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Chapter 6—Animal Structure and Function
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. List the following in hierarchical order from least to most complex.

a. cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
b. tissues, organisms, organs, organ systems
c. organs, organ systems, organisms, cells
d. cells, organs, tissues, organ systems
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Knowledge
OBJ: Describe the different levels of organization in animals.
TOP: 6.2 Animals Are Organized into Organ Systems, Organs, and Tissues
KEY: Biological hierarchy
2. Tissues are to __________ as organs are to organ systems.

a. cells
b. organs
c. organisms
d. all of these
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Comprehension
KEY: Biological hierarchy
3. Organ systems typically have just one major function.

a. True, all organ systems are interdependent.
b. True, each organ system can function independently.
c. False, many organ systems have multiple functions.
d. False, each organ system can function independently.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Comprehension
KEY: Organ systems; Organ function
4. Which of the following organ systems is involved with sensory communication and
integration of all organ systems?
a. nervous system
b. endocrine system
c. lymphatic system
d. respiratory system
5. Bones, joints, and muscles form part of which organ system(s)?
a. skeletal
b. muscular
c. integumentary
d. both skeletal and muscular
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Comprehension
6. In moving a molecule of oxygen from the air to a muscle cell, which organ system(s) is(are)
involved?
a. respiratory
b. circulatory
c. nervous
d. all of these
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Comprehension
7. Which of the following is not one of the four tissue types found in animals?
a. epithelial
b. nervous
c. lymphatic
d. connective
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Knowledge
KEY: Tissues
8. Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue?

a. bone
b. muscle
c. blood
d. cartilage
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Comprehension
KEY: Tissues
9. The inner lining of many tube-like structures within the body, including blood vessels and
ducts, are composed of what type of tissue?
a. epithelial
b. connective
c. nervous
d. muscle
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Comprehension
KEY: Tissues
10. Many structures and organs in the body are lined by epithelial tissue, and this layer of tissue
can vary in thickness from a single layer of cells to multiple layers of cells. Based on function,
which of the following do you think will have the most cell layers?
a. skin
b. lungs
c. blood vessels
d. both lungs and blood vessels
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Analysis
KEY: Tissues
11. When you eat a large meal, your stomach can expand slightly to accommodate the food. This
elasticity is due to what type of tissue?
a. muscle
b. epithelial
c. nervous
d. connective
KEY: Tissues
12. The three major components of a cell are the nucleus, cytoplasm, and __________.
a. plasma membrane
b. phospholipids
c. epithelium
d. receptor proteins
OBJ: Describe how the different parts of the eukaryotic cell work together to perform their
specialized functions.
TOP: 6.3 Cells Are the Structural and Functional Units of the Animal Body
KEY: Cells
13. All of the following are true about the plasma membrane EXCEPT:
a. It forms the outer boundary of the cell.
b. It contains genetic material.
c. It is selectively permeable.
d. It is composed of phospholipids.
KEY: Cell function
14. Different types of proteins are found on the surface or embedded in the plasma membrane of a
cell. Which of the following is a function of these proteins?
a. to transport substances
b. to receive signals from the nervous system
c. to allow for recognition among cells
d. all of these
KEY: Cell function
15. The shape of a particular cell is often determined by its __________.

a. cytoskeleton
b. plasma membrane
c. cytoplasm
d. nucleus
KEY: Cell function
16. Sperm cells swim actively using their flagellum. To support this activity, these cells have high
numbers of __________.
a. mitochondria
b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. muscles
d. ribosomes
KEY: Cell function
17. The structure/shape of the plasma membrane is determined by __________.

a. phospholipids
b. phospholipids and cholesterol
c. the cytoskeleton
d. proteins embedded in the bilayer
KEY: Cell function
18. A cell biologist is studying how toxins damage cells and prevent the transfer of signals from
outside to inside the cell. Which cell component is he studying?
a. plasma membrane
b. cytoplasm
c. ribosomes
d. mitochondria
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Synthesis
KEY: Cell function
A cat that is nursing her young produces milk that is excreted from cells in her mammary
glands. Milk proteins are transported out of cells and into ducts leading to the nipple.
19. The transport of milk proteins from where they are made to outside the cell is brought about
by what system?
a. endomembrane
b. cytoskeleton
c. nuclei
d. lysosome
KEY: Cell function
20. Milk is a type of protein, so cells that secrete milk likely have lots of which organelle?
a. ribosomes
b. nuclei
c. cytoskeleton
d. cytoplasm
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Synthesis
KEY: Cell function
21. Milk is a type of protein, and within mammalian cells, these proteins are transported in
spherical organelles called __________.
a. vesicles
b. Golgi complexes
c. lysosomes
d. mitochondria
KEY: Cell function
22. Milk is a type of protein; thus, the building blocks for this macromolecule are __________.
a. glucose molecules
b. amino acids
c. hydrogen bonds
d. lipids
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Knowledge
OBJ: When given a cell structure, describe the types of macromolecules involved in its structure and
functioning. TOP: 6.4 Macromolecules Build Body Structures and Drive Life Processes
KEY: Macromolecular structure and function
23. Milk proteins are packaged into vesicles and transported out of cells. Which of the following
is true about this type of transport?
a. This is an example of diffusion.
b. It is a type of active transport.
c. It is a type of passive transport.
d. All of these are true.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Analysis
KEY: Transport across membranes
24. As the cat’s offspring continue to suckle, this stimulates the production of more milk from the
mammary glands. This is an example of __________.
a. positive feedback
b. negative feedback
c. homeostasis
d. both negative feedback and homeostasis
OBJ: Describe how the trillions of cells in the animal body work together, communicate, and
coordinate their activities.
TOP: 6.5 Body Structures Work Together to Respond to Change
KEY: Responses to change
25. All cells in an individual organism contain the exact same DNA, but they can perform
different functions.
a. False, different cells have different functions and thus different genes.
b. True, each cell only activates specific portions of its DNA.
c. False, cells divide repeatedly and DNA changes occur during this time.
d. True, all cells are inherited from a single parent.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Application
KEY: Cell function
26. Which of the following organelles contain DNA?

a. mitochondria and nucleus
b. mitochondria and ribosomes
c. ribosomes and nucleus
d. ribosomes and lysosomes
KEY: Cell function
27. Which of the following is incorrectly paired?

