REGULATION 2013

IT6503 – WEB PROGRAMMING

QUESTION BANK
UNIT – I
PART – A

1.What is Web Browser

A web browser displays a web document and enables users to access web documents.
When the user clicks a hyperlink, the browser initiates a message to a web server.
This message requests the server to retrieve the requested information and send it back to the web
browser through the telecommunications network.

2.What Web Server

1. This is a program that waits patiently for the browser to request a web page.
2. The server looks for the requested information, retrieves it and sends it to the browser or sends an error
message if the file is not found.

3.Define Web page, Web site &Web browser?

A Web page is a document created using HTML.
A Web site is a collection of related pages.web pages and sites can be stored on the hard drive of a
local computer or a web server.
A Web browser is a program that displays the web pages it retrieves.

4.What is HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

It is the universal language understood by all WWW (World Wide Web) clients.
An HTML document (program) is ASCII text with embedded instructions (markups) which affect the
way the text is displayed.
The basic model for HTML execution is to fetch a document by its name (e.g. URL), interpret the
HTML and display the document, possibly fetching additional HTML documents in the process.
It can accept user input and/or cause additional HTML documents to be fetched by URL.
Providing safety, platform independence, and the ability to interact with a variety of formats, protocols,
tools, and languages makes it a universal language.

What is Java and Java Script?

Java is a language for sending applets over the web, so that the computer can execute them.
JavaScript is a language that allows HTML to embed small programs called scripts in web
pages. The main purpose of applets and scripts is to speed up web page interactivity.

5.List down font characteristics permitted in style sheets.

font-family
font-size
font-weight
font-style
font-variant

6.What are Style Sheets?

Style sheets are collections of style information that are applied to plain text. Style information includes font
attributes such as type size, special effects (bold,italic,underline),color and alignment. Style sheets also provide
broader formatting instructions by specifying values for quantities such as line spacing and left and right
margins.
7. List down the ways of including style information in a document.
External Styles -Style information is read from a separate file that is specified in the <LINK> tag
Embedded Styles -Style information is defined in the document head using the <STYLE> and
</STYLE> tags.
Inline Styles -Style information is placed inside an HTML tag and applies to all content between that
tag and it companion closing tag.

8.Define cascading.
Cascading refers to a certain set of rules that browsers use, in cascading order, to determine how to use the
style information. Such a set of rules is useful in the event of conflicting style information because the rules
would give the browser a way to determine which style is given precedence.

9.What are the style precedence rules when using multiple approaches?
Inline styles override both linked style sheets and style information stored in the document head with
<STYLE> tag. Styles defined in the document head override linked style sheets. Linked style sheets override
browser defaults.

10.List the goals of SGML.

To manage the flow of millions of pages.
For structuring information exchange
For modeling inter-document linkages
For managing information flows between departments and weapons systems

11.What is the role of server?

The server
Manages application tasks
Handles storage
Handles security
Provides scalability
Handles accounting and distribution

12.What are the necessities of using HTML forms?

Gathering user information
Conducting Surveys
Interactive services

13.What is the usage of CSS?

A simple mechanism for adding style(such as fonts,colors, or spacing) to web documents. Multiple levels of
CSS can be used to allow selective overriding of styles.

14.What is DOM?
DOM is a W3C supported application program interface(API) that provides a platform and languages neutral
interface to allow developers to programmatically access and modify the content and structure document such
as HTML or XML.

15.What is HTML?
HTML is a language for describing web pages.
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup
language A markup language is a set of markup tags
HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages

16.How to implement the HTML Links

HTML links are defined with the <a> tag.
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
17.Define HTML Tables
Tables are defined with the <table> tag.A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is
divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data cell. A
<td> tag can contain text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.

18.How to declare the HTML Forms

HTML forms are used to pass data to a server.A form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes,
radio-buttons, submit buttons and more. A form can also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and label
elements.The <form> tag is used to create an HTML form: <form> .input elements .</form>

19.Compare SGML-based versus XML-based HTML

The XML-based specification is usually called XHTML to distinguish it clearly from the more traditional
definition. However, the root element name continues to be 'html' even in the XHTML-specified HTML. The
W3C intended XHTML 1.0 to be identical to HTML 4.01 except where limitations of XML over the more
complex SGML require workarounds. Because XHTML and HTML are closely related, they are sometimes
documented in parallel.

20.What is CSS?
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a slightly misleading term, since a website might have only one CSS file
(style sheet), or the CSS might be embedded within an HTML file. It is better to think of CSS as a technology
(in the singular). CSS is comprised of statements that control the styling of HTML documents. Simply put, an
HTML document should convey content. A CSS document should control the styling of that content.

21.What are the types of rules?

Type 1: Rules
Statement + statement block X {declaration; declaration;} X {property; value; property: value;}
div > p {font-size: 1em; color #333;}
Type 2: At-Rules at-keyword + identifier + declaration @import "subs.css";

22.What is selector and mention its types also

Selectors refer to elements in an HTML document tree
Type of Selector
Universal Selector
Class Selector
ID Selector and Descendant Selector

23.Mention all the text properties

Color Direction
Line-height Letter-spacing
Text-align Text-decoration
Text-indent Text-shadow
Text-transform Unicode-bidi
Vertical-align White-space
Word-spacing

24.What is the purpose of CSS Box Model and mention its parts also.
The CSS box model is essentially a box that wraps around HTML elements, and it consists of: margins,
borders, padding, and the actual content.
The different parts are:
Margin
Border
Padding
Content
25.Define the term positioning and mention its types also.
The CSS positioning properties allow you to position an element. It can also place an element behind another,
and specify what should happen when an element's content is too big . There are four different positioning
methods.
Static Positioning
Fixed Positioning
Relative Positioning
Absolute Positioning

26.What is JavaScript?
JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages
JavaScript is a scripting language
A scripting language is a lightweight programming language A
JavaScript consists of lines of executable computer code A
JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages

26.Are Java and JavaScript the Same?

NO!.Java and JavaScript are two completely different languages in both concept and design. Java (developed
by Sun Microsystems) is a powerful and much more complex programming language - in the same category as
C and C++.

27.How to Put a JavaScript Into an HTML Page

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Hello World!");
</script>
</body>
</html>

28.What are literals?

