TOPIC-4.-Generation-and-Propagation-of-EM-waves
TOPIC-4.-Generation-and-Propagation-of-EM-waves
TOPIC-4.-Generation-and-Propagation-of-EM-waves
ONLINE CLASSROOM
RULES!
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ATTENDANCE
SHORT
RECAP
ACTIVITY!
WHO AM I?
QUESTION!
M_G__T__ F_E_D
F__Q__N_Y
Answer: FREQUENCY
QUESTION!
S_E_D _F L_G_T
WHAT A WAVE!
INSTRUCTION: The teacher will group the class into three groups.
For ten minutes, make a group conversation so you can interact
with each other and decide who will be the leader that will present
the group.
QUESTIONS:
How are EM waves generated in the given illustration?
What happen with the wave as it travel to a denser medium?
CRITERIA
Accuracy 5pts.
Understanding of
5pts.
Concepts
3. Infinite Plane
-An infinite plane with surface charge
density o produces a uniform electric field:
Solution:
Calculate Electric Flux: Since the electric field is constant over the
surface of the sphere and is pointing radially outward, we have:
Solving for E:
Given:
Answer:
Example 2: Electric Field Due to an Infinite Line of Charge
Problem:
An infinite line of charge has a linear charge density of λ=6 μC/m. Calculate the electric field
at a distance of r=0.3 m from the line.
Solution:
Calculate Electric Flux: The electric field is radial and points outward from the line of charge,
and the flux through the sides of the cylindrical surface is:
The surface area of the cylindrical side is A=2πrL. The electric field is perpendicular to the
top and bottom surfaces of the cylinder, so the flux through them is zero. Thus, the total
electric flux is:
The charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is Qenc=λL, where λ is the linear charge
density and L is the length of the cylindrical surface. So:
Solve for the Electric Field:
Given Values:
Solution:
1. Gauss’s Law for a Spherical Shell:
For a uniformly charged spherical shell, we can use a spherical Gaussian surface. We
have two cases to consider:
Inside the spherical shell (r<R): The electric field inside a uniformly charged
spherical shell is zero.
Outside the spherical shell (r>R): The electric field outside the shell behaves as if
the entire charge were concentrated at the center of the shell, because of
spherical symmetry.
For r>R: The Gaussian surface is a sphere with radius r, and the charge enclosed is the
total charge Q.
According to Gauss's law:
Given Values:
The Equation:
∮surface B⋅dA=0
Explanation:
KEY POINTS:
1. The law states that the net magnetic flux through any closed surface
is zero.
2. This reflects the fact that magnetic field lines always form closed
loops (no magnetic monopoles exist).
3. It contrasts with Gauss's Law for electricity, where electric charges
(sources of electric fields) can create non-zero flux.
Solution:
We will solve this problem in the following steps:
Step 2: Calculate the Magnetic Field Inside the Solenoid: The magnetic
field inside the solenoid is given by:
Magnetic Flux Formula for Multiple Turns: The magnetic flux through a
coil with N turns is:
Step: Calculate the Magnetic Flux: Using the formula for magnetic flux:
FARADAY’S LAW
Faraday's Law is one of the fundamental principles of
electromagnetism. It describes how a changing magnetic
field can induce an electric field. This phenomenon is the
basis for how electric generators, transformers, and
inductors work. Faraday's Law connects the time-varying
magnetic field to the electric field it generates.
Faraday's Law Formula:
The mathematical expression for Faraday's Law is:
MEANING OF EACH TERM IN
FARADAY'S LAW:
1. EMF (Electromotive Force):
EMF is the induced voltage or potential difference created by the changing
magnetic field.
It is what drives the current in a closed circuit. The direction and magnitude of
the induced EMF depend on the rate at which the magnetic flux changes through
the loop.
In terms of units, EMF is measured in volts (V).
ΦB(Magnetic Flux):
Magnetic flux ΦB represents the total magnetic field passing through a given
surface area. It is the product of the magnetic field strength B and the area A
through which the magnetic field lines pass, considering the angle θ between the
field and the area normal.
The formula for magnetic flux is:
Where:
B is the magnetic field strength (measured in Tesla, T),
A is the area through which the magnetic field passes (measured in square
meters, m²),
θ is the angle between the magnetic field lines and the normal to the surface.
Magnetic flux ΦB is measured in Weber (Wb), where 1 Weber = 1 Tesla meter²
(T·m²).
This term represents how quickly the magnetic flux through the surface is
changing with time.
If the magnetic field B changes, or the area A through which the magnetic
field passes changes (such as by moving the loop or altering the orientation
of the loop), the magnetic flux will change.
The faster the flux changes, the greater the induced EMF.
The rate of change of magnetic flux is measured in Webers per second
(Wb/s), which is equivalent to Volts.
HOW FARADAY'S LAW RELATES CHANGING MAGNETIC
FIELDS TO INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELDS:
2. Induced EMF:
The induced EMF is proportional to the rate at which the magnetic flux changes. If
the magnetic field increases or decreases rapidly, the induced voltage (EMF) will
be higher. The negative sign in Faraday’s Law (the minus sign) indicates Lenz’s
Law, which states that the direction of the induced EMF (and thus the induced
current) will oppose the change in the magnetic flux. This opposition is a
consequence of the conservation of energy and ensures that the system behaves
in a way that resists the change in flux.