a. nucleus—coordinates cell function
b. lysosomes—digest wastes
c. mitochondria—produce proteins
d. cytoskeleton—provides cell structure/shape
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Application
KEY: Cell function
28. Proteins that speed up chemical reactions that occur naturally in the body are called
__________.
a. enzymes
b. antibodies
c. toxins
d. hormones
29. All of the following are composed primarily of proteins EXCEPT

a. enzymes.
b. cytoskeleton.
c. antibodies.
d. DNA.
30. All of the following are examples of carbohydrates EXCEPT

a. glycogen.
b. chitin.
c. glucose.
d. chromatin.
31. Which of the following correctly lists the structures in order from smallest to largest?
a. nucleotide, DNA, chromatin, genome
b. genome, chromatin, nucleotide, DNA
c. DNA, nucleotide, genome, chromatin
d. chromatin, genome, DNA, nucleotide
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Application
Eric noticed that the soil around his African violet was very dry and the plant was starting to
wilt. He added water to the soil, and within a few hours, the plant was less droopy.
32. The movement of water from the soil through the different plant cells is what type of
transport?
a. active
b. passive
c. facilitated diffusion
d. fluid
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Application
33. The movement of water from the soil through the different plant cells in the African violet is a
type of __________ transport called __________.
a. active; diffusion
b. passive; diffusion
c. active; osmosis
d. passive; osmosis
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Application
34. Placing a blood cell into a glass of pure water causes the cell to burst. Why does this happen?
a. There is a net movement of water, via osmosis, into the cell.
b. All the water moves via osmosis out of the cell.
c. Net transport of water via active transport occurs.
d. Organelles cannot survive and function in pure water.
35. The main systems associated with communication with the body are the _______________
systems.
a. nervous and endocrine
b. nervous and circulatory
c. immune and endocrine
d. endocrine and circulatory
36. A steady state means that there is no variation in the functioning of a system.
a. True, all systems must maintain homeostasis.
b. False, there are a range of variables over which a system functions.
c. True, there is a single optimal conditioning for body functions.
d. False, most systems do not maintain homeostasis but rely on hormones.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Analysis
37. After eating a meal, food particles are broken down into simple sugars, which enter the
bloodstream. An increase in blood sugar levels leads to the release of insulin from the
pancreas, and insulin in turn stimulates cells to take up glucose so that blood sugar levels
decrease. This is an example of __________.
a. negative feedback
b. positive feedback
c. homeostasis
d. both negative feedback and homeostasis
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Application
Cystic fibrosis is a disease caused by a defective gene on chromosome #7 in humans. This

gene codes for a transport molecule (CFTR = cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor) that is
found in the cell membrane of cells and is involved with movement of water and chloride ions
across the plasma membrane. These transporters are typically found in tissues lining ducts,
including the breathing passages of the lungs and the organs that are involved with food
digestion and absorption.
38. CFTR is likely made of what type of macromolecule?

a. protein
b. nucleotide
c. lipid
d. carbohydrate
39. CFTR is a macromolecule that is composed of which of the following?

a. amino acids
b. nucleic acids
c. glucose
d. triglycerides
40. The type of tissue lining ducts and breathing passageways of the lungs is __________.
a. epithelial
b. muscle
c. nervous
d. connective
KEY: Tissues
41. This defect means that there is a problem at the level of __________.
a. nucleotides
b. amino acids
c. triglycerides
d. glucose molecules
42. People with cystic fibrosis often suffer from a lack of oxygen. Oxygen is required by what cell
organelle?
a. mitochondrion
b. nucleus
c. ribosome
d. cytoskeleton
KEY: Cell function
43. People with cystic fibrosis often suffer from a lack of oxygen. What symptom is a direct result
of a lack of oxygen?
a. lack of energy
b. hyperactivity
c. nervous disorders
d. kidney malfunction
KEY: Cell function
44. In cells with a normally functioning CFTR molecule, this molecule moves chloride ions (with
a negative charge) out of the cell to the covering mucus on the outside. Positively charged
sodium ions then follow these chloride ions out of the cell to maintain electrical balance. This
increases the total electrolyte concentration in the mucus, resulting in the movement of water
out of the cell, and this water helps provide a fluid environment. People that have a defective
gene (and thus a nonfunctioning CFTR molecule) produce abnormally thick and sticky mucus
that builds up in the ducts and passageways. The buildup of this sticky mucus results in life-
threatening lung infections and serious digestive problems.
Many charged particles such as ions cannot pass directly across the plasma membrane.
Thus, passive transport of the chloride and sodium ions occurs via what process?
a. facilitated diffusion
b. active transport
c. bulk transport
d. osmosis
MATCHING
Match each of the following structures with the appropriate description. Select the best answer
using each choice only once.
a. cytoplasm e. Golgi complex

b. plasma membrane f. vesicles
c. nucleus g. ribosomes
d. mitochondria h. lysosome
1. the power generators of the cell
2. complex mixture of water and dissolved substances
3. functions to process substances for secretion out of the cell
4. contains powerful enzymes capable of digesting the entire cell
5. regulates movement of molecules in and out of the cell
6. transport substances within the cell
7. make proteins
8. control center of the cell
1. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Knowledge

KEY: Cell structure and function NOT: Figure 6.10
2. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Knowledge
3. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Knowledge
4. ANS: H PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Knowledge
5. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Knowledge
6. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Knowledge
7. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Knowledge
8. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Knowledge
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the cottage-born boy of Llanystumdwy, the promising son of Morvin
House, was a prime favourite with the girls of Criccieth—and with
one girl in particular who lived just outside Criccieth.
For about a mile inland from the sea, on a hundred-acre farm
called Mynydd Ednyfed, there lived a farming family of old lineage
and high standing possessing the proud, historic Welsh name of
Owen. They claimed descent from Owen Glyndwr, and they faced life
with that simple Homeric pride which lends dignity to worthy living.
The yeomen farmers of Wales, like the “statesmen” of the
Cumberland Dales, inherit the pride of landed men; and the Owens
were no exception to this rule.
The Owens of Ednyfed had a daughter—Maggie by name—whom
they loved passing well. She was the apple of her father’s eye; and
no man who sought her hand was likely to have an easy time. That,
of course, was likely to make Maggie not less, but more desirable to
David Lloyd George.
Maggie went to chapel at Criccieth, and the young people met in
that simple but thrilling way—when the heart is at its best and
highest—as they went to and from their little chapels. They did not
worship together; for the Owens were Methodists. But love has leapt
higher barriers than that between Baptists and Methodists.
Then there came those entries in the diaries—innocent, human
entries—how David took Maggie home from meetings—how, later
on, he began to go to the farm and talk. Little is said; but we see
the old, old story developing along its ancient trodden paths. The
son of the land is going back to the land for his wooing.
Then came those stones in the path without which the truth of
love never was and never shall be proved. It was after 1885 that the
young man began to go frequently to the farmhouse—solely, of
course, to obtain sound political advice and counsel from a very wise
young lady. Fathers have strange illusions, and at first Mr. Owen
thought that David came to talk to him. Many fathers have often
thought the same.
But the day came to Mr. Owen, as it comes to all parents, when
the veil was torn asunder. It became only too obvious that this
young man did not toil out so often to Ednyfed solely in order to
enjoy the society of Mr. Owen—or even of Mrs. Owen.
Then Mr. Owen became less friendly. It is not Polonius only who
thought himself wiser than youth; and in this case Mr. Owen brought
Mrs. Owen over to his side.
Ah! If this young David could look forward to the secure tenancy
of a good solid farmhouse and a rich, broad-acred farm, how
different it would be! But there he was, a struggling limb of the law,
scarcely emerged from articles, given to outrageous public forays,
still under his uncle’s roof! Farmers rarely love lawyers.
Happily the Owen parents had friends and relations, who took a
sounder and longer view. Maggie had one of those friendly aunts
who are the best counsellors of our youth. That good lady now
urged Maggie to stick to the young man. “Mark you,” she would say,
“that young man has a great future. Don’t give him up.” Maggie was
perhaps like any other young girl, at first a little divided and
disturbed—distracted between the calls of love and filial duty. But in
the end she did the sound, straight thing—she stuck to her man and
won.
Once the victory was established, and bold heart had won fair
lady, then the parental entrenchments surrendered. The white flag
became the flag of loyalty; and Mr. and Mrs. Owen, once won over,
became the devoted friends and worshippers of their son-in-law up
to the close of their lives. I saw something of them in their home at
a later time; and among all those humble folk who have helped
David Lloyd George to achieve, those two wise elders, Mr. and Mrs.
Owen, held no mean or unworthy place.
The years flew swiftly, and by 1888 it became clear that Maggie’s
aunt was the true prophetess, and that the young Criccieth solicitor
was a coming man. The rumour of him was spreading through the
county like the roar of a “spate” from the hills of Snowdon. What
was more important, he was earning an income. Not even the thrifty,
careful farmer of Ednyfed could doubt any longer.
So with the opening of that year it was decided that the marriage
should take place.
On January 24th, 1888, just after the twenty-fifth birthday of the
young bridegroom,[24] David Lloyd George and Maggie Owen were
married. The wedding took place in a romantic spot, in the little
chapel of Pencaenewydd, an inland Carnarvonshire village, a few
miles from Chwilog. Uncle Lloyd took David over by train on that
fateful morning to Chwilog; there they breakfasted, and walked over
to Pencaenewydd. Uncle Lloyd and the Rev. John Owen performed
the simple ceremony; and there were present only relations and a
few friends. But it was recorded in the Carnarvon Herald that flags
were to be seen everywhere in Criccieth, and in the evening, after
the young couple had left for London, the people defied the drizzling
rain with a bonfire and fireworks. Already the people knew their
friend.
Twenty-nine years later (1917) a daughter of these simple

