
~ - ::: ~y
.
G + ) tL

"'MR Z • R +J~L 15 Inc 5a-.i • npnllnec

Y • 0 + jmC it the !illuJnl admittance

•~ IJellne Pmpa,s■don C:D1■.l11nl, [Rmxmbt r I

Propn.ga.tkirl cOIIStl.Di. is dd"lllcd as lhe e.n.tura.11 lo.pritllm of~·.ratio or lbc ~Dmlll end ammt ,o r '"'Ollagc:
10 the ra,eivirmg end c:u:rrenl or \lo.ll~ge of Ille lioe.. ll gi\iT.S the 111W1ner in the wave ~s
1
pmp.ap1m alone a
Unc afld specifie:s lhe vtlriotioo of voluige and f:llfRllil 111 the line a.Ii 11 Pi:uN-Ptiao Cl'Jfflllmt
r = Jzr = J(R + jcd..~Ci· + jaC)
fuinc1_ion of frequemcy.

Prnpop1ion ~onstant iJS a mmplu cp.u.rnti1y Dnd is: a.prM~ ilb

The fCII l pmrl ill u called the 111ic:nua1iion constPrtl whaMUU lhe imlgi.muy pan of Pro,pn1a1i!mt ,~ons.tant ls
For a radio (transmitter or receiver) to deliver
power to an an tenna, the impedan ce of the
radio and transmission line must be w ell
matched to the antenna's irnP-edance. The
parameter VSWR is a measure that
numerically describes h ow well the antenna
is impedance matched to the radio or
tran smission line it is connected to.
VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave
Ratio, and is also referred to a s Standing
Wave Ratio (SWR). VSWR is a function of the
r eflection coefficient, which describes the
power r eflected from the antenna. If the
reflection coefficient is given by r , th en the
VSWR is defined by the following formula:
l·~·u··R = 1.. r
i- r
In a circular parellel plate capacitor radius of eacll plate ,s s cm anr:I they
are separated by a aislance 1of 2 mm, Calculale the capaalanoa and Iha
1

energy stor:ed. ·w hen ii 1s charged by o:mnec:r.ng lhe battery of ~ V

(
(given t o c 8.854 ... 1 D 12 Fm ~J ·
 1
<2 , 8 S '!-I O 'l. >< 3 .. f 4 X (0·0 s}1-
- L{

~ ~d L

-::::- 34 . 7 'f P

E :::: ~ C. V 1- :=. ;__ ~ '3Y •1 , X ,o-' 2x ( 2-00) L.

£ :::. 6·CfS- X lo.. ,- J