Jane Addams

Laura Jane Addams[1] (September 6, 1860 – May 21,

1935) was an American settlement activist, reformer, Jane Addams
social worker,[2][3] sociologist,[4] public
administrator, [5][6] philosopher, [7][8] and author. She
was a leader in the history of social work and Women's
suffrage.[9] In 1889, Addams co-founded Hull House,
one of America's most famous settlement houses, in
Chicago, Illinois, providing extensive social services to
poor, largely immigrant families. Philosophically a
"radical pragmatist", she was arguably the first woman
public philosopher in the United States.[10] In the
Progressive Era, when even presidents such as
Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson identified
themselves as reformers and might be seen as social
activists, Addams was one of the most prominent
reformers.[11]

An advocate for world peace, and recognized as the Addams c. 1926

founder of the social work profession in the United Born Laura Jane Addams
States, in 1931 Addams became the first American
September 6, 1860
woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[12] Cedarville, Illinois, U.S.
Earlier, Addams was awarded an honorary Master of
Died May 21, 1935 (aged 74)
Arts degree from Yale University in 1910, becoming
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
the first woman to receive an honorary degree from the
school.[13] In 1920, she was a co-founder of the Education Rockford Female Seminary
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).[14] Occupations Social worker and political
activist · author and lecturer ·
Addams helped America address and focus on issues community organizer · public
that were of concern to mothers or extensions of the intellectual
domestic-work assigned to women, such as the needs
Father John H. Addams
of children, local public health, and world peace. In her
essay "Utilization of Women in City Government", Relatives Alice Haldeman (sister)
Addams noted the connection between the workings of James Weber Linn (nephew)
government and the household, stating that many Awards Nobel Peace Prize (1931)
departments of government, such as sanitation and the
Signature
schooling of children, could be traced back to
traditional women's roles in the private sphere.[15][16] When she died in
1935, Addams was the best-known female public figure in the United
States.[17]

Early life
Born in Cedarville, Illinois,[18] Jane Addams was the youngest of eight
children born into a prosperous northern Illinois family of English-
American descent which traced back to colonial Pennsylvania.[19] In
1863, when Addams was two years old, her mother, Sarah Addams (née Portrait of Jane Addams,
Weber), died while pregnant with her ninth child. Thereafter Addams from a charcoal drawing in
1892 by Alice Kellogg Tyler.
was cared for mostly by her older sisters. By the time Addams was eight,
Source: Addams: Twenty
four of her siblings had died: three in infancy and one at the age of
Years at Hull House (1910),
16.[20][19][21][22] p. 114

Addams spent her childhood playing outdoors, reading indoors,

and attending Sunday school. When she was four she contracted
tuberculosis of the spine, known as Potts's disease, which caused a
curvature in her spine and lifelong health problems. This made it
complicated as a child to function with the other children,
considering she had a limp and could not run as well.[23] As a
child, she thought she was ugly and later remembered wanting not
to embarrass her father, when he was dressed in his Sunday best,
by walking down the street with him.[24]

Jane Addams adored her father, John H. Addams, when she was a
child, as she made clear in the stories in her memoir, Twenty Years
at Hull House (1910).[25] He was a founding member of the
Illinois Republican Party, served as an Illinois State Senator
(1855–70), and supported his friend Abraham Lincoln in his
candidacies for senator (1854) and the presidency (1860). He kept
a letter from Lincoln in his desk, and Addams loved to look at it as
a child.[26] Her father was an agricultural businessman with large Jane Addams as a young woman,
timber, cattle, and agricultural holdings; flour and timber mills and undated studio portrait by Cox,
a wool factory. He was the president of The Second National Bank Chicago
of Freeport, Illinois. He remarried in 1868 when Addams was
eight years old. His second wife was Anna Hosteler Haldeman, the
widow of a miller in Freeport.[25]

During her childhood, Addams had big dreams of doing something useful in the world. As a voracious
reader, she became interested in the poor from her reading of Charles Dickens. Inspired by his works and
by her own mother's kindness to the Cedarville poor, Addams decided to become a doctor so that she
could live and work among the poor.
Addams's father encouraged her to pursue higher education but
close to home. She was eager to attend the new college for
women, Smith College in Massachusetts; but her father required
her to attend nearby Rockford Female Seminary (now Rockford
University), in Rockford, Illinois.[18]

Her experience at Rockford put her in a first wave of U.S. women

to receive a college education. She excelled in this all women
environment. She edited the college newspaper, was the
valedictorian, participated in the debate club and led the class of
1881. Addams recognized that she and others who were engaged
in post secondary education would have new opportunities and
challenges. She expressed this in Bread Givers (1880), a speech
she gave her junior year.[27] She noted the "change which has
taken place ... in the ambition and aspirations of women."[28][29]
Birthplace of Jane Addams in
In the process of developing their intellect and direct labor, Cedarville, Illinois. Source Addams:
something new was emerging. Educated women of her generation Twenty Years at Hull House (1910),
wished "not to be a man nor like a man" but claim "the same right in the public domain.
to independent thought and action." Each young woman was
gaining "a new confidence in her possibilities, and a fresher hope
in her steady progress."[28] At 20, Addams recognized a changing cultural environment and was learning
the skills at Rockford to lead the future settlement movement.[30]

Whilst at Rockford, her readings of Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Leo Tolstoy and others became
significant influences.[31] After graduating from Rockford in 1881,[18] with a collegiate certificate and
membership in Phi Beta Kappa, she still hoped to attend Smith to earn a proper B.A. That summer, her
father died unexpectedly from a sudden case of appendicitis. Each child inherited roughly $50,000
(equivalent to $1.58 million in 2016).

That fall, Addams, her sister Alice, Alice's husband Harry, and their stepmother, Anna Haldeman Addams,
moved to Philadelphia so that the three young people could pursue medical educations. Harry was already
trained in medicine and did further studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Jane and Alice completed
their first year of medical school at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania,[18] but Jane's health
problems, a spinal operation[18] and a nervous breakdown prevented her from completing the degree. She
was filled with sadness at her failure. Her stepmother Anna was also ill, so the entire family canceled
their plans to stay two years and returned to Cedarville.[32] her brother-in-law Harry performed surgery
on her back, to straighten it. He then advised that she not pursue studies but, instead, travel. In August
1883, she set off for a two-year tour of Europe with her stepmother, traveling some of the time with
friends and family who joined them. Addams decided that she did not have to become a doctor to be able
to help the poor.[33]

Upon her return home in June 1887, she lived with her stepmother in Cedarville and spent winters with
her in Baltimore. Addams, still filled with vague ambition, sank into depression, unsure of her future and
feeling useless leading the conventional life expected of a well-to-do young woman. She wrote long
letters to her friend from Rockford Seminary, Ellen Gates Starr, mostly about Christianity and books but
sometimes about her despair.[34]
Her nephew was James Weber Linn (1876–1939) who taught English at the University of Chicago and
served in the Illinois General Assembly. Linn also wrote books and newspaper articles.[35]

Settlement house
Meanwhile, Addams gathered inspiration from what she read. Fascinated by the early Christians and
Tolstoy's book My Religion, she was baptized a Christian in the Cedarville Presbyterian Church in the
summer of 1886.[36] Reading Giuseppe Mazzini's Duties of Man, she began to be inspired by the idea of
democracy as a social ideal. Yet she felt confused about her role as a woman. John Stuart Mill's The
Subjection of Women made her question the social pressures on a woman to marry and devote her life to
family.[37]

In the summer of 1887, Addams read in a magazine about the new idea of starting a settlement house. She
decided to visit the world's first, Toynbee Hall, in London. She and several friends, including Ellen Gates
Starr, traveled in Europe from December 1887 through the summer of 1888. After watching a bullfight in
Madrid, fascinated by what she saw as an exotic tradition, Addams condemned this fascination and her
inability to feel outraged at the suffering of the horses and bulls. At first, Addams told no one about her
dream to start a settlement house; but, she felt increasingly guilty for not acting on her dream.[38]
Believing that sharing her dream might help her to act on it, she told Ellen Gates Starr. Starr loved the
idea and agreed to join Addams in starting a settlement house.[39]

Addams and another friend traveled to London without Starr, who was busy.[40] Visiting Toynbee Hall,
Addams was enchanted. She described it as "a community of University men who live there, have their
recreation clubs and society all among the poor people, yet, in the same style in which they would live in
their own circle. It is so free of 'professional doing good,' so unaffectedly sincere and so productive of
good results in its classes and libraries seems perfectly ideal." Addams's dream of the classes mingling
socially to mutual benefit, as they had in early Christian circles seemed embodied in the new type of
institution.[41]