spousals was married with the same simplicity in a little Baptist
chapel in London. Only the welling, pressing crowd outside the
chapel showed that the man who stood by the pulpit giving away his
daughter was Prime Minister of England. One wedding was as simple
as the other.
When they returned to Criccieth from their brief honeymoon, Mr.

and Mrs. Lloyd George settled down at first at Mynydd Ednyfed, in
the farmhouse of the Owens, and there they spent a few happy
years under her parents’ roof. There the elder children were born.
It was soon clear that the marriage was not going to bring any
abatement of courageous action on the part of the young husband.
Mrs. Lloyd George was not the sort of wife who encourages her
husband to uxorious ease. She was, and always has been, on the
side of daring. She faces danger with a simplicity which is disarming.
One night, for instance, there was to be held at Criccieth a
meeting of the kind known as “Church Defence”; a species of
gathering not free from offence to the people of Wales. David was
suffering from a mild attack of tonsillitis. There seemed every reason
why he should not go to the meeting.
But the people of Carnarvonshire had had to stand a good deal
of this sort of thing; and David’s blood was up. He wanted to go.
Would his young wife mind? She? “Why not go?” she said.
So he went off, closely muffled up by a wife who was tender as
well as brave.
He stepped into the meeting with one definite object. It was his
deliberate intention to stop a practice that was growing into a
scandal. It had become a habit in these gatherings to fend off the
eager questionings of militant Nonconformity by disingenuous
postponement. It is a method well known to the tricksters of public
life. “Questions? Oh! yes, as many as you like! Only it is more
convenient to answer them at the close of the meeting!” Then at the
close—“So sorry! But our friend here has to catch a train—his
invaluable time—” We all know this sort of thing.
But at the opening of this particular meeting—an important
meeting, to be addressed by a very special Church advocate—there
arose the young David Lloyd George, muffled but insistent. Yes, he
wanted to ask some questions. No, he would rather ask them now.
In fact, he intended to ask them now. So he stood, pale to the lips,
but unyielding.
The audience, taking courage, began to clap and cheer. “To the
platform!” shouted some one. So David quite deliberately stepped up
to the platform, mounted it, and began to address the meeting.
In vain did the righteous rage. The chairman ordered David
down. He held his ground. Nay, he began to address the people,
simply, incisively, thrillingly. The chairman was forgotten. David had
become the speaker of the hour.
Then a curious thing happened. Warming to the task, David
began to take off his mufflers. He unwound them and cast them
aside. His hoarse voice became clear and ringing. The sick throat
was forgotten.
He captured the meeting. The platform was silenced. It was he
who made the speech of the evening; and at the end the
enthusiastic Free Churchmen in the audience took up the young man
and carried him from the hall on their shoulders.
No, certainly, marriage had not pinioned the wings of this young
stormy petrel.
[21]
Sartor Resartus, Book II., chapter ix.
[22]
In countries like Japan all fishing is free; and public fishing,
of course, can be “preserved” as easily as private.
[23]
The lower Nantlle lake.
[24]
He was born on January 17th, 1863.
CHAPTER VI
ENTERS PARLIAMENT
“The day of the cottage-bred man has at last dawned.”—Lloyd