Literal values are the ones you type into mathematical or string expressions. For example 23 (an integer),
12.32E23 (a floating point), or 'flopsy the Hamster' (a string). String literals can be enclosed by either single or
double quotes. For example: 'literal string' , "literal string", 'literal string with "double quotes" inside'

PART – B

1.Explain the Fundamental HTML Elements

What is HTML? HTML Document Example
HTML Tags EMPTY HTML ELEMENTS
HTML Documents HTML Attributes
HTML Elements HTML HEADINGS
HTML Element Syntax HTML Formatting Tags
Nested HTML Elements

2.Write a short notes on HTML Tables

HTML Tables and the Border
Attribute HTML Table Headers
3.Write Short notes on HTML LISTS and HTML
Forms
HTML LISTS Text Fields
HTML Unordered Lists Password Field
HTML Ordered Lists Radio Buttons
HTML Definition Lists Checkboxes
HTML List Tags Checkboxes
HTML FORMS Submit Button
HTML Forms - The Input Element HTML Form tags

4. Explain about XML and how to Create HTML Documents with the help of XML
Elements Character and entity references
Element examples Data types
Paragraphs: Document type declaration
Comments: Semantic HTML
Attributes Delivery

5. Write short notes on CSS.

Features
Core Syntax At-Rules
CSS1 Selectors

6. Explain concept of Cascading and inheritance Concepts in CSS

Specificity
Rule Cascade
Style Inheritance

7. Dicuss the text properties of CSS with Suitable Example.

CSS Font Families Font
Family
Font Style Font Size
Set Font Size With Pixels Set Font
Size With Em All CSS Font
Properties Text Formatting and color
All CSS Text Properties

8. Explain the elements of JavaScript with relevant examples

Basic syntax
Javascript variables and datatypes
Javascript statements
Javascript operators
Javascript literal values
Javascript functions

9. Explain about the use of Objects in JavaScript.

Creating a Custom JavaScript Object Creating
and Using Object Instances Extending Objects
Built –in objects
JavaScript Boolean Object JavaScript
RegExp Object

10. How HTML elements can be changed using JavaScript, the HTML DOM and events.
Modifying Element Style Change an
HTML Element
Change the Text of an HTML Element - innerHTML Change an
HTML Element Using Events
Change the Text of an Element - with a Function Using
the Style Object
Change the font and color of an Element
 UNIT – II
PART – A
1. Define Java.
Java is an object-oriented language similar to C++, but simplified to eliminate language features that cause
common programming errors. Java source code files (files with a .java extension) are compiled into a format
called bytecode (files with a .class extension), which can then be executed by a Java interpreter.

2. What are the Java Features?

Platform Independence
Object Oriented
Compiler/Interpreter Combo
Robust
Automatic Memory Management
Security
Dynamic Binding
Good Performance
Threading
Built-in Networking

3. What is Data Type ?

Data Types: It has Eight Simple Data types which can be put in four groups, they are:
Integers: byte, short, int, and long for whole valued signed numbers.
Floating-point numbers: float, and double for fractional precision.
Characters: char for representing symbols in character set.
Boolean: boolean a special type for representing true/false.

4. Define Variable
Variables: The basic unit of storage in Java Program. And is defined by the combination of an identifier, a
type, and an optional initializer. The syntax for declaring a variable is: type identifier [= value] [ ,identifier [ =
value]…]; e.g.: int a = 5, b=6;

5. Type Conversions and Casting:

a. Java’s Automatic Conversions:
i. The Two types are compatible.
ii. The destination type is larger then the source
type. b. Casting Incompatible Types:
i. Also called as narrowing conversions, since we are explicitly making the value narrower so that it will fit
into the target type.
ii. A cast is simply a explicit type conversion. The general form is (target type) value
e.g. int a; byte b; b = (byte) a;

6. Define Arrays
a. An array is a group of variables of the same data type and referred to by a common name. An array is
contiguous block of memory locations referred by a common name.
E.g. char[] s;
Class[] Obj;
b. Like all objects we use the new keyword to create an array.
s = new char[10];
c. Types of Arrays:
i. One Dimensional Array.
type array_name []; //type is the datatype of the array.
ii. Multi – Dimensional Array.
type array_name = new type [rows] [cols];

7. What is Expression
In Java, arithmetic, boolean, and String expressions are written in conventional mathematical infix notation,
adapted to the standard computer character set (called ASCII).
 8. What is Operator
Java provides a rich operator environment. And it can be classified into four groups as:
Arithmetic: Used in mathematical expressions. They are: +, -, *, /.
Bitwise: It operates on individual bits of integer values. They are: &, |, ~,
Relational: Compares two values and determines relationship between them. ==, !=, <, >, <=, and >=
Logical: It is an easy way to handle multiple conditions. They are: &&, || and, !.

9. What are Control Structures

Statements that support repetition and conditional execution are control statements
They are of two type: They are:
Branching Statements: - They are If and Switch Statements.
Looping Statements: - They are for, while, and do-while loops.

10. Define Classes

Java classes contain fields and methods. A field is like a C++ data member, and a method is like
a C++ member function.
Each field and method has an access level:
o private: accessible only in this class
o (package): accessible only in this package
o protected: accessible only in this package and in all subclasses of this
class o public: accessible everywhere this class is available
Example: Class MyClass{
int RollNo; // Member Variable
String Name; // Member Variable
void getDetails(); // Member Function
void dispDetails(); // Member Function }

11. Define Object

Objects are key to understanding object-oriented technology.
Object is an instance (or instantiation) of a class.
Three properties characterize objects:
o Identity: the property of an object that distinguishes it from other objects
o State: describes the data stored in the object
o Behavior: describes the methods in the object's interface by which the object can be used
Example:
public static void main(String args[])
{ MyClass c1 = new MyClass(); //c1 is the Object of the Class MyClass
MyClass c2; // declare reference to Object
c2 = new MyClass(); //Allocate a MyClass Object
}

12. Define Method

A method is a set of Java statements which can be included inside a Java class.
They are similar to functions or procedures in other programming languages.
The only required elements of a method declaration are the method's return type, name, a pair of
parentheses, (), and a body between braces, {}.
The general from is
return-type method-name(parameters-list)
{ // body of the method }

13. What is a Constructor?

Constructors have one purpose in life: to create an instance of a class. This can also be called creating
an object.
Constructors and methods differ in three aspects of the signature: modifiers, return type, and name.
Like methods, constructors can have any of the access modifiers: public, protected, private, or none.
Constructors cannot be abstract, final, native, static, or synchronized.
14.What is Garbage Collection?
The Java virtual machine's heap stores all objects created by a running Java application.
Garbage collection is the process of automatically freeing objects that are no longer referenced by the
program.
It relieves programmers from the burden of freeing allocated memory.
In addition to freeing unreferenced objects, a garbage collector may also combat heap fragmentation.
Before an object is garbage collected, the runtime system calls its finalize() method.
It takes no arguments and returns no results. This method can be overridden to perform some tidying up
tasks when an object is garbage collected.

