TOPIC-4.-Generation-and-Propagation-of-EM-waves

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PRAYER

ONLINE CLASSROOM
RULES!
Be on time.

Find a quiet place free of distractions.

Always mute your microphone.

Be respectful at all time when your video is on.

Click the raise hand button if you have a question or something to share.

Pay attention.
ATTENDANCE
SHORT
RECAP
ACTIVITY!
WHO AM I?
QUESTION!

1. I am created by a changing electric field.

M_G__T__ F_E_D

Answer: MAGNETIC FIELD


QUESTION!

2. I am inversely proportional to wavelength.

F__Q__N_Y

Answer: FREQUENCY
QUESTION!

3. I arise when charges accelerate.

E__C T__C F_E_D

Answer: ELECTRIC FIELD


QUESTION!

4. I determined the speed at which


electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum.

S_E_D _F L_G_T

Answer: SPEED OF LIGHT


OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THE LESSON THE STUDENTS
SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

A. DEFINE GENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF


ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

B. IDENTIFY GENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF


ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

C. SOLVE REAL WORLD PROBLEMS INVOLVING


THE GENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
LET’S HAVE ANOTHER
ACTIVITY!

WHAT A WAVE!
INSTRUCTION: The teacher will group the class into three groups.
For ten minutes, make a group conversation so you can interact
with each other and decide who will be the leader that will present
the group.

QUESTIONS:
How are EM waves generated in the given illustration?
What happen with the wave as it travel to a denser medium?

CRITERIA

Accuracy 5pts.

Understanding of
5pts.
Concepts

Demonstration Quality 5pts.


Activity Setup: Start by giving simple definitions of "generation" and
"propagation" of EM waves, as follows:

Generation of Electromagnetic Waves: Electromagnetic waves


are created when electric charges, like electrons, are made to
move change direction quickly. This movement causes waves of
electric and magnetic fields to spread out from the source, like
how ripples form when you drop a stone into water.

Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves: Once generated,


electromagnetic waves travel, or propagate, through space and
various materials. They travel at the speed of light in a vacuum
and slightly slower in materials like air, water, or glass. Their speed
and direction can change depending on what they travel through.
GENERATION AND
PROPAGATION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
MAXWELL’S EQUATION
James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist of the 19th
century, is considered one of the most influential
scientists of all time. His groundbreaking work
revolutionized our understanding of electricity and
magnetism, fundamentally changing the course of
physics.

Maxwell's most significant contribution was the


development of a set of four equations, now famously
known as Maxwell's equations. These equations, based
on the work of Faraday and others, elegantly unified the
previously separate fields of electricity and magnetism.
He showed that these forces were not independent but
were, in fact, two aspects of the same fundamental
phenomenon: electromagnetism.
1. GAUSS'S LAW FOR ELECTRICITY

Gauss's Law for Electricity is a fundamental principle in


electromagnetism that elegantly connects electric fields
to the distribution of electric charges.

It states that the total electric flux through any closed


surface is directly proportional to the total electric
charge enclosed within that surface.
Electric Fields and Enclosed Charges:

Electric fields are created by electric charges and exert


forces on other charges. Imagine a positive charge: it
generates an electric field that radiates outward from it.

Enclosed charges refer to the total electric charge contained


within a specific closed surface (an imaginary boundary).
This surface can be any shape, but it must be closed,
meaning it encloses a volume.
Electric Flux:

Electric flux is a measure of how much electric field "passes


through" a given surface. It's like counting the number of
electric field lines that pierce through the surface.

Mathematically, electric flux is calculated by integrating the


dot product of the electric field vector (E) and the area
vector (dA) over the entire surface.
FORMULA:

The formula for Gauss's Law is:


∮ E ⋅ dA = Q_enclosed / ε₀
where:
∮E ⋅ dA is the electric flux through a closed
surface
Q_enclosed is the total charge enclosed within
the surface
ε₀ is the permittivity of free space (a constant
value) =8.85×10^−12C2/N m^2.
KEY CONCEPTS:
Electric Field Lines: Electric field lines originate from positive charges
and terminate on negative charges. Gauss's Law tells us that the
number of field lines passing through a closed surface is proportional
to the enclosed charge.

Symmetry: Gauss's Law is most useful when dealing with situations


with high symmetry, such as spheres, cylinders, or infinite planes. This
allows us to choose a convenient Gaussian surface that simplifies the
calculations.