George.
Now (1888) happily married and well started on his legal career, Mr.
Lloyd George was able to return to his larger ambition of sitting in
Parliament. From this time forward he definitely aspired to sit at
Westminister as the representative of his own native constituency,
the Carnarvon Boroughs. The achievement was not to be easy.
There were many lions in the path.
During the last few years, indeed, he had immensely increased
his reputation. He had travelled through many parts of Wales and
visited many courts, fighting the cause of the “under-dog.” The
tenants of Wales, harried and evicted after 1868 and 1880, had
begun to hold up their heads again. They felt that they had a new
champion on their side.
But the old habit of sending to Westminster only the powerful
and wealthy was not yet dead. Feudalism always dies slowly. It was
a very sudden change indeed to pass from the squire and the
manufacturer to the cottage-bred lad of Llanystumdwy.
David Lloyd George, indeed, neglected no opportunities. Besides
being a lawyer and a public speaker, he was now an active
journalist. Working with that fine spirit, Mr. D. R. Daniel—then one of
the noblest sons of the Young Welsh movement—David Lloyd
George founded at Pwllheli in 1888 a paper called The Trumpet of
Freedom—a name which certainly did not lack sound and vigour.
Then, a few months after his marriage, with the consent and
support of his fearless wife, he allowed his name first to be put
forward as possible Liberal candidate for the Carnarvon Boroughs.
Then followed one of those personal struggles which test and try
a man.
It is right that all claim to rise above our fellows should be
narrowly scrutinised. There is even in jealousy some element of that
instinct for equality which gives dignity to the meanest man. Here is
a factor that takes multitudinous forms, varying from fair judgment
to sheer malice. The strongest man will wince under the scorpions of
spite; but he will accept the verdict of a fair jury of his peers. It was
to such a jury that young David Lloyd George now fearlessly
appealed.
Certainly it was scarcely to be expected that his claims to the
seat should pass unchallenged. He was still (1888) only twenty-five
years old. He was appealing to his own countryside; and a prophet is
recorded to have authority anywhere but there. There was the
inevitable question of envious neighbors—“Is not this the
bootmaker’s boy?” There was the man who had known “David” with
the curls down his back—who had kept a record of his youthful
pranks. Then there was “the County”—that fine essence of
squiredom which had always regarded “the seat” as one of its own
possessions. Above all, there were the little borough circles—the
elders in the chapels, the grey-beards in the seats of the saints.
There were some such seniors who shook their heads gravely at
such madness. The boy must bide his time. Who was he to rule over
them? For when David, the shepherd’s youngest son, came up to
face the Philistine champion, it was not only the Philistine enemy,
but also his own elder brothers who scoffed and doubted.
Against all these doubts and envies only one thing could prevail.
It was the new wave of Nationalism which was sweeping over the
younger generation throughout Wales, and especially North Wales.
Wales was tired of those respectable professional members who
were so easily captured by the political machines at Westminster.
They wanted some one endowed with the courage to revolt; and
already they had a perception that David Lloyd George was such a
man. He had shown this in his defence of the fishermen of Nantlle,
and in his championship of that poor old quarryman of Llanfrothen.
In both cases he had defied authority; and in both cases he had
won. He had been the first to break the tradition of fear which
brooded over the Welsh people.
He had already roused a new spirit of hope in the younger
generation: and they were determined that he should carry their
banner forward.
At first his candidature progressed very slowly. It was true that
the constituency had fared badly of recent years. In 1886, when
Tom Ellis was sweeping all before him in Merionethshire, the
Carnarvon Boroughs had put forward an old-fashioned Liberal who
had lost the seat to an able Tory.
At this time it was still in the possession of that Tory member—
Mr. Swetenham, Q.C. Humdrum Liberalism, as David Lloyd George
had already prophesied, had not proved a winning card in the
Boroughs. But such an experience does not always remove
prejudice. There were those who argued that a Q.C. could only be
defeated by another Q.C.—or say, a professor; or perhaps, even
better, a millionaire, if he could be obtained. We all know these
dreams that haunt the minds of local committee-men in difficult and
doubtful constituencies.
The first step towards achievement was taken in the spring of
1888 when he was adopted as candidate by the Liberals in the
Borough of Carnarvon.[25] But for some months the other four
Boroughs held aloof, and it was not until later in the year that he
was selected as candidate by the Liberals of Nevin, Pwllheli, and
Criccieth. For several months longer there was a hesitation among
the respectabilities of that eminent cathedral city of Bangor, where
even Liberalism has a tinge of blue. But on December 20th Bangor
surrendered, and he was chosen as Liberal candidate for the whole
constituency.
It is clear from the letters and diaries of the time that these
months marked a period of great stress in his life. When he was
selected at Bangor he wrote to his family one of those passionate
youthful assertions of “will to win” characteristic of power in the bud:
“Despite all the machinations of my enemies, I will
succeed. I am now sailing before the wind, and they against
it.”
It is clear from these sentences that there was keen personal

opposition to his candidature. It was a moment in Welsh Liberalism
of fierce tidal struggle between the old and the new forces. The old
forces died hard. That type of Liberalism, still not rare in England,
which aims at cashing its seat in Parliament for money favours or
local privileges, was by no means yet dead in Wales. The strong
wind of that great national spirit which has since swept through the
Principality had not yet risen to hurricane force. There were many
elements of fear and self-interest which viewed with horror the
challenge to powers in high places which David Lloyd George set
before Wales as the only sure road to liberty. These men found his
doctrine too hard for them. Mr. Doubting and Mr. Feeble-mind hoped
still to serve two masters and to get the best of two worlds. It yet
required a great struggle before David Lloyd George could convince
them that his was a sign in which they could conquer. These great
victories are not achieved easily; it is only through great storm and
stress that nations attain to freedom of soul.
But a great event in this progress was destined to take place the
following year—1889. It was a singular curiosity of this period of
reaction in British home affairs that there had crept into the Unionist
Government a man of large and progressive views. Mr. C. T.
Ritchie[26] had emerged from the British middle class to take his seat
among the mighty of this land. He had not lost sight of his own
people in the process. Mr. Ritchie was a bluff man, rugged of speech
and ungainly of appearance. He seemed like a fly in amber in the
midst of a Tory Government. But he happened to be very popular
with Queen Victoria, and he was a power in the City of London. It
has always been in England a part of the compromise of the great
aristocrats who dominate the Tory Party that they should promote to
high office a few shining lights of the middle class. In an earlier time
they had to promote Sir Robert Peel—at a great price to their cause.
Now they had to admit Mr. Ritchie; and the penalty was almost as
great. For in 1888, by creating the County Councils, he struck a blow
at the roots of county feudal government.
Young Lloyd George saw in a flash the tremendous opportunity
thus given to Wales. He knew by long experience that the power of
the squires was largely based upon their control of county
government in Quarter Sessions. He saw that they would endeavour
to prolong their power by capturing the new County Councils. He
determined to do his utmost to defeat them. He refused to stand for
election himself, although he was offered four seats. His own
ambition was larger. It was to capture the county. He moved about
from place to place speaking everywhere and trying to rouse the
whole of Carnarvonshire to the great chance now placed in their
hands. He succeeded. He carried the county. Everywhere the
candidates of progress were returned. “It is a revolution!” he cried.
“The day of the squire has now gone!”[27] So profound was the
conviction of the Welsh Liberals that he had won their battle for
them that he was immediately chosen as county Alderman along
with Mr. (now Sir) Arthur Acland, who, at that time, had a house in
Carnarvonshire.
“The boy Alderman,” as he was called, instantly threw himself
hotly into the new work of the Carnarvonshire County Council. He
became a conservator for those native rivers of his which he loved
so dearly, soon winning for them that freedom for which he had
always striven in other ways. He took an active part in every branch
of administration. But his main purpose was directed to using the
Welsh County Councils as a political stepping-stone towards the
great goal of Home Rule for Wales. He was a prime mover in
appointing a Committee to collect evidence for the Royal
Commission on the Sunday Closing Act in Wales. He pushed forward
the idea of an Association of County Councils for the whole of the
Principality. During those months of 1889 David Lloyd George
created a Home Rule weapon in Wales of which he was destined to
make a mighty use in one of the greatest struggles of his later years.
Perhaps he “builded better than he knew.” But it is a very striking
evidence of his early political instinct that he should have perceived
so soon the full possibilities of the Welsh County Councils.
The tide of events now began to sweep him rapidly towards a
larger political career. As recognised candidate for the Carnarvon
Boroughs he already began to play an important part on the larger
political stage. In October 1889 he had supported a Welsh
Disestablishment resolution at a meeting of the Welsh National
Council. In December he persuaded the National Liberal Federation
at Manchester to accept the policy of the Local Veto on the drink
traffic. On February 4th, 1890, he made at the South Wales Liberal
Federation a brilliant and arresting speech on Welsh Home Rule—a
speech which instantly marked him out as a coming figure in Welsh
politics. He argued with force and power that, as compared with
Ireland, the argument for Welsh Home Rule was stronger because
they lacked the specific difficulty of Ireland—the Ulster problem. The
speech made a deep mark. Already in his own country he stood for
unity and daring, while even in England rumours began to reach the
ears of Radical politicians that a new and fiery force was arising hard
by the rocks of Snowdon.
It was at this critical moment that Mr. Swetenham, the