15.What is Method Overloading?

The concept of defining two or more methods within the same class that share the same name, as long
as their parameter declarations are different is called as Method Overloading.
Each overloaded method must take a unique list of argument types.
When an overloaded method is called, java uses the type and/or number of arguments to decide which
version of the overloaded method to actually call.

16.What is Inheritance?
Inheritance is the capability of a class to use the properties and methods of another class while adding
its own functionality.
It has the following advantages:
o you can customize and enhance working
classes o it is easier to reuse code
o you can take a more general class and modify to suit a particular situation

17.What is Method Overriding?

Method Overriding is achieved when a subclass overrides non-static methods defined in the superclass,
following which the new method implementation in the subclass that is executed.

18.What is Abstract Class?

An abstract class is a class that is declared abstract—it may or may not include abstract methods.
Abstract classes cannot be instantiated, but they can be subclassed.
An abstract method is a method that is declared without an implementation (without braces, and
followed by a semicolon), like this:
abstract void moveTo(double deltaX, double deltaY);
When an abstract class is subclassed, the subclass usually provides implementations for all of the
abstract methods in its parent class. However, if it does not, the subclass must also be declared abstract.

19.What is Package?
A package is a grouping of related types providing access protection and name space management.
Note that types refers to classes, interfaces, enumerations, and annotation types.
The types that are part of the Java platform are members of various packages that bundle classes by
function: fundamental classes are in java.lang, classes for reading and writing (input and output) are in
java.io, and so on.
To create a package, you choose a name for the package (naming conventions are discussed in the next
section) and put a package statement with that name at the top of every source file that contains the
types. E.g. package graphics;

20.Define Interface
An interface is a group of related methods with empty bodies.
Implementing an interface allows a class to become more formal about the behavior it promises to
provide.
Interfaces form a contract between the class and the outside world, and this contract is enforced at build
time by the compiler.
If your class claims to implement an interface, all methods defined by that interface must appear in its
source code before the class will successfully compile.
21.What is Exception
Handling?
An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts the normal flow of
instructions.
When an error occurs within a method, the method creates an object and hands it off to the runtime
system. The object, called an exception object, contains information about the error, including its type
and the state of the program when the error occurred.
Creating an exception object and handing it to the runtime system is called throwing an exception.
The set of possible "somethings" to handle the exception is the ordered list of methods that had been
called to get to the method where the error occurred. The list of methods is known as the call stack
The runtime system searches the call stack for a method that contains a block of code that can handle
the exception. This block of code is called an exception handler.

22.What is Multi-Threading?
A thread executes a series of instructions. Every line of code that is executed is done so by a thread.
Some threads can run for the entire life of the applet, while others are alive for only a few milliseconds.
The class java.lang.Thread is used to create and control threads.
To create a thread, a new instance of this class must be created. However, the thread does not start
running right away. Thread.start() must be called to actually make the thread run.
There are two ways to create a thread:
Extend the Thread class.
o With this technique the new class inherits from the class Thread. The thread can start running in
the class's run method.
Implement the Runnable interface.
o This technique is probably more common than extending the Thread class. It is not necessary to
define a new class to run the thread

23.Utility Packages:
The final Java package, java.util, contains a collection of utility classes.
The Utility Package of Java consist of the following components:
o Collections framework o
Legacy collection classes o
Event model
o Date and time facilities
o Internationalization
o Miscellaneous utility classes such as string tokenizer, random-number generator and bit
o Array

24.What is String Tokenizer ?

StringTokenizer: This StringTokenizer class is used to convert a String of text into its tokens.

25.What is Input Stream?

InputStream: The abstract class InputStream declares methods to read bytes from a
particular source. InputStream is the superclass of most byte input streams in java.io.

26.What is Output Stream ?

OutputStream: The abstract class OutputStream is analogous to InputStream; it provides an abstraction
for writing bytes to a destination

27.Define Character Streams ?

Character Streams: The abstract classes for reading and writing streams of characters are Reader and Writer.
Each supports methods similar to those of its byte stream counterpart—InputStream and OutputStream,
respectively.
Reader has a read method that returns a char as the lowest 16 bits of an int. And, Writer has methods
that write char arrays.
The character streams were designed after the byte streams to provide full support for working with
Unicode characters, and in the process the contracts of the classes were improved to make them easier
to work with.
28.What is Inner Class ?
There are four other types of classes, loosely known as inner classes, that can be defined in a Java program.
Used correctly, inner classes are an elegant and powerful feature of the Java language.

29.What is Static Member ?

A static member class is a class (or interface) defined as a static member of another class.
A static method is called a class method, so, by analogy, we could call this type of inner class a "class
class," but this terminology would obviously be confusing.
A static member class behaves much like an ordinary top-level class, except that it can access the static
members of the class that contains it. Interfaces can be defined as static members of classes.

30.Define Anonymous classes?

An anonymous class is a kind of local class that has no name; it combines the syntax for class definition with
the syntax for object instantiation. While a local class definition is a Java statement, an anonymous class
definition (and instantiation) is a Java expression, so it can appear as part of a larger expression, such as
method invocation.

31.How does Java achieve portability?

Java programs are portable across operating systems and hardware environments. Portability is advantageous
because,
You need only one version of your software to serve a broad
market. The Internet, in effect, becomes one giant, dynamic library.
You are no longer limited by your particular computer platform.

32.What's the difference between an interface and an abstract class?

An abstract class may contain code in method bodies, which is not allowed in an interface. With abstract
classes, you have to inherit your class from it and Java does not allow multiple inheritances. On the other hand,
you can implement multiple interfaces in your class.

33.How do you know if an explicit object casting is needed?

If you assign a superclass object to a variable of a subclass's data type, you need to do explicit casting. For
example: Object a; Customer b; b = (Customer) a; When you assign a subclass to a variable having a supeclass
type, the casting is performed automatically.

34.What's the difference between constructors and other methods?

Constructors must have the same name as the class and can not return a value. They are only called once while
regular methods could be called many times.

35.What is meant by Object Oriented Programming?

OOP is a method of programming in which programs are organised as cooperative collections of objects. Each
object is an instance of a class and each class belong to a hierarchy.

36.What is an Instance?
An instance has state, behaviour and identity. The structure and behaviour of similar classes are defined in their
common class. An instance is also called as an object.

37.What are the core OOP’s concepts?

Abstraction, Encapsulation,Inheritance and Polymorphism are the core OOP’s concepts.

38.What is meant by abstraction?