The settlement house as Addams discovered was a space within which unexpected cultural connections
could be made and where the narrow boundaries of culture, class, and education could be expanded. They
doubled as community arts centers and social service facilities. They laid the foundations for American
civil society, a neutral space within which different communities and ideologies could learn from each
other and seek common grounds for collective action. The role of the settlement house was an "unending
effort to make culture and 'the issue of things' go together." The unending effort was the story of her own
life, a struggle to reinvigorate her own culture by reconnecting with diversity and conflict of the
immigrant communities in America's cities and with the necessities of social reform.[42]

Hull House
In 1889[43] Addams and her college friend and paramour Ellen Gates Starr[44] co-founded Hull House, a
settlement house in Chicago. The run-down mansion had been built by Charles Hull in 1856 and needed
repairs and upgrading. Addams at first paid for all of the capital expenses (repairing the roof of the porch,
repainting the rooms, buying furniture) and most of the operating costs. However gifts from individuals
supported the House beginning in its first year and Addams was able to reduce the proportion of her
contributions, although the annual budget grew rapidly. Some
wealthy women became long-term donors to the House, including
Helen Culver, who managed her first cousin Charles Hull's estate,
and who eventually allowed the contributors to use the house rent-
free. Other contributors were Louise DeKoven Bowen, Mary
Rozet Smith, Mary Wilmarth, and others.[45][46]

Addams and Starr were the first two occupants of the house,
which would later become the residence of about 25 women. At its
height,[47] Hull House was visited each week by some 2,000
people. Hull House was a center for research, empirical analysis,
study, and debate, as well as a pragmatic center for living in and
establishing good relations with the neighborhood. Among the
aims of Hull House was to give privileged, educated young people
contact with the real life of the majority of the population.[17]
Residents of Hull House conducted investigations on housing, Main entrance to Hull House.
midwifery, fatigue, tuberculosis, typhoid, garbage collection, Source Addams: Twenty Years at
cocaine, and truancy. The core Hull House residents were well- Hull House (1910), p.128
educated women bound together by their commitment to labour
unions, the National Consumers League and the suffrage
movement.[17] Dr. Harriett Alleyne Rice joined Hull House to provide
medical treatment for poor families.[48] Its facilities included a night
school for adults, clubs for older children, a public kitchen, an art gallery,
a gym, a girls' club, a bathhouse, a book bindery, a music school, a drama
group and a theater, apartments, a library, meeting rooms for discussion,
clubs, an employment bureau, and a lunchroom.[49] Her adult night school
was a forerunner of the continuing education classes offered by many
universities today. In addition to making available social services and
A Doorway in Hull House
cultural events for the largely immigrant population of the neighborhood,
Court. Source Addams:
Hull House afforded an opportunity for young social workers to acquire
Twenty Years at Hull House
training. Eventually, Hull House became a 13-building settlement (1910), p.149
complex, which included a playground and a summer camp (known as
Bowen Country Club).

One aspect of the Hull House that was very important to

Jane Addams was the Art Program. The art program at
Hull House allowed Addams to challenge the system of
industrialized education, which "fitted" the individual to
a specific job or position. She wanted the house to
provide a space, time and tools to encourage people to
think independently. She saw art as the key to unlocking
the diversity of the city through collective interaction,
mutual self-discovery, recreation and the imagination.
Art was integral to her vision of community, disrupting
fixed ideas and stimulating the diversity and interaction
Jane Addams, 1915
on which a healthy society depends, based on a continual rewriting of cultural identities through variation
and interculturalism.[49]

With funding from Edward Butler, Addams opened an art exhibition and studio space as one of the first
additions to Hull House. On the first floor of the new addition there was a branch of the Chicago Public
Library, and the second was the Butler Art Gallery, which featured recreations of famous artwork as well
as the work of local artists. Studio space within the art gallery provided both Hull House residents and the
entire community with the opportunity to take art classes or to come in and hone their craft whenever
they liked. As Hull House grew, and the relationship with the neighborhood deepened, that opportunity
became less of a comfort to the poor and more of an outlet of expression and exchange of different
cultures and diverse communities. Art and culture was becoming a bigger and more important part of the
lives of immigrants within the 19th ward, and soon children caught on to the trend. These working-class
children were offered instruction in all forms and levels of art. Places such as the Butler Art Gallery or the
Bowen Country Club often hosted these classes, but more informal lessons would often be taught
outdoors. Addams, with the help of Ellen Gates Starr, founded the Chicago Public School Art Society
(CPSAS) in response to the positive reaction the art classes for children caused. The CPSAS provided
public schools with reproductions of world-renowned pieces of art, hired artists to teach children how to
create art, and also took the students on field trips to Chicago's many art museums.[50]

Near west side neighborhood

The Hull House neighborhood was a mix of European ethnic
groups that had immigrated to Chicago around the start of the 20th
century. That mix was the ground where Hull House's inner social
and philanthropic elitists tested their theories and challenged the
establishment. The ethnic mix is recorded by the Bethlehem-
Howard Neighborhood Center: "Germans and Jews resided south
of that inner core (south of Twelfth Street) ... The Greek delta
formed by Harrison, Halsted Street, and Blue Island Streets served
as a buffer to the Irish residing to the north and the French
Canadians to the northwest."[51] Italians resided within the inner
core of the Hull House Neighborhood ... from the river on the east
end, on out to the western ends of what came to be known as Little Polk Street opposite Hull House.
Italy.[52] Greeks and Jews, along with the remnants of other Source Addams: Twenty Years at
immigrant groups, began their exodus from the neighborhood in Hull House (1910), p.95
the early 20th century. Only Italians continued as an intact and
thriving community through the Great Depression, World War II,
and well beyond the ultimate demise of Hull House proper in
1963.[53]

South Halsted Street opposite Hull

House. Source Addams: Twenty
Years at Hull House. (1910), p. 96
Hull House became America's best known settlement house. Addams used it to generate system-directed
change, on the principle that to keep families safe, community and societal conditions had to be
improved.[54] The neighborhood was controlled by local political bosses.

Ethics
Starr and Addams developed three "ethical principles" for social settlements: "to teach by example, to
practice cooperation, and to practice social democracy, that is, egalitarian, or democratic, social relations
across class lines."[55] Thus Hull House offered a comprehensive program of civic, cultural, recreational,
and educational activities and attracted admiring visitors from all over the world, including William Lyon
Mackenzie King, a graduate student from Harvard University who later became prime minister of
Canada. In the 1890s Julia Lathrop, Florence Kelley, and other residents of the house made it a world
center of social reform activity. Hull House used the latest methodology (pioneering in statistical
mapping) to study overcrowding, truancy, typhoid fever, cocaine, children's reading, newsboys, infant
mortality, and midwifery. Starting with efforts to improve the immediate neighborhood, the Hull House
group became involved in city and statewide campaigns for better housing, improvements in public
welfare, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of working women. Addams brought in prominent
visitors from around the world and had close links with leading Chicago intellectuals and philanthropists.
In 1912, she helped start the new Progressive Party and supported the presidential campaign of Theodore
Roosevelt.

"Addams' philosophy combined feminist sensibilities with an unwavering commitment to social

improvement through cooperative efforts. Although she sympathized with feminists, socialists, and
pacifists, Addams refused to be labeled. This refusal was pragmatic rather than ideological."[56]

Emphasis on children
Hull House stressed the importance of the role of children in the
Americanization process of new immigrants. This philosophy also
fostered the play movement and the research and service fields of
leisure, youth, and human services. Addams argued in The Spirit
of Youth and the City Streets (1909) that play and recreation
programs are needed because cities are destroying the spirit of
youth. Hull House featured multiple programs in art and drama,
kindergarten classes, boys' and girls' clubs, language classes,
reading groups, college extension courses, along with public In the Hull House Music School.
baths, a gymnasium, a labor museum and playground, all within a Source Addams: Twenty Years at
Hull House (1910), p. 383
free-speech atmosphere. They were all designed to foster
democratic cooperation, collective action and downplay
individualism. She helped pass the first model tenement code and the first factory laws.

Along with her colleagues from Hull House, in 1901 Jane Addams founded what would become the
Juvenile Protective Association. JPA provided the first probation officers for the first Juvenile Court in the
United States until this became a government function. From 1907 until the 1940s, JPA engaged in many
studies examining such subjects as racism, child labor and exploitation, drug abuse and prostitution in
Chicago and their effects on child development. Through the
years, their mission has now become improving the social and
emotional well-being and functioning of vulnerable children so
they can reach their fullest potential at home, in school, and in
their communities.[57]

Documenting social illnesses

Addams and her colleagues documented the communal geography
of typhoid fever and reported that poor workers were bearing the
brunt of the illness. She identified the political corruption and In a Tenement House, Sick Mother
and Children. Source Addams:
business avarice that caused the city bureaucracy to ignore health,
Twenty Years at Hull House (1910),
sanitation, and building codes. Linking environmental justice and p. 164
municipal reform, she eventually defeated the bosses and fostered
a more equitable distribution of city services and modernized
inspection practices.[58] Addams spoke of the "undoubted powers of public recreation to bring together
the classes of a community in the keeping them apart."[59] Addams worked with the Chicago Board of
Health and served as the first vice-president of the Playground Association of America.