Conservative member for the Carnarvon Boroughs, died; and
suddenly the young David Lloyd George was faced with a supreme
challenge. Probably, if he had been able to shape events himself, he
would have preferred to wait a few years before standing for
Parliament. But to some men the call of fate comes early and swiftly,
and cannot be denied.
Certainly David Lloyd George showed no sign of hesitating to
meet the call. On March 24th, 1890, he issued his Address—a brief,
terse, dignified statement of his political faith. It was not the
Address of an ordinary Liberal candidate. True, he gave his homage
to Mr. Gladstone and the cause of Irish Home Rule; but then he
passed on rapidly to a strong assertion of the claims of Wales—first
and foremost, for religious liberty and equality; then for sweeping
reforms in land and labour laws; last, but not least, for a liberal
extension to Wales of the principle of self-government. In other
words, Mr. Lloyd George stood for Parliament always before all
things as a Welsh Nationalist. In subsequent years, when he was to
be so often accused of disloyalty to the Liberal Party, that fact might
perhaps have been more often remembered.
The sudden death of the Tory member threw the Unionist
organisers into some confusion. At first they pushed forward a
Liberal Unionist; but Wales has no liking for the lukewarm in politics.
Finally, they selected the local squire, Mr. Ellis Hugh Nanney,[28] a
strong Tory, but a man of considerable local popularity with those
who admired him.
Here, then, was a thrilling contest—between the village boy and
the local squire; between the rebel of the village school and its
secular ruler; between the Robin Hood of the village woods and their
lord and owner.
It was a sharp, keen struggle, fought to all appearances on Irish
Home Rule; but the weapons of the fight were edged and pointed by
the new spirit of freedom that was blowing hard from the Welsh
hills. On Mr. Nanney’s side was the old order, with all its powers and
attractions, its graces and its condescensions; on the side of David
Lloyd George was the keen, breezy hope of the future, with all its
rough and rugged possibilities. In the end the veteran Liberals of
Wales rallied to the support of the young David. Both Mr. John Parry
and Mr. Thomas Gee—after a searching interrogation—came to his
help.
We may be sure that in the fierce atmosphere of that contest
there was little effort to spare the humble origins of the Liberal
candidate. It was characteristic of David Lloyd George that he met
these attacks, not with apology, but with bold defiance.
On March 28th, speaking at Carnarvon, he uttered this ringing
reply:
“The Tories have not yet realised that the day of the
cottage-bred man has at last dawned.”[29]
It is clear that that idea had taken hold of his mind with
mastering power.
We can recover a picture of that little by-election as the struggle
ebbed and flowed in the streets of those little Welsh townships, far
away there between the mountains and the sea. To the great world
it was a mere episode in Mr. Gladstone’s last great struggle.[30] It was
only dimly that the shrewd London special correspondents began to
perceive that something else was at stake also—something else for
Wales, something else for England also.
We see the slow-moving drama working to a crisis through that
far-away Easter-tide—the public still mainly absorbed in their holiday
pleasures—the meetings at first feebly attended, and then, as the
day of election draws near, more and more crowded—the squire-
candidate at first amiably confident and aloof, pleading ill-health,
then suddenly appearing constantly in public, feverishly canvassing,
plainly alarmed by the reports of his agents. All through we can see
the little “hamlet-lad” with the yellow rosette—boldly sporting his
colours—flitting from town to town, urging on his supporters,
speaking to the Welsh people in that sweet mellifluous, persuasive
tongue of theirs, so magical to those who know it.
“A dull election,” said the correspondents at first. The result
seemed to them doubtful. These Londoners expected the Welsh to
be very excitable; and they were surprised to find them so calm.
They forgot that deep waters run still.
Then they began to notice the Liberal candidate. One who heard
him speak in Welsh wrote to London: “I never heard any one speak
Welsh so charmingly as Mr. Lloyd George. It was the first time I had
heard him; and though I could not understand a word of it, it is
exceedingly pleasant to listen to him.”[31] Truly, a remarkable victory
for the power of sound!
Then, as the election goes forward, we can see pale fear
gradually creeping through the ranks of Tuscany. The Welsh Tory
agent was hurriedly sent down from headquarters and wired back
that the situation was serious. Exertions were redoubled. On those
last days this election certainly was not dull. Deep cried unto deep;
and the Welsh crowds began to murmur like the restless sea which
beats on their shores.
Then comes the polling day—Friday, April 4th. Up to the last the
issue is doubtful. It is a neck-and-neck struggle. The poll is very
heavy. Carnarvon votes to a man—and Bangor almost to a man.[32]
The shrewd observers are puzzled. They feel like those who watch
the meeting of the tides. The signs are not clear. One coming from
Nevin finds David Lloyd George in Carnarvon the solitary wearer of
his own favours. He cannot understand it.
Then, the closing scene—the counting of the votes on the polling
day in the room beneath the town hall at Carnarvon. It is midday of
a beautiful spring day, and the street outside is packed with
seething, expectant humanity. How slow they are inside there! How
wearily the minutes drag on! But far away, over Criccieth, Snowdon
shines, still snow-crowned, beautiful and serene.
Inside the town hall the issue wavers to and fro. From hour to
hour fate oscillates in the balance.
The votes have now been counted. The Nanney heap is one side
of the table, and the Lloyd George heap on the other. The heaps
seem almost equal. But to the trained eyes of close observers the
papers on the Nanney heap rise above his rival’s by just a shadow of
a shade. There can be no doubt about it—David Lloyd George is
beaten. Better tell him at once.
David Lloyd George smiles bravely. His friends gather round him
with sober solace. “Better luck next time”—when suddenly there is a
stir in the throng which surrounds the ballot papers.
One of David Lloyd George’s vigilant agents has been better
occupied than in uttering words. He stands eagerly scrutinising the
piles of papers: and now his keen eye has noticed something
doubtful about one of the packets of papers on Mr. Nanney’s heap.
He picks it up and glances rapidly through the voting-papers. Below
one or two Nanney votes there is a little unnoticed series of votes for
Lloyd George. It is enough to make the difference, and to return
David Lloyd George as member by a majority of 20.
Stung by frustrated hope, the Nanney agents insist on a recount;
and one vote is transferred from Lloyd George to Nanney, reducing
the majority to 18.
David Lloyd George is M.P. for the Carnarvon Boroughs!
The word goes swiftly forth. As soon as he appears, he is
received by that hitherto silent crowd with tumultuous acclaim. The
still waters break into foam. He is drawn in a carriage through the
town by a tremendous crowd. At Castle Square he addresses them
in Welsh: “My dear fellow-countrymen,” he says, “the county of
Carnarvon to-day is free. The banner of Wales is borne aloft, and the
boroughs have wiped away the stains!”
Eighteen votes[33]—not a very large gap between defeat and
victory. But it is enough. ’Twill serve. The moving finger has written.
[25]
Now (1920) as then a constituency consisting of five Welsh
Boroughs—Carnarvon, Bangor, Criccieth, Pwllheli, and Nevin. Out
of consideration for the Prime Minister the constitution was left
unaltered by the Act of 1918.
[26]
Afterwards Lord Ritchie.
[27]
In a speech at Liverpool on February 18th, 1889. The first
mention of Mr. Lloyd George in a leading article was in the
Carnarvon Herald over this speech.
[28]
Now Sir Ellis Hugh Nanney.
[29]
These words are taken from the verbatim report of his
speech in the Carnarvon Herald.
[30]
Mr. Gladstone wrote the following by-election letter:
“Dear Sir,
“Your sanguine anticipations do not surprise me. My
surprise would be this time, if a Welsh constituency were
to return a gentleman who, whether Tory or Liberal,
would vote against the claims which Wales is now justly
making, that her interests and feelings should at length
be recognised in concerns properly her own. Even if he
reserved or promised you his individual vote, by
supporting the party opposed to you and keeping it in
power, he would make that favourable vote perfectly
nugatory.
“I remain,
“Your faithful servant.
“W. E. Gladstone.”
[31]
The Daily News, April 2nd, 1890: “He has a flexible,
sympathetic voice, a silvery, mellifluous articulation, and his action
is that of an accomplished orator.”
[32]
The Carnarvon Herald records that the Tories polled every
possible man. One voter was brought all the way from
Wolverhampton. Three Carnarvon plasterers were brought by car
to Carnarvon from the beach at Pwllheli, where they were
working.
[33]
The full figures were:
David Lloyd George 1,963
Ellis Nanney 1,945
——
Majority 18
——
MRS. WILLIAM GEORGE,
THE MOTHER OF DAVID LLOYD GEORGE.
DAVID LLOYD GEORGE AT THE AGE OF SIXTEEN
CHAPTER VII
FIRST SKIRMISHES
“And now,
Out of that land where Snowdon night by night
Receives the confidences of lonely stars,
And where Carnarvon’s ruthless battlements
Magnificently oppress the daunted tide,
There comes, no fabled Merlin, son of mist,
And brother to the twilight, but a man.”
William Watson on Mr. Lloyd George.
Entering the House of Commons in April 1890, David Lloyd George