Abstraction defines the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from all other kinds of objects.
Abstraction provides crisply-defined conceptual boundaries relative to the perspective of the viewer. Its the
process of focussing on the essential characteristics of an object. Abstraction is one of the fundamental
elements of the object model.

39.What is meant by Encapsulation?

Encapsulation is the process of compartmentalising the elements of an abtraction that defines the structure and
behaviour. Encapsulation helps to separate the contractual interface of an abstraction and implementation.
40.What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism?
Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates and keeps both safe from
outside interference and misuse. Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of
another object. Polymorphism is the feature that allows one interface to be used for general class actions.

41.What are methods and how are they defined?

Methods are functions that operate on instances of classes in which they are defined. Objects can communicate
with each other using methods and can call methods in other classes. Method definition has four parts. They
are name of the method, type of object or primitive type the method returns, a list of parameters and the body
of the method. A method’s signature is a combination of the first three parts mentioned above.

42.What are different types of access modifiers (Access specifiers)?

Access specifiers are keywords that determine the type of access to the member of a class. These keywords are
for allowingprivileges to parts of a program such as functions and variables. These are:
public: Any thing declared as public can be accessed from anywhere.
private: Any thing declared as private can’t be seen outside of its class.
protected: Any thing declared as protected can be accessed by classes in the same package and
subclasses in the other packages.
default modifier : Can be accessed only to classes in the same package.

43.What is an Object and how do you allocate memory to it?

Object is an instance of a class and it is a software unit that combines a structured set of data with a set of
operations for inspecting and manipulating that data. When an object is created using new operator, memory is
allocated to it.

44.What is method overloading and method overriding?

When a method in a class having the same method name with different arguments is said to be method
overloading. Method overriding : When a method in a class having the same method name with same
arguments is said to be method overriding.

45.What gives java it’s “write once and run anywhere” nature?
All Java programs are compiled into class files that contain bytecodes. These byte codes can be run in any
platform and hence java is said to be platform independent.

46.What is a constructor? What is a destructor?

Constructor is an operation that creates an object and/or initialises its state. Destructor is an operation that frees
the state of an object and/or destroys the object itself. In Java, there is no concept of destructors. Its taken care
by the JVM.

47.What is the difference between constructor and method?

Constructor will be automatically invoked when an object is created whereas method has to be called explicitly

48.What is Static member classes?

A static member class is a static member of a class. Like any other static method, a static member class has
access to all static methods of the parent, or top-level, class.

49.What is Garbage Collection and how to call it explicitly?

When an object is no longer referred to by any variable, java automatically reclaims memory used by that
object. This is known as garbage collection. System. gc() method may be used to call it explicitly

50.In Java, How to make an object completely encapsulated?

All the instance variables should be declared as private and public getter and setter methods should be provided
for accessing the instance variables.

51.What is static variable and static method?

static variable is a class variable which value remains constant for the entire class static method is the one
which can be called with the class itself and can hold only the static variables
52.What is finalize() method?
finalize () method is used just before an object is destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage collection.

53.What is the difference between String and String Buffer?

a) String objects are constants and immutable whereas StringBuffer objects are not.
b) String class supports constant strings whereas StringBuffer class supports growable and modifiable strings.

54.What is the difference between Array and vector?

Array is a set of related data type and static whereas vector is a growable array of objects and dynamic

55.What is the difference between this() and super()?

this() can be used to invoke a constructor of the same class whereas super() can be used to invoke a super class
constructor.

56. Explain working of Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?

JVM is an abstract computing machine like any other real computing machine which first converts .java file
into .class file by using Compiler (.class is nothing but byte code file.) and Interpreter reads byte codes

57. What is garbage collection? What is the process that is responsible for doing that in java?
Reclaiming the unused memory by the invalid objects. Garbage collector is responsible for this process

58. What is a daemon thread?

These are the threads which can run without user intervention. The JVM can exit when there are daemon
thread by killing them abruptly.

59. What is the finalize method do?

Before the invalid objects get garbage collected, the JVM give the user a chance to clean up some resources
before it got garbage collected.

60. What is mutable object and immutable object?

If a object value is changeable then we can call it as Mutable object. (Ex., StringBuffer,…) If you are not
allowed to change the value of an object, it is immutable object. (Ex., String,Integer, Float, …)

61. What is the basic difference between string and stringbuffer object?
String is an immutable object. StringBuffer is a mutable object.

62. What is the purpose of Void class?

The Void class is an uninstantiable placeholder class to hold a reference to the Class object representing the
primitive Java type void.

63. What is an Abstract Class?

Abstract class is a class that has no instances. An abstract class is written with the expectation that its concrete
subclasses will add to its structure and behaviour, typically by implementing its abstract operations.

64. What are inner class and anonymous class?

Inner class: classes defined in other classes, including those defined in methods are called inner classes. An
inner class can have any accessibility including private.
Anonymous class: Anonymous class is a class defined inside a method without a name and is instantiated and
declared in the same place and cannot have explicit constructors

65. What is interface and its use?

Interface is similar to a class which may contain method’s signature only but not bodies and it is a formal set of
method and constant declarations that must be defined by the class that implements it. Interfaces are useful for:

a) Declaring methods that one or more classes are expected to implement

b) Capturing similarities between unrelated classes without forcing a class relationship.
c) Determining an object’s programming interface without revealing the actual body of the class.
66.What are the methods provided by the object class?
The Object class provides five methods that are critical when writing multithreaded Java programs:
notify
notifyAll
wait (three versions)

PART-B
1. What is inheritance? Explain different types of inheritance supported by java with an example
2. Explain Abstract classes and dynamic binding with an example program
3. What is meant by stream? What are types of stream and classes? Explain with program
4. Write about the properties of Java interface with an example code
5. Explain the InputStream, OutputStream class hierarchy with an example program.
6. Explain the Reader, Writer stream lass hierarchy with an example program
7. Discuss on the visibility of base class members in privately and publicly herited classes
8. What are abstract classes? Give an example (with the program) to illustrate the use of abstract
classes
9. Does Java support multiple inheritances? Justify your answer with a example
10. Explain multi threading in Java
 UNIT – III
PART – A
1.Java Database Connectivity:
Java Database Connectivity or in short JDBC is a technology that enables the java program to
manipulate data stored into the database.
JDBC is Java application programming interface that allows the Java programmers to access database
management system from Java code. It was developed by JavaSoft, a subsidiary of Sun Microsystems.
JDBC is consists of four Components: The JDBC API, JDBC Driver Manager, The JDBC Test Suite
and JDBC-ODBC Bridge.
JDBC is an API specification developed by Sun Microsystems that defines a uniform interface for
accessing various relational databases. JDBC is a core part of the Java platform and is included in the
standard JDK distribution.