Emphasis on prostitution
In 1912, Addams published A New Conscience and Ancient Evil, about prostitution. This book was
extremely popular. Addams believed that prostitution was a result of kidnapping only.[60] Her book later
inspired Stella Wynne Herron's 1916 short story Shoes, which Lois Weber adapted into a groundbreaking
1916 film of the same name.[61]

Feminine ideals
Addams and her colleagues originally intended Hull House as a transmission device to bring the values of
the college-educated high culture to the masses, including the Efficiency Movement, a major movement
in industrial nations in the early 20th century that sought to identify and eliminate waste in the economy
and society, and to develop and implement best practices.[62] However, over time, the focus changed from
bringing art and culture to the neighborhood (as evidenced in the construction of the Butler Building) to
responding to the needs of the community by providing childcare, educational opportunities, and large
meeting spaces. Hull House became more than a proving ground for the new generation of college-
educated, professional women: it also became part of the community in which it was founded, and its
development reveals a shared history.[63]

Addams called on women, especially middle-class women with leisure time and energy as well as rich
philanthropists, to exercise their civic duty to become involved in municipal affairs as a matter of "civic
housekeeping". Addams thereby enlarged the concept of civic duty to include roles for women beyond
motherhood (which involved child rearing). Women's lives revolved around "responsibility, care, and
obligation", which represented the source of women's power.[65] This notion provided the foundation for
the municipal or civil housekeeping role that Addams defined and gave added weight to the women's
suffrage movement that Addams supported. Addams argued that women, as opposed to men, were trained
in the delicate matters of human welfare and needed to build upon their traditional roles of housekeeping
to be civic housekeepers. Enlarged housekeeping duties involved reform efforts regarding poisonous
 sewage, impure milk (which often carried tuberculosis), smoke-
laden air, and unsafe factory conditions. Addams led the "garbage
wars"; in 1894 she became the first woman appointed as sanitary
inspector of Chicago's 19th Ward. With the help of the Hull House
Women's Club, within a year over 1,000 health department
violations were reported to city council and garbage collection
reduced death and disease.[66]

Addams had long discussions with philosopher John Dewey in

A 1912 sketch of Addams with Alva
which they redefined democracy in terms of pragmatism and civic
Vanderbilt Belmont, both members
activism, with an emphasis more on duty and less on rights.[67]
of the National American Woman
Suffrage Association. Addams was a The two leading perspectives that distinguished Addams and her
vice president of the coalition from the modernizers more concerned with efficiency
organization.[64] were the need to extend to social and economic life the democratic
structures and practices that had been limited to the political
sphere, as in Addams's programmatic support of trade unions and
second, their call for a new social ethic to supplant the individualist outlook as being no longer adequate
in modern society.[68]

Addams's construction of womanhood involved daughterhood, sexuality, wifehood, and motherhood. In

both of her autobiographical volumes, Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910) and The Second Twenty Years
at Hull-House (1930), Addams's gender constructions parallel the Progressive-Era ideology she
championed. In A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil (1912) she dissected the social pathology of sex
slavery, prostitution and other sexual behaviors among working-class women in American industrial
centers from 1890 to 1910. Addams's autobiographical persona manifests her ideology and supports her
popularized public activist persona as the "Mother of Social Work", in the sense that she represents
herself as a celibate matron who served the suffering immigrant masses through Hull House, as if they
were her own children. Although not a mother herself, Addams became the "mother to the nation",
identified with motherhood in the sense of protective care of her people.[69]

Teaching
Addams kept up her heavy schedule of public lectures around the country, especially at college
campuses.[70] In addition, she offered college courses through the Extension Division of the University of
Chicago.[71] She declined offers from the university to become directly affiliated with it, including an
offer from Albion Small, chair of the Department of Sociology, of a graduate faculty position. She
declined in order to maintain her independent role outside of academia. Her goal was to teach adults not
enrolled in formal academic institutions, because of their poverty and/or lack of credentials. Furthermore,
she wanted no university controls over her political activism.[72]
Addams was appointed to serve on the Chicago Board of
Education.[73] Addams was a charter member of the American
Sociological Society, founded in 1905. She gave papers to it in
1912, 1915, and 1919. She was the most prominent woman
member during her lifetime.

Relationships
Generally, Addams was close to a wide set of other women and
was very good at eliciting their involvement from different classes
in Hull House's programs. Nevertheless, throughout her life
Addams did have romantic relationships with a few of these
women, including Mary Rozet Smith and Ellen Starr. Her
relationships offered her the time and energy to pursue her social
work while being supported emotionally and romantically. From
Jane Addams, 1906, by George de
her exclusively romantic relationships with women, she would
Forest Brush (1855–1941), National
most likely be described as a lesbian in contemporary terms, Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian
similar to many leading figures in the Women's International Institution
League for Peace and Freedom of the time.[74]

Her first romantic partner was Ellen Starr, with whom she founded Hull House, who she met when both
were students at Rockford Female Seminary. In 1889, the two visited Toynbee Hall together and started
their settlement house project, purchasing a house in Chicago.[75]

Her second romantic partner was Mary Rozet Smith, who was wealthy and supported Addams's work at
Hull House, and with whom she shared a house.[76] Historian Lilian Faderman wrote that Jane was in
love and she addressed Mary as "My Ever Dear", "Darling" and "Dearest One", and concluded that they
shared the intimacy of a married couple. They remained together until 1934, when Mary died of
pneumonia, after 40 years together.[77] It was said that, "Mary Smith became and always remained the
highest and clearest note in the music that was Jane Addams' personal life".[78] Together they owned a
summer house in Bar Harbor, Maine. When apart, they would write to each other at least once a day –
sometimes twice. Addams would write to Smith, "I miss you dreadfully and am yours 'til death".[79] The
letters also show that the women saw themselves as a married couple: "There is reason in the habit of
married folks keeping together", Addams wrote to Smith.[80]

Religion and religious motives

Addams's religious beliefs were shaped by her wide reading and life experience.[81] She saw her
settlement work as part of the "social Christian" movement.[82] Addams learned about social Christianity
from the co-founders of Toynbee Hall, Samuel and Henrietta Barnett. The Barnetts held a great interest in
converting others to Christianity, but they believed that Christians should be more engaged with the world
and, in the words of one of the leaders of the social Christian movement in England, W. H. Fremantle,
"imbue all human relations with the spirit of Christ's self-renouncing love".
According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize,
Jane Addams "had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism." Her image was, however,
"reinvented" by the Christian churches.[83]

According to Joslin (2004), "The new humanism, as [Addams] interprets it comes from a secular, and not
a religious, pattern of belief".[84]

According to the Jane Addams Hull-House Museum, "Some social settlements were linked to religious
institutions. Others, like Hull-House [co-founded by Addams], were secular."[85]

Hilda Satt Polacheck, a former resident of Hull House, stated that Addams firmly believed in religious
freedom and bringing people of all faiths into the social, secular fold of Hull House. The one exception,
she notes, was the annual Christmas Party, although Addams left the religious side to the church.[86]

The Bible served Addams as both a source of inspiration for her life of service and a manual for pursuing
her calling. The emphasis on following Jesus' example and actively advancing the establishment of God's
Kingdom on earth is also evident in Addams's work and the Social Gospel movement.

Politics

Peace movement

Delegation to the Women's Suffrage

Jane Addams [left] & Mary Rozet Legislature Jane Addams (left) and Miss
Smith, 1923 (Jane Addams Elizabeth Burke of the University of
Collection/Swarthmore College Chicago, 1911
Peace Collection.)