walked straight into one of those great party struggles which in
those days supplied the British public with an efficient substitute for
the Prize Ring. The subject was a clause in the Budget of 1890
compensating the Drink Trade for abolished licences. The whole
Liberal Party attacked this clause hotly under the leadership of Mr.
Gladstone. The whole Unionist Party supported it.
On the face of it, the young Lloyd George, hot with temperance
enthusiasm, could not have found a more congenial theme. But his
letters and diaries reveal that he felt an immediate chill on contact
with the House of Commons. He found the drink question being
used as a great party weapon on both sides. Shrewd political
calculations had annexed one party to drink and another party to
temperance. But the young Lloyd George, drunk with the
temperance faith, detected no real enthusiasm on either side.
“The debate,” he wrote to his uncle on May 16th, “was rather an
unreal one, no fervour or earnestness characterising it. The House
does not seem at all to realise or to be impressed with the gigantic
evils of drunkenness.”
It was characteristic of young Lloyd George that he hoped for a
great change in the atmosphere when the country was really
aroused; and he proceeded to do his best to arouse it.
Often in the years that followed the young Lloyd George felt the
same chill in the atmosphere of Westminster. He often used to say in
those days that he found it necessary to renew his strength by
constantly visiting the constituencies. He was always rather a
platform man than a House of Commons man: he was never a great
lobbyist. Often in those early years he used to find that he gained
more inspiration from great popular meetings than from a week in
the House of Commons.
He was a little timid of the House of Commons—perhaps wisely
so. He saw in a moment that the House liked to be wooed carefully.
“I shan’t speak in the House this side of the Whitsuntide holidays,”
he wrote to his uncle. “Better not appear too eager. Get a good
opportunity and make the best of it—that’s the point.” There, at any
rate, he showed that he had the first qualification for parliamentary
success—respect for his audience.
I can remember the ferment of expectation that gathered round
Mr. Lloyd George among those of us who, in those days, watched
the House of Commons from the gallery. We had heard vaguely of
him as a great “spell-binder” in North Wales. We had been told that
no man equalled him in his power of rousing Welsh crowds in the
Welsh tongue. We had heard that he had the gift of the “hwyl”; and,
not knowing quite what that meant, we expected to see something
resembling a Druid appear on the floor of the House of Commons.
Imagine our surprise, therefore, when we saw a slim, well-groomed
young lawyer in a frock coat and with side-whiskers. The few
questions he asked in the first week revealed that he had a soft,
rather sweet voice, and was more inclined to speak in a whisper
than a shout. All these things seriously upset our calculations, and
considerably disappointed the hopes of all fervid sketch-writers.
It was on June 13th, 1890, that he first broke his parliamentary
silence by a speech on the compensation clauses. He supported Mr.
Acland’s amendment for diverting Mr. Goschen’s grant from liquor
compensation to technical education.
It was by no means the speech of a fanatical Druid. It was a soft-
spoken, skilful piece of debating expressed in excellent idiomatic
English. It was full of swift debating thrusts and sharp-edged jests.
It was in this speech that he described Lord Randolph Churchill and
Joseph Chamberlain as “political contortionists who can perform the
great feat of planting their feet in one direction and setting their
faces in another.” Here was just the kind of humour that the House
of Commons loves. It came well within the line of that traditional
parliamentary wit which has to be appreciated even by its victims.
In fine, Mr. Lloyd George’s maiden speech seemed a good start
for a promising parliamentary career. It was approved by Mr.
Gladstone, praised by Sir William Harcourt, and cheered by the
House itself.
For the moment the young Welsh victor was a conspicuous
figure. He stood in the limelight. He received from many quarters
those purple favours which have turned the heads of so many young
members fresh from a by-election. For this return, coming after
several defeats of other candidates, was a notable event in the close
and desperate partisan warfare of those years.
It was an event, indeed, deemed worthy of special attention from
the veteran leader of the Liberal hosts, Mr. Gladstone smiled on
Wales. On May 29th Mr. Lloyd George was invited to Hawarden with
a party of Welsh constituents, who sang hymns and folk-songs on
that historic lawn. The young recruit was introduced to the Grand
Old Man, who honoured him with a special oration. “The Carnarvon
Boroughs,” he said in his stately way, “are a formidable place for the
Liberal Party to fight. Penrhyn Castle is an important centre. But
truth, justice, and freedom are greater than Penrhyn Castle!” Mr.
Gladstone was no doubt thinking of little more than his beloved
cause of Ireland; but the words echoed through Wales with a
meaning that perhaps Mr. Gladstone himself little dreamed of.
Thus David Lloyd George was initiated into the sanctities of the
Liberal party. But he was not always to prove an easy and obedient
acolyte.
For the House of Commons had not yet had any taste of Mr.
Lloyd George’s rebellious humours. The real test of this quality was
yet to come.
It came on August 13th of this year (1890) when he let himself
go with a touch of his own native daring on some of the items of the
Estimates. He selected them from among those decorative payments
which are far too easily granted by an assembly always inclined to
be kind to the great and prosperous. One of the items was a
payment of £439 on the installation of Prince Henry of Prussia as a
Knight of the Garter. “What service,” asked Mr. Lloyd George boldly,
“has Prince Henry of Prussia ever rendered to this country? He has
not yet rendered any service to his own country, to say nothing of
service to Great Britain.”
Then he passed to an item of £2,769—“equipage money” to the
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. “The Lord-Lieutenant,” said Mr. Lloyd
George, “is simply a man in buttons who wears silk stockings and
has a coat-of-arms on his carriage.” At this he was called severely to
order by the Chairman, but that did not prevent him from a ruthless
comparison of this expenditure with the recent report of a Sweating
Committee and the terrible revelations of poverty contained in that
document.
Here the House of Commons had a touch of the real Lloyd
George whom they were to get to know so well in the future. It was
for this that he had come to Westminster; not for conventional party
speeches, but for plain homely utterance on the pomps and
conventions and extravagances of the great world. Here we get a
first hint of his mission: a difficult and even cruel mission—to tell the
comfortable and wealthy that they were living on the poor—to tell
the decorative that they must be decorative no longer, but must
either be useful or come down from their high places. He knew that
such talk was not going to be popular in the House of Commons, but
he was looking to another quarter for approval. Writing in his diary
the day before delivering the speech on Prince Henry of Prussia’s
Garter he made the following significant entry:
“My audience is the country.”
It was to the country, indeed, that he was already making his