2.JDBC Driver Manager:

The JDBC DriverManager class defines objects which can connect Java applications to a JDBC driver.
DriverManager has traditionally been the backbone of the JDBC architecture.
Its main purpose is to provide a means of managing the different types of JDBC database driver.
When opening a connection to a database it is the DriverManager' s role to choose the most appropriate
driver from the previously loaded drivers.
A Java program that uses the JDBC API loads the specified driver for a particular DBMS before it
actually connects to a database. The JDBC DriverManager class then sends all JDBC API calls to the
loaded driver.

3.Remote Method Invocation:

Remote Method Invocation (RMI) facilitates object function calls between Java Virtual Machines
(JVMs).
JVMs can be located on separate computers - yet one JVM can invoke methods belonging to an object
stored in another JVM. Methods can even pass objects that a foreign virtual machine has never
encountered before, allowing dynamic loading of new classes as required.
The first thing we need to do is to agree upon an interface, an interface is a description of the methods
we will allow remote clients to invoke. An interface is a method which contains abstract methods.

4.What is skeleton and stub? What is the purpose of those?

Stub is a client side representation of the server, which takes care of communicating with the remote server.
Skeleton is the server side representation. But that is no more in use… it is deprecated long before in JDK.

5.What are the components of HTTP URL?

The components are host, an optional port, path, filename, section and query string.

6.Define URL encoding.

URL encoding involves replacing all unsafe and nonprintable characters with a percent sign (%) followed by
two hexadecimal digits corresponding to the character's ASCII value.

7.Explain about URL Encoding.

HTTP specification requires that the URL data should be encoded in such a way that it can be used on almost
any hardware and software platforms. Information specified in this way is called URL encoded. If parameters
are passed as a part of query string or path information, they will take the form of ‘Name-Value’ pairs.
variablel=valuel&variable2=value2& so on for each variable defined in the form. The variables or name value
pairs are separated by '&'. Real ampersand is escaped –that is, encoded as a two-digit hexadecimal value
representing the character. Escaped characters are indicated in URL-encoded string by the percent (%) sign.
Blank spaces are replaced by '+' sign. Before the script can deal with the data it has to parse and decode it. The
script scans through the string looking for an ampersand. When it is found the string is broken from that point.
The variable's name is every thing up to the equal sign in the string and the value is every thing after the equal
sign. The script continues to parse the original string for the next ampersand, and so on until the original string
is exhausted. After the variables are separated, they are decoded as follows.
1. Replace all plus signs with blank spaces.
2. Replace all %## (Percent sign followed by two hexadecimal digits) with the corresponding ASCII
character. Separate the name-value pairs from the URL and store the values separately.
8.What are the responsibilities of stub?
A stub for a remote object is the client side proxy for the remote object. A client side stub is responsible for:
Initiating a call to the remote object
Marshaling arguments to a marshal stream
Informing the remote reference layer that the call should be invoked
Unmarshaling the return value or exception from a marshal stream

9.What is the role of skeleton in RMI?

A skeleton for a remote object is a server side entity that contains a method which dispatches calls to the actual
remote object implementation. The skeleton is responsible for
Unmarshaling arguments from the marshal stream.
Making the up-call to the actual remote object.
Marshalling the return value of the call to an exception onto the Marshall stream

10.List down the layers of RMI architecture.

Stubs/Skeletons
Remote reference layer
Transport layer

11.What is meant by loop back address?

A zone that enables the server to direct traffic to itself. The host number is almost always 127.0.0.1.

12.What are the issues of next generation IP?

The issues to be considered in IP next generation are
Addresses Space Growth
Support large Global networks
A clear way of transition from the existing IP to new IP next generation

13.What is the difference between TCP and UDP?

TCP: UDP:
Connection oriented transport protocol Connection less protocol
Sends data as a stream of bytes Datagram service
Guarantee of delivery No guarantee of delivery.

14.What does ICMP provide?

ICMP provides
Error messaging
Demand reply functions

15.Define IGMP.
It is Internet Group Management protocol. It provides
Broadcasting
Multicasting

16.Give the important terminologies in HTTP

Connection
A transport layer virtual circuit established between two application programs for the purpose of
communication.
Message
The basic unit of HTTP communication, consisting of a structured sequence of octets matching the syntax
defined in and transmitted via the connection.
Request
An HTTP request message.
Response
An HTTP response message.

17.Define the GET() and POST() method

GET()
The GET method means retrieve whatever information (in the form of an entity) is identified by the Request-
URI. If the Request-URI refers to a data-producing process, it is the produced data which shall be returned as
the entity in the response and not the source text of the process, unless that text happens to be the output of the
process.
POST()
The POST method is used to request that the destination server accept the entity enclosed in the request as a
new subordinate of the resource identified by the Request-URI in the RequestLine

18.What is the role of server?

The server
Manages application tasks
Handles storage
Handles security
Provides scalability
Handles accounting and distribution

19.What is API -Application Program Interface?

A set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software applications. A good API makes it easier to
develop a program by providing all the building blocks. A programmer puts the blocks together. Most
operating environments, such as MS- Windows, provide an API so that programmers can write applications
consistent with the operating environment. Although APIs are designed for programmers, they are ultimately
good for users because they guarantee that all programs using a common API will have similar interfaces. This
makes it easier for users to learn new programs.

20.Define socket
The socket is a software abstraction used to represent the terminals of a connection between two machines or
processes.

21.What are the basic operations of client sockets?

Connect to a remote machine
• Send data
• Receive data
• Close a connection

22.What are the basic operations of Server socket? Bind to a port

Listen for incoming data
Accept connections from remote machines on the bound port

23.List all the socket classes in java. Socket

ServerSocket
Datagram Socket
Multicast Socket
Secure sockets

24.What the Socket Object does?

Socket object is the java representation of a TCP connection when a socket is created; a connection is opened
to the specified destination.

25.What is meant by Server Socket?

ServerSocket represents a listening TCP connection. Once an incoming connection is requested, the
ServerSocket object will return a Socket object representing the connection.

26.What do you mean by DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket?

DatagramSocket represents a connectionless datagram socket. This class works with the DatagramPacket class
to provide for communication using the UDP protocol.

27.Write a note on Connect Exception.

This exception is raised when a connection is refused at the remote host. (ie, no process is listening on that
port).
28.What is a multicast socket?
Multicasting sends data from one host to many different hosts, which are in the multicast group.

29.What is multicast address and the range of address?

A multicast address is the address of a group of hosts called a multicast group. Multicast addresses are IP
addresses in the range 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

30.What are the different types of IP addresses?