In 1898, Addams joined the Anti-Imperialist League, in opposition

to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines. A staunch supporter of the Progressive Party, she nominated
Theodore Roosevelt for the presidency during the Party Convention, held in Chicago in August 1912.[87]
She signed up on the party platform, even though it called for building more battleships. She went on to
speak and campaign extensively for Roosevelt's 1912 presidential campaign.
In January 1915, she became involved in the Woman's Peace Party and was elected national
chairman.[18][88] Addams was invited by European women peace activists to preside over the
International Congress of Women in The Hague, April 28–30, 1915,[18] and was chosen to head the
commission to find an end to the war. This included meeting ten leaders in neutral countries as well as
those at war to discuss mediation. This was the first significant international effort against the war.
Addams, along with co-delegates Emily Balch and Alice Hamilton, documented their experiences of this
venture, published as a book, Women at The Hague (University of Illinois).[89]

In her journal, Balch recorded her impression of Jane Addams (April 1915):

Miss Addams shines, so respectful of everyone's

views, so eager to understand and sympathize, so
patient of anarchy and even ego, yet always there,
strong, wise and in the lead. No 'managing', no
keeping dark and bringing things subtly to pass, just a
radiating wisdom and power of judgement.[88]

Addams was elected president of the International Committee of

Women for a Permanent Peace, established to continue the work
of the Hague Congress, at a conference in 1919 in Zürich,
Switzerland. The International Committee developed into the
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
(WILPF).[18][90] Addams continued as president, a position that
entailed frequent travel to Europe and Asia. Jane Addams signed drawing by
Manuel Rosenberg 1917

In 1917, she also became a member of the

Fellowship of Reconciliation USA (American
branch of the International Fellowship of
Reconciliation founded in 1919) and was a
member of the Fellowship Council until 1933.[91]
When the US joined the war in 1917, Addams
started to be strongly criticized. She faced
International Congress of Women in 1915. left to
increasingly harsh rebukes and criticism as a
right:1. Lucy Thoumaian – Armenia, 2. Leopoldine
Kulka, 3. Laura Hughes – Canada, 4. Rosika pacifist. Her 1915 speech on pacifism at Carnegie
Schwimmer – Hungary, 5. Anita Augspurg – Hall received negative coverage by newspapers
Germany, 6. Jane Addams – USA, 7. Eugenie such as The New York Times, which branded her as
Hanner, 8. Aletta Jacobs – Netherlands, 9. Chrystal unpatriotic.[92][93] Later, during her travels, she
Macmillan – UK, 10. Rosa Genoni – Italy, 11. Anna spent time meeting with a wide variety of
Kleman – Sweden, 12. Thora Daugaard – Denmark,
diplomats and civic leaders and reiterating her
13. Louise Keilhau – Norway
Victorian belief in women's special mission to
preserve peace. Recognition of these efforts came
with the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Addams in 1931.[94] As the first U.S. woman to win the prize,
Addams was applauded for her "expression of an essentially American democracy."[95] She donated her
share of the prize money to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.[18]

Pacifism
Addams was a major synthesizing figure in the domestic and international peace movements, serving as
both a figurehead and leading theoretician; she was influenced especially by Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy
and by the pragmatism of philosophers John Dewey and George Herbert Mead.[96] Her books,
particularly Newer Ideals of Peace and Peace and Bread in Time of War, and her peace activism informed
early feminist theories and perspectives on peace and war.[97] She envisioned democracy, social justice
and peace as mutually reinforcing; they all had to advance together to achieve any one. Addams became
an anti-war activist from 1899, as part of the anti-imperialist movement that followed the Spanish–
American War. Her book Newer Ideals of Peace[98] (1907) reshaped the peace movement worldwide to
include ideals of social justice. She recruited social justice reformers like Alice Hamilton, Lillian Wald,
Florence Kelley, and Emily Greene Balch to join her in the new international women's peace movement
after 1914. Addams's work came to fruition after World War I, when major institutional bodies began to
link peace with social justice and probe the underlying causes of war and conflict.[99]

In 1899 and 1907, world leaders sought peace by convening an innovative and influential peace
conference at The Hague. These conferences produced Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. A 1914
conference was canceled due to World War I. The void was filled by an unofficial conference convened
by Women at the Hague. At the time, both the US and The Netherlands were neutral. Jane Addams
chaired this pathbreaking International Congress of Women at the Hague, which included almost 1,200
participants from 12 warring and neutral countries.[100] Their goal was to develop a framework to end the
violence of war. Both national and international political systems excluded women's voices. The women
delegates argued that the exclusion of women from policy discourse and decisions around war and peace
resulted in flawed policy. The delegates adopted a series of resolutions addressing these problems and
called for extending the franchise and women's meaningful inclusion in formal international peace
processes at war's end.[101][102] Following the conference, Addams and a congressional delegation
traveled throughout Europe meeting with leaders, citizen groups, and wounded soldiers from both sides.
Her leadership during the conference and her travels to the capitals of the war-torn regions were cited in
nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.[103]

Addams was opposed to U.S. interventionism and expansionism and ultimately was against those who
sought American dominance abroad.[104] In 1915, she gave a speech at Carnegie Hall and was booed
offstage for opposing U.S. intervention into World War I.[105] Addams damned war as a cataclysm that
undermined human kindness, solidarity, and civic friendship, and caused families across the world to
struggle. In turn, her views were denounced by patriotic groups and newspapers during World War I
(1917–18). Oswald Garrison Villard came to her defense when she suggested that armies gave liquor to
soldiers just before major ground attacks. "Take the case of Jane Addams for one. With what abuse did
not the [New York] Times cover her, one of the noblest of our women, because she told the simple truth
that the Allied troops were often given liquor or drugs before charging across No Man's Land. Yet when
the facts came out at the hands of Sir Philip Gibbs and others not one word of apology was ever
forthcoming."[106] Even after the war, the WILPF's program of peace and disarmament was characterized
by opponents as radical, Communist-influenced, unpatriotic, and unfeminine. Young veterans in the
American Legion, supported by some members of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) and
the League of Women Voters, were ill-prepared to confront the older, better-educated, more financially
secure and nationally famous women of the WILPF. Nevertheless, the DAR could and did expel Addams
from membership in their organization.[107] The Legion's efforts to portray the WILPF members as
dangerously naive females resonated with working class audiences, but President Calvin Coolidge and
the middle classes supported Addams and her WILPF efforts in the 1920s to prohibit poison gas and
outlaw war. After 1920, however, she was widely regarded as the greatest woman of the Progressive
Era.[108] In 1931, the award of the Nobel Peace prize earned her near-unanimous acclaim.[109]

Philosophy and "peaceweaving"

Jane Addams was also a philosopher of peace.[110][111][112] Peace theorists often distinguish between
negative and positive peace.[113][114][115][116] Negative peace deals with the absence of violence or war.
Positive peace is more complicated. It deals with the kind of society we aspire to, and can take into
account concepts like justice, cooperation, the quality of relationships, freedom, order and harmony. Jane
Addams's philosophy of peace is a type of positive peace. Patricia Shields and Joseph Soeters (2017)
have summarized her ideas of peace using the term Peaceweaving.[117] They use weaving as a metaphor
because it denotes connection. Fibers come together to form a cloth, which is both flexible and strong.
Further, weaving is an activity in which men and women have historically engaged. Addams's
peaceweaving is a process which builds "the fabric of peace by emphasizing relationships. Peaceweaving
builds these relationships by working on practical problems, engaging people widely with sympathetic
understanding while recognizing that progress is measured by the welfare of the vulnerable" [118]

Eugenics
Addams supported eugenics and was vice president of the American Social Hygiene Association, which
advocated eugenics in an effort to improve the social 'hygiene' of American society.[119][120] She was a
close friend of noted eugenicists David Starr Jordan and Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and was an avid
proponent of the ideas of G. Stanley Hall. Addams belief in eugenics was tied to her desire to eliminate
what she perceived to be 'social ills':

Certainly allied to this new understanding of child life and a part of the same movement is the
new science of eugenics with its recently appointed university professors. Its organized
societies publish an ever-increasing mass of information as to that which constitutes the
inheritance of well-born children. When this new science makes clear to the public that those
diseases which are a direct outcome of the social evil are clearly responsible for race
deterioration, effective indignation may at last be aroused, both against preventable infant
mortality for which these diseases are responsible, and against the ghastly fact that the
survivors among these afflicted children infect their contemporaries and hand on the evil
heritage to another generation.[121][122]

Prohibition
While "no record is available of any speech she ever made on behalf of the eighteenth amendment",[123]
she nonetheless supported prohibition on the basis that alcohol "was of course a leading lure and a
necessary element in houses of prostitution, both from a financial and a social standpoint." She repeated
the claim that "professional houses of prostitution could not sustain themselves without the 'vehicle of
alcohol.'"[124]

Death
While Addams was often troubled by health problems in her youth and throughout
her life, her health began to take a more serious decline after she suffered a heart
attack in 1926.[125]

She died on May 21, 1935, at the age of 74, in Chicago and is buried in her
hometown of Cedarville, Illinois.[125]

Adult life and legacy Jane Addams

Burial Site in
Jane Addams is buried at Cedarville Cemetery, Cedarville, Illinois.[126] Cedarville, Illinois.

Hull House and the Peace Movement are widely recognized as the
key tangible pillars of Addams's legacy. While her life focused on the
development of individuals, her ideas continue to influence social,
political and economic reform in the United States, as well as
internationally. Addams and Starr's creation of the settlement house,
Hull House, impacted the community, immigrant residents, and social
work.