chief appeal. His biggest efforts of this year were made outside the
House of Commons. The first was made on May 7th at the
Metropolitan Tabernacle, where the Liberal Party appeared in full
force to support Welsh Disestablishment. He prepared his speech
with the utmost care. He sent notes of it down to his uncle at
Criccieth and received the comments and criticisms of the “Esgob”—
the “Bishop”—as he loved to call Richard Lloyd.
Mr. Lloyd George was perhaps a little humanly disappointed when
he discovered that, graded by party officialism, he had been given
the lowest place in the list of speakers at the Tabernacle. But this
was soon forgotten when he once got into his stride. Although the
audience had been dismally thinned by a succession of dreary
orations, they sat out his speech to the end. He had intended to go
on for only five or ten minutes: but the cheering and laughter of his
audience carried him on for twenty-five. This was the very thing—
here was a man to whom Welsh Disestablishment was an actual life
issue, and not a mere new item in a party programme. When at last
he sat down, the audience seemed surprised. Like a wise man, he
left them unsatisfied, and the result was that the public soon
demanded more.
After this success he was deluged with requests for speeches in
every part of England. But wisely he accepted few. He decided to
stick closely to his House of Commons work, and there is no sounder
course for any young Member of Parliament. The result was that at
the end of this first session of 1890 he had already secured a good
parliamentary footing.
It may be taken that the transition to Parliament from North
Wales was by no means an easy domestic revolution for a struggling
young provincial solicitor who had only just begun to earn an
income.
Politics did not come to him, indeed, with such a crushing burden
as it brings to many young men. The total expenses of this, his first
election, were little more than £200. He definitely refused the offer
of his political friends to raise a fund to cover his election expenses.
But he accepted gratefully the unpaid help of several friendly lawyers
at Bangor and Carnarvon as his election agents. In his later elections
the Liberal Association of the Boroughs covered his expenses. The
labourer is worthy of his hire; and Mr. Lloyd George had wisely
accepted the offer. To that arrangement the Association adhered
until the time when he entered a Ministry (1906)—thus creating one
of the finest ties that can exist between a constituency and its
member. Here, at any rate, was a member who was a public servant
and not a public almoner.
But in spite of that great public aid the entrance of David Lloyd
George into Parliament proved a great and growing strain on the
young couple. Their eldest child Dick[34] was already fifteen months
old when Mr. Lloyd George came into Parliament. The growing
practice at Portmadoc had to be left during the Session to his
brother, Mr. William George, whose splendid self-sacrifice and high
public spirit have always fortified and entrenched the private
fortunes of his elder brother. While profits diminished, new expenses
grew. A domicile had to be secured in London. Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd
George settled down first (1890) in a flat in Gray’s Inn, then (1891)
in the Temple, and, later on, for six years (1893-9) Palace Mansions,
Kensington. There they set up a simple house, always open to their
many friends. For from the beginning Mr. Lloyd George was always
the most hospitable of men.
For the first year or two of his parliamentary life he continued to
practice in North Wales during the recess and to live during the
autumn months at Criccieth with Mr. and Mrs. Owen, his parents-in-
law.[35]
On these returns to his native soil he continued to use his legal
position for those daring assertions of popular right which had
become his passion. At this time, indeed, occurred one of the
boldest of these incidents, when he faced Mr. Casson, the very
lawyer to whom he had been articled. That able provincial attorney
had concentrated in his hands all those secular offices which
combine to make a genuine social tyranny. He was at once Clerk to
the Justices and agent to the Tremadoc estate, which practically
covered the whole district. As agent to the estate, he had allowed
some of the houses in Portmadoc to fall into grave disrepair. At last
the thing became a scandal. The Urban District Council had to take
action; and they instructed Mr. William George.
Complaint was in vain; it was soon necessary to prosecute. But
the summons against Mr. Casson the agent could only be issued by
Mr. Casson the Clerk of the justices: and Mr. Casson the Clerk of the
Justices refused to issue it. He seemed safely protected by his own
loyalty to himself.
Not an unusual incident in our happy countryside, in England as
well as in Wales; but Mr. David Lloyd George there and then
determined that it should not occur again in Portmadoc.
Mr. William George reported the situation to his brother, who
said, “Leave this to me.” Next day he went into court. He began by
challenging the bench. For one cause or another he was able to
disqualify all the magistrates except a schoolmaster and a bank
manager, men of open minds. To them Mr. Lloyd George then began
to denounce Mr. Casson with merciless vigour for a whole hour. He
lashed him ruthlessly for his misuse of his powers. He demanded
that he should sit where every other culprit had to sit—in the dock.
Mr. Casson did not remain quiet under these lashes. He protested
and interrupted for a time, but was at last quelled by Mr. Lloyd
George’s attack. Then he subsided into silence until the magistrates
sternly ordered the issue of the necessary summonses. The result
was that the dangerously crumbling walls complained of by the
Urban Council were put in a state of safety for the public.
When Mr. Lloyd George opened this scene the court was almost
empty; but in a few minutes the public outside had seemed to get
wind of what was happening. Long before the attack ended the
court was crowded with people who made no attempt to conceal
their approval. To this day Portmadoc will tell you that Mr. Lloyd
George never did a more necessary piece of work, or did it more
thoroughly, than on this notable day.
It is not remarkable that, feeling these powers growing within
him, he should have thought seriously at this time of being called to
the English Bar. His friend Samuel Evans urged this on him. He put
his name down. But at that point some rare strain of diffidence held
him back—some instinctive shrinking. At any rate, he never carried
the matter further; but went on attempting to combine with his
parliamentary duties the conduct of his solicitor’s practice at
Portmadoc.
But he could not go on permanently with this double strain. More
and more the public demanded speeches from him in the autumns;
and he had less and less time for work at Portmadoc. In May 1897
he sent for his friend Arthur Rhys Roberts, a solicitor who was
practising at Newport in South Wales. He asked him to join him in
starting an office in London. They took rooms in 13, Walbrook, E.C.,
[36]
where they opened with no prospects except the vague promises
of friends; and for the first three years David Lloyd George gave a
great deal of time to this venture. He went to the office every
morning and to the House in the afternoons. He worked hard for the
firm. He wrote all important letters; he conducted all important
interviews—often at the House of Commons. He was still a partner
at Criccieth, and thus for a time he maintained a double position in
the law—the partner in two firms. But Criccieth counted less and
less, and gradually passed entirely into the hands of his brother.
He earned a fair income; but it was a hard life, and he had to
supplement it with journalistic work for Welsh papers and for the
Manchester Guardian. He was quite a vigorous writer in those days.
The burden was heavy. But he had beside him the great courage
and thrift of his wife, and behind him the high and splendid spirit of
his “Uncle Lloyd.”
His life in those early days was full and serene, crowded with
work and play. The children began to fill his quiver—Dick, Mair,
Olwen, Gwilym—those young voices that speak with our enemies in
the gate. He loved children; and he loved life. He was already
surrounded with friends, and especially with that bright band of
young Welshmen who were gathering to Westminster—Tom Ellis,
Herbert Lewis, Frank Edwards, Sam Evans, Llewellyn Williams. So
girt, he ever took life “with a frolic welcome.”
His was a spirit welded of laughter and tears, moulded for great
adventures. He learnt even in those early days the great art of
varying grave with gay. But then, as now, the gay never took the
place first. It was always there as a servant rather than master—a
foil to grave endeavour; a background to serious purposes.
He had, of course, those little weaknesses that require the
forgiveness of affection. He could always, when he wished, write
letters with the best—especially when letters were really required for
business or affairs. But he would not write the small letters, or
answer the small letters. He was not very precise over social
engagements. He was always more faithful to his humble friends
than to the great and fashionable; and he sometimes forgot Gilbert’s
great discovery—that even Belgrave Square has a heart behind its
stucco.
Behind all the colour and zest of his young, eager life there was
always that same quality of courage that knit his character like an
iron girder. He had a serene confidence in his own star. He did not
know the word “impossible.” The greater the obstacle the greater his
security of success. It was this note that dominated his thought and
speech.
But, after all, it was at those gatherings of his friends, when the
pipes were lit and the laughter rang free, that the true Lloyd George
was to be seen and heard—the Lloyd George who has since won the
hearts of nations. Those were wonderful meetings of young souls at
that little flat in Kensington. How that symphony of laughter and
speech rings across the years, the echo of those grave debates of
youth in which, though we knew it not, opinions were moulding and
a will forming which, in the coming time, were to fashion and shake
the world!
[34]
Now Major Richard Lloyd George.
[35]
At first on the farm, and later in Criccieth. Mr. Owen built
there two semi-detached houses, Llys Owen and Brynawel, and
there the Owens and the Lloyd Georges lived for some years next
door to one another.
[36]
In 1900 they shifted to 63, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.,
which is now the office of the firm of Rhyn Roberts & Co., as it has
been called since Mr. Lloyd George severed his connection with it
after taking Government office.
CHAPTER VIII
PITCHED BATTLES
“Though it appear a little out of fashion,