Unicast address: It is used for transmitting a message to single destination node
Multicast address: It delivers a message to a group of destination nodes, which are necessarily in the same sub
network.
Broadcast address: It transmits a message to all nodes in a sub network.

31.What is meant by protocol handler?

Protocol handlers are used to retrieve the web objects using application specific protocols. The protocols are
specified in the URL referencing the object.

32.How are the protocol handlers implemented?

Four different classes in the java.net package implement the protocol handlers:
URL URLConnection
URLStreamHandler URLStreamHandlerFactory

33.What are the methods for parsing URLs?

parseURL(URL u, String spec, int start, int limit)- splits the URL into parts
setURL(URL u, Sring protocol, String host, int port, String file, String ref) –assigns values to the URL's
fields.

34.What do you mean by JDBC?

JDBC Part of the Java Development Kit which defines an application-programming interface for Java for
standard SQL access to databases from Java programs.

35.Define ODBC.
It is a standard for accessing different database systems. There are interfaces for Visual Basic, Visual C++,
SQL and the ODBC driver pack contains drivers for the Access, Paradox, dBase, Text, Excel and Btrieve
databases

36.What is the difference between node and host?

A node is any addressable device connected to a network whereas the host is a more specific descriptor that
refers to a networked general-purpose computer rather than a single purpose device (such as a printer).

37.What is the purpose of routers?

Router operates like electronic postal workers that evaluate and forward packets between networks.

38.Define protocol.
A protocol is a formal set of rules that must be followed in order to communicate.

39.Why are the protocols layered?

Layering protocols simplifies the task of communicating over the network and it allows for reuse of layers that
are not specific to a particular application.

40.Define port.
A port is a logical channel to an application running on a host. ie., The applications running on the host
machines are uniquely identified by port numbers.

41.What do you mean by well-known ports?

Port numbers can range from 1 to 65535; however ports 1 to 1023 are reserved. These reserved ports are
referred to as we1l-known ports because the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority publicly documents the
applications that use them.
42.What is meant by Name Resolution?
Name Resolution is the process of mapping a hostname to its corresponding IP Address. One way to translate a
hostname to an IP address is to look it up in a simple text file. The second way is the domain name service,
which is a distributed database containing all registered hostnames on the Internet and their IP addresses.

43.Define protocol tunneling.

Protocol tunneling is the process of encapsulating one protocol within another protocol that operates on the
same layer.

44.Define URI, URL, URN.

1. URI (Uniform Resource Identifier): It identifies an object on the Internet.
2. URL (Uniform Resource Locator): It is a specification for identifying an object such as a file, newsgroup,
CGI program or e-mail address by indicating the exact location on the internet.
3. URN (Uniform Resource Name): It is a method for referencing an object without declaring the full path to
the object.

PART-B
1. Explain the JDBC database access in detail
2. Implement a simple client-server program using RMI in java that displays a message
3. Explain in detail the creation,instantiation and usage of java beans objects
4. Explain the steps involed to create JDBC connectivity.list the advantages of JDBC.
5. Write a java program using JDBC connection
6. Explain in deatail about TCP sockets with a program
7. Explain in detail about UDP sockets with a program
8. Explain in detail about servlet database connectivity with an example of student database
9. Explain URL Rewriting and classes
Explain InetAddress class in detail
 UNIT – IV
PART – A
1.What is Servlets?
Servlets are Java technology's answer to CGI programming. They are programs that run on Web server
and build Web pages.
Java servlets are more efficient, easier to use, more powerful, more portable, and cheaper than
traditional CGI and than many alternative CGI-like technologies.
The Servlet API, contained in the Java package hierarchy javax.servlet, defines the expected
interactions of a Web container and a servlet.

2.What are Servlets?

A small program that runs on a server, the term usually refers to a Java applet that runs within a Web server
environment. This is analogous to a Java applet that runs within a Web browser environment. Java servlets are
becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to CGI programs. The biggest difference between the two is
that a Java applet is persistent. This means that once it is started, it stays in memory and can fulfill multiple
requests. In contrast, a CGI program disappears once it has fulfilled a request. The persistence of Java applets
makes them faster because there's no wasted time in setting up and tearing down the process.

3.What is AWT Package:

AWT stands for Abstract Window ToolKit.
It is a portable GUI library between Solaris and Windows 95/NT and Mac System 7.X(soon) for stand-
alone applications and/or applets.
It provides many classes for programmers to use. It is your connection between your application and
the native GUI.
The AWT hides you from the underlying details of the GUI your application will be running on and
thus is at very high level of abstraction.

4.What is Container ?
Containers:
Containers (Frames, Dialogs, Windows and Panels) can contain components and
are themselves components, thus can be added to Containers.
Containers usually handle events that occurred to the Components, although nothing
prevents you from handling events in the component.
The method of handling events in the Container (i.e. Frame) is preferred over the
latter, since we want to centralize event handling.

5.Define Component?
They are generally the stuff that the user interacts with
Components are Buttons, TextAreas, Scrollbars, etc. in other words the visible UI controls that the user
interacts with, all of which have been added to a Container.

6.What is Layout Manager:

How Components are "laid out" within a Container is described by the LayoutManager class.
Since the LayoutManager class is abstract, we can not use it directly. We must sub-class it and provide
our own functionality or use a derived class of LayoutManager (i.e. BorderLayout, CardLayout,
GridLayout, etc) already created for us.

7.What are the Types of Layout?

Types of Layout available are:
Flow Layout: It is the default layout manager for most components. It lays out horizontally
BorderLayout: Arranges up to five components in five positions: Center, East, West,North, and South.
GridLayout: Place components in a Row vs Column matrix. Components fill slots starting on top row,
left to right, then move to next row down.
GridBagLayout: The most powerful layout manager is the GridBagLayout shown below.
It is very useful when you have an elaborate interface with lots of components.
GridBagLayout places a component according to the settings in an instance of the helper class
GridBagConstraints.
Event Package:
The java.awt.event package defines classes and interfaces used for event handling in the AWT and
Swing. The members of this package fall into three categories:
Events
The classes with names ending in "Event" represent specific types of events, generated by the AWT or
by one of the AWT or Swing components.
Listeners
The interfaces in this package are all event listeners; their names end with "Listener".
These interfaces define the methods that must be implemented by any object that wants to be notified
when a particular event occurs.
Note that there is a Listener interface for each Event class.
Adapters
Each of the classes with a name ending in "Adapter" provides a no-op implementation for an event
listener interface that defines more than one method.
When you are interested in only a single method of an event listener interface, it is easier to subclass an
Adapter class than to implement all of the methods of the corresponding Listener interface.