Willard Motley, a resident artist of Hull House, extracting from

Addams' central theory on symbolic interactionism, used the
neighborhood and its people to write his 1948 best seller, Knock on
Any Door.[127][128] His novel later became a well known court-room
film in 1949. This book and film brought attention to how a resident Addams is honored in the
lived an everyday life inside a settlement house and his relationship 'Famous Americans Series',
with Jane Addams. postal Issues of 1940

Addams's role as reformer enabled her to petition the establishment at

and alter the social and physical geography of her Chicago neighborhood. Although contemporary
academic sociologists defined her engagement as "social work", Addams's efforts differed significantly
from activities typically labeled as "social work" during that time period. Before Addams's powerful
influence on the profession, social work was largely informed by a "friendly visitor" model in which
typically wealthy women of high public stature visited impoverished individuals and, through systematic
assessment and intervention, aimed to improve the lives of the poor. Addams rejected the friendly visitor
model in favor of a model of social reform/social theory-building, thereby introducing the now-central
tenets of social justice and reform to the field of social work.[129]

Addams worked with other reform groups toward goals including the first juvenile court law, tenement-
house regulation, an eight-hour working day for women, factory inspection, and workers' compensation.
She advocated research aimed at determining the causes of poverty and crime, and she supported
women's suffrage. She was a strong advocate of justice for immigrants, African Americans, and minority
 groups by becoming a chartered
member of the NAACP. Among
the projects that the members of
Hull House opened were the
Immigrants' Protective League, the
Juvenile Protective Association,
the first juvenile court in the
United States, and a juvenile
psychopathic clinic.

Addams's influential writings and

speeches, on behalf of the
A wall-mounted quote by
formation of the League of Nations Jane Addams in The
and as a peace advocate, American Adventure
influenced the later shape of the (Epcot) in the World
Addams in 1914 United Nations. Showcase pavilion of Walt
Disney World's Epcot
Jane Addams also sponsored the
work of Neva Boyd, who founded the Recreational Training School at
Hull House, a one-year educational program in group games, gymnastics, dancing, dramatic arts, play
theory, and social problems. At Hull House, Neva Boyd ran movement and recreational groups for
children, using games and improvisation to teach language skills, problem-solving, self-confidence and
social skills. During the Great Depression, Boyd worked with the Recreational Project in the Works
Progress Administration, (WPA) as The Chicago Training School for Playground Workers, which
subsequently became the foundation for the Recreational Therapy and Educational Drama movements in
the U.S. One of her best known disciples, Viola Spolin taught in the Recreational Theater Program at Hull
House during the WPA era. Spolin went on to be a pioneer in the improvisational theater movement in the
US and the inventor of Theater Games.

The main legacy left by Jane Addams includes her involvement in the creation of the Hull House,
impacting communities and the whole social structure, reaching out to colleges and universities in hopes
of bettering the educational system, and passing on her knowledge to others through speeches and books.
She paved the way for women by publishing several books and co-winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931
with Starr.

The Jane Addams Papers Project, originally housed at the University of Illinois at Chicago and Duke
University, was relocated to Ramapo College in 2015. The project's digital edition actively engages
students and the world with the work and correspondence of Jane Addams.[130]

The Addams neighborhood and elementary school in Long Beach, California are named for her.[131]

Sociology
Jane Addams was intimately involved with the founding of sociology as a field in the United
States.[132][133][134][135] Hull House enabled Addams to befriend and become a colleague to early
members of the Chicago School of Sociology. She actively contributed to the sociology academic
literature, publishing five articles in the American Journal of Sociology between 1896 and
1914.[136][137][138][139][140] Her influence, through her work in applied sociology, impacted the thought
and direction of the Chicago School of Sociology's members.[133]
In 1893, she co-authored the compilation of essays written by Hull
House residents and workers titled, Hull-House Maps and Papers.
These ideas helped shape and define the interests and
methodologies of the Chicago School. She worked with American
philosopher George Herbert Mead and John Dewey[141] on social
reform issues, including promoting women's rights, ending child
labor, and mediating during the 1910 Garment Workers' Strike.
This strike in particular bent thoughts of protests because it dealt
with women workers, ethnicity, and working conditions. All of
these subjects were key items that Addams wanted to see in
Steps to Hull House. Source
society.
Addams: Twenty Years at Hull
House (1910), p. 447
The University of Chicago
Sociology department was
established in 1892, three years after Hull House was established
(1889). Members of Hull House welcomed the first group of
professors, who soon were "intimately involved with Hull House"
and assiduously engaged with applied social reform and
philanthropy".[142] In 1893, for example, faculty (Vincent, Small
and Bennis) worked with Jane Addams and fellow Hull House
resident Florence Kelley to pass legislation "banning sweat shops
and employment of children" [143] Albion Small, chair of the
Entrance to Hull House Courtyard.
Chicago Department of Sociology and founder of the American
Source Addams: Twenty Years at
Journal of Sociology, called for a sociology that was active "in the
Hull House (1910), p. 426
work of perfecting and applying plans and devices for social
improvement and amelioration", which took place in the "vast
sociological laboratory" that was 19th-century Chicago.[144] Although untenured, women residents of
Hull House taught classes in the Chicago Sociology Department. During and after World War I, the focus
of the Chicago Sociology Department shifted away from social activism toward a more positivist
orientation. Social activism was also associated with Communism and a "weaker" woman's work
orientation. In response to this change, women sociologists in the department "were moved inmasse out
of sociology and into social work" in 1920.[145] The contributions of Jane Addams and other Hull House
residents were buried in history.[146]

Mary Jo Deegan, in her 1988 book Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918 was the
first person to recover Addams' influence on sociology.[147] Deegan's work has led to recognition of
Addams's place in sociology. In a 2001 address, for example, Joe Feagin, then president of the American
Sociology Association, identified Addams as a "key founder" and he called for sociology to again claim
its activist roots and commitment to social justice.[148]

Remembrances
On December 10, 2007, Illinois celebrated the first annual Jane Addams Day.[149][150] Jane Addams Day
was initiated by a dedicated school teacher from Dongola, Illinois, assisted by the Illinois Division of the
American Association of University Women (AAUW).[151] Chicago activist Jan Lisa Huttner traveled
throughout Illinois as Director of International Relations for
AAUW-Illinois to help publicize the date, and later gave annual
presentations about Jane Addams Day in costume as Jane Addams.
In 2010, Huttner appeared as Jane Addams at a 150th Birthday
Party sponsored by Rockford University (Jane Addams' alma
mater), and in 2011, she appeared as Jane Addams at an event
sponsored by the Chicago Park District.[152]

There is a Jane Addams Memorial Park located near Navy Pier in

Chicago. A six-piece sculptural grouping honoring Addams by
Louise Bourgeois called "Helping Hands" was originally installed
in 1993 at Addams Memorial Park. However, they were "relocated
to Chicago Women's Park and Gardens" in 2011 after being
vandalized.[153] The Jane Addams memorial sculpture was
Chicago's first major artwork to honor an important woman.[154]
Jane Addams Hull-House Museum
In 2007, the state of Illinois renamed the Northwest Tollway as the
in 2006. The museum is located in
Jane Addams Memorial Tollway.[155] Hull House buildings were and preserves the first building from
mostly demolished for the establishment of the campus of the which the Addams settlement took
University of Illinois at Chicago in 1963, or relocated. The Hull its name, Hull House, and a related
residence itself and a related building are preserved as a museum community structure. Additional
and monument to Jane Addams.[156] settlement facilities, which over-time
grew up around the house, were
The Jane Addams College of Social Work is a professional school removed in the 1960s for
development of the campus of the
at the University of Illinois at Chicago.[157] Jane Addams Business
University of Illinois Chicago.
Careers Center is a high school in Cleveland, Ohio.[158] Jane
Addams High School For Academic Careers is a high school in
The Bronx, NY.[159] Jane Addams House is a residence hall built in 1936 at Connecticut College.