Faraday’s Law shows that magnetic fields can produce electric fields, but this
process requires the magnetic field to be changing with time. The induced electric
field forms closed loops around the changing magnetic field, and it can be used to
do work, such as moving charges in a wire to create an electric current.
Sample Problem:
A magnet with a magnetic field strength of 0.2 T(Tesla) is moved towards a coil of wire. The
coil has 50 turns, a radius of 0.05 m, and the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the
magnetic field. The magnet moves with a speed of 1.0 m/s and passes completely through
the coil in 0.5 seconds.
Solution:
Understand the Formula for Faraday’s Law of Induction
Faraday’s Law states that the induced EMF (E) is proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux:
Where:
B is the magnetic field strength in Tesla (T),
A is the area of the coil in square meters
(m²),
Θ is the angle between the magnetic field
lines and the normal to the coil’s surface.
Since the field is perpendicular to the coil,
θ=0∘, so cos(0∘)=1.
Calculate the Area of the Coil
The coil is circular, so we can use the formula for the area of a circle:
A=πr^2
Where:
r=0.05 m is the radius of the coil.
( 4π×10^−7T⋅m/A)
MAXWELL’S ADDITION
James Clerk Maxwell realized that the original Ampère's Law was
incomplete. It worked well for steady currents but failed in situations
where the electric field was changing, such as in capacitors during
alternating current.
Maxwell added a term to account for the magnetic field created by a
changing electric field. This addition is called the displacement current.
Solution:
Setup:
The current creates a circular magnetic field around the wire. Using Ampère's
Law:
Solve for B:
Substitute Values:
Answer: B=20μT
SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
NATURAL SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
A.)SUNLIGHT
The sun is the primary source of electromagnetic (EM) radiation for Earth. It immense
energy output, generated through nuclear fusion reactions in its core, releases a vast amount
of energy in the form of EM radiation.
SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS – Is a spectacular and incredibly powerful event that marks the
end of a massive star’s life.
ACTIVE GLACTIC NUCLEI (AGN) - Are incredibly luminous regions at the centers of
galaxies, powered by supermassive black holes.
COSMIC RAYS - Are high-energy particles, primarily protons and atomic nuclei, that travel
through space at nearly the speed of light.
1.) Communication
Radio Broadcasting - AM and FM radio stations use radio waves to transmit music,
news, and other audio content.
Television - are used to transmit both audio and video signals to televisions.
Mobile Phones - Cellular networks rely on radio waves to enable voice calls, text
messages, and internet connectivity.
2.) Navigation
Global Positioning System (GPS) - GPS devices use radio waves from satellites to
calculate the user’s location.
Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) - Radar systems emit radio waves and detect
their reflection off objects.
1.) Stimulated Emission of Photons from Excited Atoms - inside a laser device,
a material called the gain medium (which could be a gas, crystal, liquid, or
semiconductor) is excited by an external energy source, such as an electric
current or another light source.
Applications of Lasers:
Communication
Medical Procedures
Industrial Applications
PROPAGATION IN DIFFERENT MEDIA
Vacuum - Ideal medium for propagation. Speed of light in a vacuum
(approximately meters per second). - Absence of a medium; no attenuation
or dispersion. - Basis for defining the speed of light constant, .
Speed of light: c ≈ 3 x 10^8 m/s
Glass - Significant reduction in speed and high refractive index (around m/s,
depending on glass type). - Strong refraction leading to light bending, which
is utilized in lenses and fiber optics. - Some dispersion occurs, affecting
clarity in optical transmission over long distances.
FACTORS AFFECTING PROPAGATION
Refractive Index - A measure of how much a material slows down
light.
Where:
n= refractive index
c= constant speed of light in a vacuum
v= speed of light in the medium
HOW REFRACTIVE INDEX VARIATIONS
CAUSE REFRACTION AND INFLUENCE
WAVE TRAJECTORY
Snell's Law:
Sample problem
A light ray travels from air ( refractive index = 1.00) into a glass medium with a refractive
index of 1.50. The angle of refractive incidence of the ray in air is 30°.
Calculate the angle of refraction of light ray in the glass medium
Determine the speed of the wave in the glass medium. (Speed of light in a vacuum, c =
3 X 10^8 m/s)
Using Snell's law
n1 sin Θ= n2 sin Θ2
n1 = 1.00 (refractive index of air)
n2 = 1.50 ( refractive index of glass)
Θ = 30°
Solve for Θ2 (angle of reflection)
1. Calculate the speed of light in the medium
v = c/n2
c = 3X10^8 m/s (speed of light in a vacuum)
n2 = 1.50
Attenuation - Loss of wave amplitude/energy as it propagates.
Sample problem:
Factors influencing attenuation in air
An optical signal travels through a 10-kilometer- (e.g., humidity), water (e.g., impurities),
long optical fiber. The attenuation of the fiber is and glass (e.g., absorption and
0.25dB/km, and the initial power of the signal is scattering).
5mW. Impact on signal strength in
communication systems and optical
1. Calculate the total attenuation in decibels (dB) fibers
over the 10 km distance.
2. Determine the final power of the signal at the
end of the fiber.
QUIZ TIME!
1.
2.
3. A light ray travels from water (n1 = 1.33) into diamond (n2=2.42). The
angle of incidence of the ray in water is 40°.