8.What is Action Event:

An object of this class represents a high-level action event generated by an AWT component.
Instead of representing a direct user event, such as a mouse or keyboard event, ActionEvent represents
some sort of action performed by the user on an AWT component.
The getID() method returns the type of action that has occurred.

9.What is ActionListener:
This interface defines the method that an object must implement to listen for action events on AWT
components.
When an ActionEvent occurs, an AWT component notifies its registered ActionListener objects by
invoking their actionPerformed() methods.
The general type is public abstract interface ActionListener extends java.util.EventListener
{// Public Instance Methods public abstract void actionPerformed (ActionEvent e);}

10.What is Painting?
To understand how AWT's painting API works, helps to know what triggers a paint operation in a
windowing environment.
In AWT, there are two kinds of painting operations: system-triggered painting, and application
triggered painting.
System-triggered Painting
App-triggered Painting

11.Servlet containers
A Servlet container is a specialized web server that supports Servlet execution.
It combines the basic functionality of a web server with certain Java/Servlet specific optimizations and
extensions – such as an integrated Java runtime environment, and the ability to automatically translate
specific URLs into Servlet requests.

12.What are Applets?

A program designed to be executed from within another application. Unlike an application, applets cannot be
executed directly from the operating system. A well-designed applet can be invoked from many different
applications. Web browsers, who are often equipped with Java virtual machines, can interpret applets from
Web servers. Because applets are small in files size, cross-platform compatible, and highly secure (can’t be
used to access users' hard drives), they are ideal for small Internet applications accessible from a browser.

13.What do you mean by Server-side?

Occurring on the server side of a client-server system. For example, on the World Wide Web, CGI scripts are
server-side applications because they run on the Web server. In contrast, JavaScript scripts are client-side
because they are executed by your browser (the client). Java applets can be either server-side or client- side
depending on which computer (the server or the client) executes them.

14.Write a note on Environment variables.

In CGI, the server prepares the environment variables before it launches the CGI script. These represent the
current state of the server that is asking for the information. The environment variables are not set from the
command line but are created on the fly, and lasts only until that particular script is finished. Each script gets
its own unique set of variables and multiple scripts can be executed at once, each in its own environment.

15.Define JSP.
Java Server Pages (JSP) are simple technology used to generate dynamic HTML on the server side.

16.Define Directives.
Directives are JSP elements that provide global information about an entire JSP page

17.Write down the various attributes for the page directives in JSP.
The page directive defines information that will be globally available for that Java Server Page,
language
extends
import
session
buffer
contenttype

18.Define: Dynamic proxy.

A dynamic proxy is a class that implements a list of interfaces, which you specify at runtime when you create
the proxy. To create a proxy, use the static method java.lang.reflect.Proxy::newProxyInstance(). This method
takes three arguments:
The class loader to define the proxy class
An invocation handler to intercept and handle method calls
A list of interfaces that the proxy instance implements

19.What is a layout manager and what are different types of layout managers available in java AWT?
A layout manager is an object that is used to organize components in a container. The different layouts are
available are FlowLayout, BorderLayout, CardLayout, GridLayout and GridBagLayout.

20.How are the elements of different layouts organized?

FlowLayout: The elements of a FlowLayout are organized in a top to bottom, left to right fashion.
BorderLayout: The elements of a BorderLayout are organized at the borders (North, South, East and West) and
the center of a container.
CardLayout: The elements of a CardLayout are stacked, on top of the other, like a deck of cards. GridLayout:
The elements of a GridLayout are of equal size and are laid out using the square of a grid.
GridBagLayout: The elements of a GridBagLayout are organized according to a grid. However, the elements
are of different size and may occupy more than one row or column of the grid. In addition, the rows and
columns may have different sizes. The default Layout Manager of Panel and Panel sub classes is FlowLayout.

21.What is source and listener?

source : A source is an object that generates an event. This occurs when the internal state of that object
changes in some way.
listener : A listener is an object that is notified when an event occurs. It has two major requirements. First, it
must have been registered with one or more sources to receive notifications about specific types of events.
Second, it must implement methods to receive and process these notifications.
 PART-B
1. Explain Java Applets with an example
2. Explain life cycle of an Applet.
3. Write a program to display images using Applet
4. Write an Applet Program for passing values using parameters.
5. Explain in details about Event handling with an example
6. Explain the following in detail
a.Graphics and update method
b.primitives drawing function with sample input arugements
7. Explain in detail about the AWT and Layout Managers
8. Explain Servlet programming with an example
9. Explain HTTP Request and Respones in details
10. Explain cookies with an example
 UNIT – V
PART – A

1.Define XML.
XML is a meta-markup language that provides a format for describing structured data. This facilitates more
structured declarations of content and more meaningful search results across multiple platforms.

2.What is XML
XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language
XML is a markup language much like HTML
XML was designed to carry data, not to display data
XML tags are not predefined. We must define our own
tags XML is designed to be self-descriptive
XML is a W3C Recommendation.

3.What is Web directory

A web directory or link directory is a directory on the World Wide Web.
It specializes in linking to other web sites and categorizing those links.
A web directory is not a search engine, and does not display lists of web pages based on keywords, instead
it lists web sites by category and subcategory.
The categorization is usually based on the whole web site, rather than one page or a set of keywords, and
sites are often limited to inclusion in only one or two categories.
Web directories often allow site owners to directly submit their site for inclusion, and have editors review
submissions for fitness.

4.What is Search Engine

A Web search engine is a search engine designed to search for information on the World Wide Web.
Information may consist of web pages, images and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data
available in newsgroups, databases, or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by
human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input.

5.Define DTD.
A DTD is a set of rules that specifies how to use XML markup. It contains specifications for each element,
including what the element's attributes are, what values the attributes can take on and what elements can be
contained in others.

6.What are the XML rules for distinguishing between the content of a document and the XML markup
element?
1.The start of XML markup elements is identified by either the less than symbol (<) or the ampersand
(&) character
2.Three other characters, the greater than symbol (>), the apostrophe or single quote (‘) and the double
quotation marks (“) are used by XML for markup.
3.To use these special characters as content within your document, you must use the corresponding
general XML entity.
7.What is global.asa file?
The global.asa file is a Active Server Application file you can track and manage the application and session
events, variables and objects. When you start the application the server will load the global.asa file into
memory.

8.Define response object and list its methods.