There is much care and valour in this Welshman.”
Shakespeare’s Henry V, Act I, Sc. iv.
David Lloyd George had gone to Parliament as a Welsh Nationalist;

and, as the months passed, it became clear that the task of
moulding and defending the new national cause in Wales would
absorb his main energies.
It was not a popular task at Westminster, where it cut right
across the party divisions. It was not even yet wholly an easy task in
Wales, where the old spirit of feudalism had many strongholds and
was still “an unconscionable time in dying.”
Throughout the following years (1892-7) David Lloyd George had
to fight a double battle—at Westminster and in Wales. At
Westminster he took the lead of a small group of Welsh members—
often only four—who greatly dared to put the cause of Wales before
the cause of party—never an easy task in a House where the party
system is the very oxygen of the political atmosphere. On all great
public questions that arose in those years—tithes, free schooling,
local option, clergy discipline—he steadily and daringly pursued the
national course and built up a national policy.
The influence that kept him straight on this course came ever
from his own native soil. For he was in daily touch with that faithful
little family group—those four loyal souls—his uncle, his brother, his
sister, and his mother—who kept for him, while he battled in London,
the fires burning on the home hearth, helped his wife by looking
after the children in moments of stress, and steadily aided him with
counsel and inspiration. David wrote to that little family party a daily
record of his doings; and day by day Uncle Lloyd wrote to his “Di”
long letters, partly in Welsh, partly in English, advising him on every
question that arose, always taking the bold side, always bringing his
nephew back to the goals of his pilgrimage—faith and fatherland.
“Land of our Fathers” was the key-phrase in Uncle Lloyd’s politics;
and, amid the stress and distraction of Westminster, his boy was
never allowed, for a single day, to miss hearing that clear call from
the Eagle mountains.
Here was the source of his strength in the struggles that now lay
before him, calling for the utmost exercise of will and decision. For, if
the Welsh cause was to be kept to the front, it was necessary to
fight continually against the submerging influence of the party
machines.
The most remarkable among these contests of the early nineties
was undoubtedly that memorable fight undertaken by Mr. Lloyd
George and a small band of Welsh fellow-members against Mr.
Gladstone in the zenith of his power and frame over the Clergy
Discipline Bill.
The Bill seemed a very innocent and reasonable measure. It
aimed at strengthening the control of the Anglican Bishops—always
weak enough—over their clergy. To Englishmen reasonable enough;
but not so to Welshmen, to whom the very word “Bishop” was
almost as hateful a sound as to the Presbyterian Scotch. Not until
the Bishops released their hold on Wales would they consent to give
them a stronger hold over their own clergy.
Now the Bill happened to be a very special favourite of Mr.
Gladstone, who still loved his Church with a mighty love, and Mr.
Gladstone was at that moment a very formidable opponent. It is
difficult now to realise the power of his authority at that moment.
The Liberals who had remained faithful to him regarded him with a
loyalty that amounted to a passion. To dispute his word would seem
to them the nearest secular approach to heresy or sacrilege. It was
that spirit that Mr. Lloyd George dared to defy.
It was a sight for the gods to see those young Welshmen, night
after night, facing the Grand Old Man. There he sat, almost alone on
the Front Opposition Bench, battling against those eager young
members. He took them very seriously. He argued with them,

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