In 1973, Jane Addams was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[160] In 2008 Jane Addams
was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame.[161] Addams was inducted into the
Chicago Literary Hall of Fame in 2012.[162] Also, in 2012 she was inducted into the Legacy Walk, an
outdoor public display which celebrates LGBTQ history and people.[163] In 2014, Jane Addams was one
of the first 20 honorees awarded a 3-foot x 3-foot bronze plaque on San Francisco's Rainbow Honor Walk
(www.rainbowhonorwalk.org) paying tribute to LGBT heroes and heroines.[164][165][166] In 2015,
Addams was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of the 2015 LGBT History Month.[167]

Works by Jane Addams

Books
Democracy and Social Ethics (https://archive.org/details/cu31924032570180/page/n7/mode/
2up). New York, The Macmillan Company, 1902.
Newer Ideals of Peace (https://archive.org/details/neweridealspeac03addagoog/page/n10/m
ode/2up). New York, The Macmillan Company, 1907.
The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (https://archive.org/details/spirityouthandc00addago
og/page/n4/mode/2up). New York, The Macmillan Company, 1909.
 Twenty Years at Hull House. With autobiographical notes (https://archive.org/details/twentyy
earsathul0000hane). New York, The New American Library, 1910.
Symposium: child labor on the stage (https://archive.org/details/jstor-1011876/page/n1/mod
e/2up). National Child Labor Committee, New York [1911?].
A New Conscience And An Ancient Evil, (https://archive.org/details/anewconsciencea00add
agoog/page/n6/mode/2up). New York, The Macmillan company, 1912.
The Long Road of Woman's Memory (https://archive.org/details/longroadwomansm02addag
oog/page/n6/mode/2up). New York, The Macmillan Company, 1916.
Peace and Bread in Time of War (https://archive.org/details/peaceandbreadin00addagoog/p
age/n5/mode/2up). New York, The Macmillan Company, 1922.
The Second Twenty Years at Hull House (https://archive.org/details/secondtwentyyear0000a
dda). New York, The Macmillan Company, 1930.
The Excellent Becomes the Permanent (https://archive.org/details/excellentbecomes006105
mbp/page/n5/mode/2up). New York, The Macmillan Company, 1932.
My Friend Julia Lathrop (https://archive.org/details/myfriendjulialat0000adda). New York,
The Macmillan Company, 1935. (ed. 2004, Urbana, University of Illinois Press)

Collaborative Works
Women at The Hague: The International Congress of Women, with Alice Hamilton and
Emily Greene Balch, Macmillan Company 1915.[1] (https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/women-
working-1800-1930/catalog/45-990013349750203941)

Personal Papers
Jane Addams Digital Edition (https://digital.janeaddams.ramapo.edu/) Jane Addams Papers
Project, Ramapo College of New Jersey.

See also

Biography portal

LGBTQ portal

Jane Addams Burial Site

Jane Addams School for Democracy
Jane Addams Middle School
Jane Addams Children's Book Award
John H. Addams Homestead
List of American philosophers
List of female Nobel laureates
List of peace activists
List of suffragists and suffragettes
List of women's rights activists
John Dewey
Florence Kelley
Flora Dunlap
 Mary Treglia
Elizabeth Harrison (educator)
Community practice social work
Stanton Street Settlement
Progressive Party (United States, 1912)
American philosophy
International Fellowship of Reconciliation
Addams (crater)

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133. Deegan, M. J. (1988). Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918. New
Brunswick, NJ, USA: Transaction Books. ISBN 0887388302
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136. Addams, J. (1896). A Belated Industry. American Journal of Sociology, 1 (5), 536–550.
137. Addams, J. (1899). Trade Unions and Public Duty. American Journal of Sociology, 4 (4),
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Brunswick, NJ, USA: Transaction Books. ISBN 0887388302. Other influential sociologists
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Further reading
Tyrkus, Michael; Bronski, Michael; Gomez, Jewelle (1997). Gay & Lesbian Biography (http
s://archive.org/details/gaylesbianbiogra0000unse). Detroit, Michigan: St. James Press.
ISBN 1-55862-237-3.

Archival resources
Jane Addams Collection, 1838-date (bulk 1880–1935) (http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/p
eace/DG001-025/DG001JAddams/index.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160
420154603/https://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG001-025/DG001JAddams/index.h
tml) April 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (130 linear feet (40 linear metres)) is housed at
Swarthmore College Peace Collection.
Jane Addams Papers, 1904–1960 (bulk 1904–1936) (https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositori
es/2/resources/480) (1.5 linear feet (0.46 linear metres)) is housed at Smith College Sophia
Smith Collection. In 2015, The Jane Addams Papers Project relaunched at Ramapo College
led by Cathy Moran Hajo, and others https://janeaddams.ramapo.edu
For more information on the history and current archival efforts see Moran Hajo, Cathy,
(2023) 'Making the Jane Addams Papers Accessible to New Audiences', in Patricia M.
Shields, Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Jane
Addams Oxford Academic, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.14 (https://doi.org/10.
1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780197544518.013.14). ISBN 9780197544532
Jane Addams Correspondence, 1872–1935 (inclusive) (23 reels) is housed at Harvard
University Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study.

Biographies
Berson, Robin Kadison (2004). Jane Addams: A Biography (140 pp). Westport, Connecticut:
Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32354-2.
Brown, Victoria Bissell (2003). The Education of Jane Addams (https://archive.org/details/ed
ucationofjanea00brow) (432 pp). Politics and Culture in Modern America. Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3747-4.
Davis, Allen F. American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams (1973), 339pp,
solid scholarship but tends toward debunking
Diliberto, Gioia. A Useful Woman: The Early Life of Jane Addams. (1999). 318 pp.
Elshtain, Jean Bethke. Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy: A Life Basic
Books: 2002 online edition (https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100438832) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20110211122639/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=1004
38832) February 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, by a leading conservative scholar
Haldeman-Julius, Marcet. Jane Addams As I Knew Her. Girard, Kansas: Haldeman-Julius
Publications, ca. 1936. Marcet was Addams's niece.
 Knight, Louise W. Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy. (2005). 582 pp.;
biography to 1899 online edition (https://www.questia.com/read/117784352/citizen-jane-add
ams-and-the-struggle-for-democracy) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201903271839
21/https://www.questia.com/read/117784352/citizen-jane-addams-and-the-struggle-for-dem
ocracy) March 27, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
Knight, Louise W. Jane Addams: Spirit in Action. (2010). 334 pp., complete biography aimed
at a broader audience.
Joslin, Katherine. Jane Addams: A Writer's Life. (2004). 306 pp.
Linn, James W. Jane Addams: A Biography. (1935) 457 pp, by her admiring nephew