The response object transmits information from the web server to browser. Methods are:
1.Write
2.BinaryWrite
3.Redirect
4.AppendToLog
5.AddHeader
6.Clear
7.Flush
9.How XML differ From HTML?
HTML XML
HTML only displays and focuses on how data Describes and focuses on the data
looks
HTML is all about displaying information XML all about information
HTML is not extensible XML is extensible
HTML tags are predefined user must not XML tags are not predefined user must invent
invent his tags his tags
HTML tags are not case sensitive XML tags are case sensitive

10.How to represent the XML Document?

In any markup language, the first element to appear is called the "root element", which defines what kind of
document the file will be. In an HTML file, the <html> tag is the root element. An HTML file will always
have the HTML element as the root element, while in an XML file, it can be anything. Eg:

<phonebook>
<number>
</number>
<name>
</name>
</phonebook>

11.What is PCDATA in XML?

Parsed Character Data (PCDATA) is a term used about text data that will be parsed by the XML parser. XML
parsers normally parse all the text in an XML document. When an XML element is parsed, the text between
the XML tags is also parsed:
<message>This text is also parsed</message>
12.Mention any 3 XML Parsers
SAX (Simple API for XML) Parser
DOM (Document Object Model) Parser and
XSLT (XML Style Sheet) Parsers.

13.What is the purpose of the XML DTD

The purpose of a DTD is to define the structure of an XML document. It defines the structure with a list of
legal elements:
<!DOCTYPE note [ <!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body(#PCDATA)> ]>

14.What is XML Prolog

XML file always starts with a Prolog. The minimal prolog contains a declaration that identifies the document
as an XML document, like this:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
The declaration may also contain additional information, like this:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" standalone="yes"?>

15.What is XSL Programming?

XSL (XML Stylesheet) Programming is the Next Generation of the CSS (Cascading Style Sheet
Programming). In CSS, users can use certain style tags which the browsers can understand and are predefined
by W3 consortium. XSL takes ths to one step ahead and users can define any tags in the XML file. XML
sheets can help in showing the same data in different formats. <?xml-stylesheet href="doc.xsl"
type="text/xsl"?>

16.What is XSLT?
XSLT stands for XSL Transformations
XSLT is the most important part of XSL
 XSLT transforms an XML document into another XML
document XSLT uses XPath to navigate in XML documents
XSLT is a W3C Recommendation

17.What are Web Services?

Web services are application components
Web services communicate using open protocols
Web services are self-contained and self-describing
Web services can be discovered using UDDI
Web services can be used by other applications
XML is the basis for Web services

18.What are web services platform elements?

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration)
WSDL (Web Services Description Language)

19.What is SOAP?
SOAP is an XML-based protocol to let applications exchange information over
HTTP. SOAP is language independent
SOAP is based on XML
SOAP is simple and extensible

20.What is WSDL?
WSDL is an XML-based language for locating and describing Web services.
WSDL stands for Web Services Description
Language WSDL is based on XML
WSDL is used to describe Web services

21.Create a simple Web Service that converts the temperature from Fahrenheit to
Celsius, and vice versa:
<%@ WebService Language="VBScript" Class="TempConvert" %>
Imports System
Imports System.Web.Services
Public Class TempConvert :Inherits WebService <WebMethod()>
Public Function FahrenheitToCelsius (ByVal Fahrenheit As String) As String
dim fahr fahr=trim(replace(Fahrenheit,",",".")) if fahr="" or IsNumeric(fahr)=false then return "Error"
return ((((fahr) - 32) / 9) * 5) end function <WebMethod()> Public Function CelsiusToFahrenheit (ByVal
Celsius As String) As String dim cel cel=trim(replace(Celsius,",",".")) if cel="" or IsNumeric(cel)=false
then return "Error" return ((((cel) * 9) / 5) + 32) end function end class

22.Define the XML Scheme

The purpose of an XML Schema is to define the legal building blocks of an XMLdocument, just like a DTD.
Here are some reasons:
XML Schemas are extensible to future additions
XML Schemas are richer and more powerful than
DTDs XML Schemas are written in XML

23.What is a Simple Element in XML?

A simple element is an XML element that can contain only text. It cannot contain anyother elements or
attributes
The syntax for defining a simple element is:
<xs:element name="xxx" type="yyy"/>

24.Write the Syntax Rules SOAP

A SOAP message MUST be encoded using XML
 A SOAP message MUST use the SOAP Envelope namespace A
SOAP message MUST use the SOAP Encoding namespace A
SOAP message must NOT contain a DTD reference
A SOAP message must NOT contain XML Processing Instructions

PART – B

25.How to transform XML documents to other forms

JAXP -The SAX API -The DOM API -XML Namespaces -Transforming a DOM Tree toan XML Document -
Transforming an XML Document to an HTML -Document -XSLProgramming-XSL COMPONENT VIEW-
XSLT Input Document View

26.Explain the main role of XPath in selecting the XML Data

WHAT IS XPATH-XPath Path Expressions-XPath Standard Functions-XPath is Used inXSLT-XPATH is a
W3C Recommendation-XPath Nodes-Selecting Nodes-XPath Axes-XPathAxes-Location Path Expression-
Loading the XML Document

27.How the template based Transformation achieved with the help of XSLT
XSL Languages-What is XSLT-XSLT Uses XPath-XSLT – Transformation-Correct StyleSheet Declaration-
Create an XSL Style Sheet-Link the XSL Style Sheet to the XML DocumentXSLT Functions

28.How to write the web service and java web service client
JAX RPC technology manages communication between a web service and client. –These are the basic steps for
creating the web service and client-A service endpoint interface must conform to a few rules-Building the
Service -The compile-service Task -The generate-WSDL Task -Packaging and Deploying the Service -
Specifying the Endpoint Address -Deploying the Service

29.How to describe the Web services

Defining Services
Port Types and Operations
Binding It All Together

30.How to represent data types in XML Schema

Built-in datatypes
XML schema
User defined simple types
User defined complex types

31.Explain SOAP technology for providing the communication between the data object.
What is SOAP-SOAP Syntax-Syntax Rules-Skeleton SOAP Message-SOAP Envelope Element-The
encodingStyle Attribute-SOAP Header Element-SOAP Body Element-SOAP Fault Element-SOAP Fault
Codes-SOAP HTTP Binding-Soap HTTP Binding-A SOAP request-The SOAP response

PART-B
1. Give an XML program for storing book details
2. Explain in detail about Form Navigation with an example
3. Explain in detail to display XML data on browser
4. Explain in detail about various XSL tags with an example
5.Explain briefly XSLT with a program
6. Explain in detail about the web service with a clear illustration
7.Write a client program to access a web service
8.Explain the following in detail
a. UDDI
b. WSDL
9.Explain Java Web Services with an example
10.Discuss about web resources