Specialty studies
Agnew, Elizabeth N. "A Will to Peace: Jane Addams, World War I, and 'Pacifism in Practice'"
Peace & Change (2017) 42#1 pp 5–31 doi:10.1111/pech.12216 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2F
pech.12216)|
Alonso, Harriet Hyman. "Nobel Peace Laureates, Jane Addams And Emily Greene Balch:
Two Women of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom". Journal of
Women's History 1995 7(2): 6–26.
Beauboeuf-Lafontant, Tamara. "Becoming Jane Addams: Feminist Developmental Theory
and' The College Woman'" Girlhood Studies (2014) 7#2 pp: 61–78.
Beer, Janet and Joslin, Katherine. "Diseases of the Body Politic: White Slavery in Jane
Addams' "A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil" and "Selected Short Stories" by Charlotte
Perkins Gilman". Journal of American Studies 1999 33(1): 1–18. ISSN 0021-8758 (https://w
ww.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0021-8758)
Bowen, Louise de Koven. Growing up with Pity. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1926.
Brinkmann, Tobias. Sundays at Sinai: A Jewish Congregation in Chicago (2012), on Addams
relationship with Chicago Jews.
Bryan, Mary Linn McCree, and Allen F. Davis. One Hundred Years at Hull-House (1990), a
history of the programs there
Burnier, D. (2022) The long road of administrative memory: Jane Addams, Frances Perkins,
and care-centered administration. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. eds. The Handbook of Gender
and Public Administration. pp. 53–67. Edward Elgar.
https://www.elgaronline.com/display/edcoll/9781789904727/9781789904727.00012.xml
Craraft, James. Two Shining Souls: Jane Addams, Leo Tolstoy, and the Quest for Global
Peace (Lanham: Lexington, 2012).179 pp.
Carson, Minal. Settlement Folk: Social Thought and the American Settlement Movement,
1885–1930 (1990)
Chansky, Dorothy. "Re-visioning Reform", American Quarterly vol 55 #3 (2003) 515–523
online at Project MUSE
Curti, Merle. "Jane Addams on Human Nature", Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 22, No. 2
(Apr. 1961), pp. 240–253 in JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/pss/2707835)
Danielson, Caroline Page. "Citizen Acts: Citizenship and Political Agency in the Works of
Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Emma Goldman". PhD dissertation U. of
Michigan 1996. 331 pp. DAI 1996 57(6): 2651-A. DA9635502 Fulltext: ProQuest
Dissertations & Theses
Dawley, Alan. Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution (2003)
Deegan, Mary Jo. "Jane Addams, the Hull-House School of Sociology, and Social Justice,
1892 to 1935". Humanity & Society (2013) 37#3 pp: 248–258.
Deegan, Mary Jo. Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918.
(Transaction, Inc., 1988). ISBN 0887388302
Donovan, Brian. White Slave Crusades: Race, Gender, and Anti-Vice Activism, 1887–1917.
(U of Illinois Press. 2006). 186 pp.
Duffy, William. "Remembering is the Remedy: Jane Addams's Response to Conflicted
Discourse". Rhetoric Review (2011) 30#2 pp: 135–152.
Fischer, Marilyn; Nackenoff, Carol; Chmielewski, Wendy eds. Jane Addams and the Practice
of Democracy (2009), 230 pp; 11 specialized essays by scholars. ISBN 978-0252076121
Foust, Mathew A. "Perplexities of Filiality: Confucius and Jane Addams on the Private/Public
Distinction", Asian Philosophy (2008) 18(2): 149–166.
Grimm, Robert Thornton Jr. "Forerunners for a Domestic Revolution: Jane Addams,
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and the Ideology Of Childhood, 1900–1916". Illinois Historical
Journal 1997 90(1): 47–64. ISSN 0748-8149 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q
=n2:0748-8149)
Gustafson, Melanie. Women and the Republican Party, 1854–1924 (University of Illinois
Press, 2001).
Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2007) online
edition (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/), Addams as philosopher
Hamington, Maurice. Embodied Care Jane Addams, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Feminist
Ethics (2004) excerpt and online search at amazon.com (https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252
029283)
Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams and a Politics of Embodied Care", The Journal of
Speculative Philosophy v 15 #2 2001, pp. 105–121 online at Project MUSE
Hamington, Maurice. "Public Pragmatism: Jane Addams and Ida B. Wells on Lynching", The
Journal of Speculative Philosophy v. 19#2 (2005), pp. 167–174 online at Project MUSE
Hansen, Jonathan M. "Fighting Words: The Transnational Patriotism of Eugene V. Debs,
Jane Addams, and W. E. B. Du Bois". PhD dissertation Boston U. 1997. 286 pp. DAI 1997
57(10): 4511-A. DA9710148 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
Henderson, Karla A. "Jane Addams: Leisure Services Pioneer". Journal of Physical
Education, Recreation & Dance, (1982) 53#2 pp. 42–45
Imai, Konomi, and 今井小の実. "The Women's Movement and the Settlement Movement in
Early Twentieth-Century Japan: The Impact of Hull House and Jane Addams on Hiratsuka
Raichō". Kwansei Gakuin University humanities review 17 (2013): 85–109. online (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20150113185429/http://kgur.kwansei.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10236/1053
6/1/17-6.PDF)
Jackson, Shannon. Lines of Activity: Performance, Historiography, Hull-House Domesticity
(2000). 384 pp.
Joslin, Katherine. Jane Addams: A writer's Life (2009) excerpt and text search (https://www.
amazon.com/dp/0252076346/)
Krysiak, Barbara H. "Full-Service Community Schools: Jane Addams Meets John Dewey".
School Business Affairs, v67 n8 pp. Aug 4–8, 2001. ISSN 0036-651X (https://www.worldcat.
org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0036-651X)
Knight, Louise W. "An Authoritative Voice: Jane Addams and the Oratorical Tradition".
Gender & History 1998 10(2): 217–251. ISSN 0953-5233 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?f
q=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0953-5233) Fulltext: Ebsco
Knight, Louise W. "Biography's Window on Social Change: Benevolence and Justice in Jane
Addams's 'A Modern Lear.'" Journal of Women's History 1997 9(1): 111–138. ISSN 1042-
7961 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1042-7961) Fulltext: Ebsco
Knight, Louise W., (2023)'A Biographer's Angle on Jane Addams's Feminism', in P. Shields,
M. Hamington, and J. Soeters (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams. pp. 279–304.
Oxford Academic, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.2
Lissak, R. S. Pluralism and Progressives: Hull-House and the New Immigrants. (1989)
Matassarin, Kat. "Jane Addams of Hull-House: Creative Drama at the Turn of the Century".
Children's Theatre Review, Oct 1983. v32 n4 pp 13–15
Morton, Keith. "Addams, Day, and Dewey: The Emergence of Community Service in
American Culture". Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, Fall 1997 v4 pp 137–
49 * Oakes, Jeannie. Becoming Good American Schools: The Struggle for Civic Virtue in
Education Reform. (2000). ISBN 0-7879-4023-2
Ostman, Heather Elaine. "Social Activist Visions: Constructions of Womanhood in the
Autobiographies of Jane Addams and Emma Goldman". PhD dissertation Fordham U. 2004.
240 pp. DAI 2004 65(3): 934-A. DA3125022 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
Packard, Sandra. "Jane Addams: Contributions and Solutions for Art Education". Art
Education, 29, 1, 9–12, Jan 76.
Phillips, J. O. C. "The Education of Jane Addams". History of Education Quarterly, 14, 1,
49–68, Spr 74.
Philpott, Thomas. L. The Slum and the Ghetto: Immigrants, Blacks, and Reformers in
Chicago, 1880–1930. (1991).
Platt, Harold. "Jane Addams and the Ward Boss Revisited: Class, Politics, and Public Health
in Chicago, 1890–1930". Environmental History 2000 5(2): 194–222. ISSN 1084-5453 (http
s://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1084-5453)
Polacheck, Hilda Satt. I Came a Stranger: The Story of a Hull-House Girl. Chicago, Illinois:
University of Illinois Press, 1989.
Sargent, David Kevin. "Jane Addams's Rhetorical Ethic". PhD dissertation Northwestern U.
1996. 275 pp. DAI 1997 57(11): 4597-A. DA9714673 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations &
Theses
Scherman, Rosemarie Redlich. "Jane Addams and the Chicago Social Justice Movement,
1889–1912". PhD dissertation City U. of New York 1999. 337 pp. DAI 1999 60(4): 1297-A.
DA9924849 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
Schott, Linda. "Jane Addams and William James on Alternatives to War". Journal of the
History of Ideas 1993 54(2): 241–254. in JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/pss/2709981)
Seigfried, Charlene H. "A Pragmatist Response to Death: Jane Addams on the Permanent
and the Transient". Journal of Speculative Philosophy (2007) 21(2): 133–141.
Shields, Patricia M. 2006. "Democracy and the Social Feminist Ethics of Jane Addams: A
Vision for Public Administration". Administrative Theory & Praxis, vol. 28, no. 3, September,
pp. 418–443. Democracy and the Social Feminist Ethics of Jane Addams: A Vision for Public
Administration (https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3959)
Shields, Patricia M. 2011. "Jane Addams' Theory of Democracy and Social Ethics:
Incorporating a Feminist Perspective". In Women in Public Administration: Theory and
Practice. Edited by Maria D'Agostiono and Helisse Levine, Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlet.
Shields, Patricia M. 2017. "Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy,
Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration". New York: Springer.ISBN 978-3-319-
50646-3
Shields, Patricia M. and Soeters, Joseph. 2017. Peaceweaving: Jane Addams, Positive
Peace and Public Administration. The American Review of Public Administration Vol. 47, no
3 pp. 323–399. doi/10.1177/0275074015589629.
Shields, Patricia M., Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds). (2023) The Oxford
Handbook of Jane Addams Oxford academic.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.001.0001
Sklar, Kathryn Kish. "Hull House in the 1890s: A Community of Women Reformers", Signs,
Vol. 10, No. 4, (Summer, 1985), pp. 658–677 in JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/pss/3174308)
Sklar, Kathryn Kish. "'Some of us who deal with the Social Fabric': Jane Addams Blends
Peace and Social Justice, 1907–1919". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 2003
2(1): 80–96. ISSN 1537-7814 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1537-7814)
 Soeters, Joseph. 2018. "Jane Addams: From Peace Activism to Pragmatic Peacekeeper"
Chapter 5 in Sociology and Military Studies: Classical and Current Foundations New York:
Routledge ISBN 978-1-138-73952-9
Stebner, E. J. The Women of Hull-House: A Study in Spirituality, Vocation, and Friendship.
(1997).
Stiehm, Judith Hicks. Champions for Peace: Women Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize.
Rowman and Littlefield, 2006.
Sullivan, M. "Social work's legacy of peace: Echoes from the early 20th century". Social
Work, Sep. 93; 38(5): 513–520. EBSCO (http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tru
e&db=c8h&AN=1994187242&site=ehost-live)
Toft, Jessica and Abrams, Laura S. "Progressive Maternalists and the Citizenship Status of
Low-Income Single Mothers". Social Service Review 2004 78(3): 447–465. ISSN 0037-7961
(https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0037-7961) Fulltext: Ebsco

Primary sources
Addams, Jane. "A Belated Industry" The American Journal of Sociology Vol. 1, No. 5 (Mar.
1896), pp. 536–550 in JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/pss/2761904)
Addams, Jane. The subjective value of a social settlement (1892) online (http://nrs.harvard.
edu/urn-3:FHCL:777422)
Addams, Jane, ed. Hull-House Maps and Papers: A Presentation of Nationalities and
Wages in a Congested District of Chicago, Together with Comments and Essays on
Problems Growing Out of the Social Conditions (1896; reprint 2007) excerpts and online
search from amazon.com (https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252031342/) full text (https://archiv
e.org/details/hullhousemapsan00unkngoog)
Kelley, Florence. "Hull House" The New England Magazine. Volume 24, Issue 5. (July 1898)
pp. 550–566 online at MOA (http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=AFJ30
26-0024&byte=11613062)
Addams, Jane. "Ethical Survivals in Municipal Corruption", International Journal of Ethics
Vol. 8, No. 3 (Apr. 1898), pp. 273–291 in JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/pss/2375784)
Addams, Jane. "Trades Unions and Public Duty", The American Journal of Sociology Vol. 4,
No. 4 (Jan. 1899), pp. 448–462 in JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2761726)
Addams, Jane. "The Subtle Problems of Charity", The Atlantic Monthly. Volume 83, Issue
496 (February 1899) pp. 163–179 online at MOA (http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/m
oa-cgi?notisid=ABK2934-0083&byte=297435804)
Addams, Jane. Democracy and Social Ethics (1902) online at Internet Archive (https://archiv
e.org/details/democracyandsoc04addagoog) online at Harvard Library (http://nrs.harvard.ed
u/urn-3:HUL.FIG:000669764)
23 editions published between 1902 and 2006 in English and held by 1,570 libraries
worldwide
Addams, Jane. Child labor 1905 Harvard Library online (http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:7
96212)
Addams, Jane. "Problems of Municipal Administration", The American Journal of Sociology
Vol. 10, No. 4 (Jan. 1905), pp. 425–444 JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2762268)
Addams, Jane. "Child Labor Legislation – A Requisite for Industrial Efficiency", Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 25, Child Labor (May 1905),
pp. 128–136 in JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1010935)
Addams, Jane. The operation of the Illinois child labor law, (1906) online at Harvard Library
(http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:460093)
 Addams, Jane. Newer Ideals of Peace (1906) online at Internet Archive (https://archive.org/
details/neweridealspeac03addagoog)
13 editions published between 1906 and 2007 in English and held by 686 libraries
worldwide
Addams, Jane. National protection for children 1907 online at Harvard Library (http://nrs.har
vard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:460100)
Addams, Jane. The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (1909) online at books.google.com
(https://books.google.com/books?id=fMMrAAAAIAAJ), online at Harvard Library (http://nrs.h
arvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:761798)
16 editions published between 1909 and 1972 in English and held by 1,094 libraries
worldwide
Addams, Jane. Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes, 1910 online at A
Celebration of Women Writers (http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/addams/hullhouse/hull
house.html) online at Harvard Library (http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:615636)
72 editions published between 1910 and 2007 in English and held by 3,250 libraries
worldwide
Addams, Jane. A new conscience and an ancient evil (1912) online at Harvard Library (htt
p://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:436848)
14 editions published between 1912 and 2003 in English and held by 912 libraries
worldwide
Addams, Jane; Balch, Emily Greene; and Hamilton, Alice. Women at the Hague: The
International Congress of Women and Its Results. (1915) reprint ed by Harriet Hyman
Alonso, (2003). 91 pp. online at Harvard Library (http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:777415)
Addams, Jane. The Long Road of Woman's Memory (1916) online at Internet Archive (http
s://archive.org/details/longroadwomansm00addagoog) online at Harvard Library (http://nrs.h
arvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:520210), also reprint U. of Illinois Press, 2002. 84 pp.
Addams, Jane. Peace and Bread in Time of War 1922 online edition (https://www.questia.co
m/PM.qst?a=o&d=101410685) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110211122210/htt
p://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101410685) February 11, 2011, at the Wayback
Machine, online at Harvard Library (http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:761799)
12 editions published between 1922 and 2002 in English and held by 835 libraries
worldwide
Addams, Jane. My Friend, Julia Lathrop. (1935; reprint U. of Illinois Press, 2004) 166 pp.
Addams, Jane. Jane Addams: A Centennial Reader (1960) online edition (https://www.questi
a.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=453328) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110211122700/htt
p://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=453328) February 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
Bryan, Mary Lynn McCree, Barbara Bair, and Maree De Angury. eds., The Selected Papers
of Jane Addams Volume 1: Preparing to Lead, 1860–1881. University of Illinois Press, 2002.
online excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252027299/)
Elshtain, Jean B. ed. The Jane Addams Reader (2002), 488pp
Lasch, Christopher, ed. (1965). The Social Thought of Jane Addams.

External links
Digital collections

Works by Jane Addams in eBook form (https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/jane-addams) at

 Standard Ebooks
Works by Jane Addams (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/602) at Project
Gutenberg
Works by or about Jane Addams (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3
A%22Addams%2C%20Jane%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jane%20Addams%22%20O
R%20creator%3A%22Addams%2C%20Jane%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jane%20Add
ams%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Addams%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J
ane%20Addams%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Addams%2C%20Jane%22%20OR%2
0description%3A%22Jane%20Addams%22%29%20OR%20%28%221860-1935%22%20A
ND%20Addams%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the Internet Archive
Works by Jane Addams (https://librivox.org/author/1531) at LibriVox (public domain
audiobooks)
Harvard University Library Open Collections Program. Women Working, 1870–1930. Jane
Addams (1860–1935). (https://web.archive.org/web/20050817230106/http://ocp.hul.harvard.
edu/ww/people_addams.html) A full-text searchable online database with complete access
to publications written by Jane Addams.
Jane Addams Digital Edition, Ramapo College of New Jersey (https://digital.janeaddams.ra
mapo.edu/)
"Jane Addams" (http://www.iep.utm.edu/addamsj). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Jane Addams (https://historyofwomenphilosophers.org/project/directory-of-women-philosoph
ers/addams-jane-1860-1935/): bibliographical and biographical references. - Center for the
History of Women Philosophers and Scientists
Physical collections

Online photograph exhibit of Jane Addams from Swarthmore College's Peace Collection (htt
p://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/Exhibits/janeaddams/addamsindex.htm)
Guide to the Jane Addams Collection 1894–1919 (https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findin
gaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.ADDAMSJ) at the University of Chicago Special
Collections Research Center (https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/)
Jane Addams Papers (https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/480) at the
Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College
Ellen Gates Starr Papers (https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/1004) at the
Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College
Newspaper clippings about Jane Addams (http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000125)
in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Biographical information

FBI file on Jane Addams (https://vault.fbi.gov/Jane%20Addams)

Jane Addams on the history of social work timeline (http://www.historyofsocialwork.org/eng/
details.php?cps=5&canon_id=137)
Jane Addams (https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/jane-addams/) National Women's
Hall of Fame
Kathi Coon Badertscher: "Jane Addams", In: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia
of the First World War (https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/addams_jane)
Homans, James E., ed. (1918). "Addams, Jane" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Cycl
op%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Addams,_Jane). The Cyclopædia of American
Biography. New York: The Press Association Compilers, Inc.
Hull House links

Jane Addams Hull-House Museum (http://www.hullhousemuseum.org/)

 Jane Addams's Hull-House (http://maxwellhalsted.uic.edu/home/enlightened-reformer)
Taylor Street Archives; Hull House: Bowen Country Club (https://web.archive.org/web/20181
228234400/http://taylorstreetarchives.com/)
Scholarship and analysis

Michals, Debra "Jane Addams" (https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biogra

phies/jane-addams). National Women's History Museum. 2017.
Sklar, Kathryn Kish et al. "How Did Changes in the Built Environment at Hull-House Reflect
the Settlement's Interaction with Its Neighbors, 1889–1912?" Sklar, Women and Social
Movements in the United States, 1600–2000
Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/). In
Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Looks at her as "the first
woman 'public philosopher' in United States history".
American Commission for Peace in Ireland Interim Report (https://www.academia.edu/6310
490/)
Other links

Jane Addams (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0011629/) at IMDb

The Bitter Cry of Outcast London (http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/related/outcast.php/)
by Rev. Andrew Mearns
International Fellowship of Reconciliation (http://www.ifor-mir.org/) Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20141217133548/http://www.ifor-mir.org/) December 17, 2014, at the Wayback
Machine
Short historical film showing Jane Addams in Berlin in 1915 (http://www.criticalpast.com/vide
o/65675026876_Laura-Jane-Addams_buildings_umbrella_people), on her peace mission
with Aletta Jacobs and Alice Hamilton.
Jane Addams (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/496) on Nobelprize.org

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