Electric Flux: Electric flux is a measure of the number of electric field


lines passing through a given area. It's a useful concept for
understanding the distribution of electric fields.
EXAMPLES:
1. Point Charge
- A single point charge q is located at the center of a spherical
Gaussian surface of radius r. The goal is to calculate the electric field
E.

Using Gauss's Law:

Since the electric field is uniform on the


spherical surface:
EXAMPLES:
2. Uniformly Charged Sphere
- A uniformly charged sphere with total charge
Q has two regions to consider:

Outside the Sphere (r≥R):


For a spherical Gaussian surface outside the sphere,
the total charge Q appears concentrated at the center:

Inside the Sphere (r<R):


For a Gaussian surface inside the sphere, the enclosed charge is
proportional to the volume enclosed:
Using Gauss's law:
EXAMPLES:

3. Infinite Plane
-An infinite plane with surface charge
density o produces a uniform electric field:

Using a cylindrical Gaussian surface:

The electric field is uniform and perpendicular to the plane,


independent of the distance.
Solving:
Example 1: Electric Field Due to a Point Charge
Problem:
Calculate the electric field at a distance of r=0.2 m from a point
charge of Q=+3 μCQ.

Solution:

1. Gauss's Law for a Point Charge:

Calculate Electric Flux: Since the electric field is constant over the
surface of the sphere and is pointing radially outward, we have:

where A=4πr^2 is the surface area of the sphere.


Apply Gauss's Law: From Gauss’s Law:

Solving for E:

Given:

Substituting these values:

Answer:
Example 2: Electric Field Due to an Infinite Line of Charge
Problem:
An infinite line of charge has a linear charge density of λ=6 μC/m. Calculate the electric field
at a distance of r=0.3 m from the line.
Solution:
Calculate Electric Flux: The electric field is radial and points outward from the line of charge,
and the flux through the sides of the cylindrical surface is:

The surface area of the cylindrical side is A=2πrL. The electric field is perpendicular to the
top and bottom surfaces of the cylinder, so the flux through them is zero. Thus, the total
electric flux is:

Apply Gauss’s Law: Gauss’s law states:

The charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is Qenc=λL, where λ is the linear charge
density and L is the length of the cylindrical surface. So:
Solve for the Electric Field:

Canceling L and solving for E:

Given Values:

Substituting into the equation:


Example 3: Electric Field Due to a Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell
Problem:
Calculate the electric field at a point r=2 m from the center of a spherical shell of
radius R=1 m, which carries a total charge Q=+8μC. Assume that the charge is uniformly
distributed on the surface of the shell.

Solution:
1. Gauss’s Law for a Spherical Shell:
For a uniformly charged spherical shell, we can use a spherical Gaussian surface. We
have two cases to consider:
Inside the spherical shell (r<R): The electric field inside a uniformly charged
spherical shell is zero.
Outside the spherical shell (r>R): The electric field outside the shell behaves as if
the entire charge were concentrated at the center of the shell, because of
spherical symmetry.

For r>R: The Gaussian surface is a sphere with radius r, and the charge enclosed is the
total charge Q.
According to Gauss's law:

The electric flux through the spherical surface is:

Solve for the Electric Field:

Given Values:

Substituting into the equation:


GAUSS'S LAW FOR MAGNETISM
Gauss's Law for Magnetism is one of Maxwell's equations, and it
fundamentally differs from Gauss's Law for Electricity. While the latter
deals with electric charges and their creation of electric fields,
Gauss's Law for Magnetism highlights a crucial difference: the
absence of magnetic monopoles.

The Equation:
∮surface ​B⋅dA=0

Explanation:
KEY POINTS:
1. The law states that the net magnetic flux through any closed surface
is zero.
2. This reflects the fact that magnetic field lines always form closed
loops (no magnetic monopoles exist).
3. It contrasts with Gauss's Law for electricity, where electric charges
(sources of electric fields) can create non-zero flux.

ABSENCE OF MAGNETIC MONOPOLES:


This equation directly implies that there are no isolated magnetic north or
south poles, known as magnetic monopoles. Unlike electric charges, which
can exist as isolated positive or negative charges (monopoles), magnetic
poles always come in pairs – a north pole and a south pole. This is why
you can't isolate a single magnetic pole, no matter how you try to break a
magnet.
CLOSED-LOOP NATURE OF MAGNETIC FIELD LINES:
The absence of magnetic monopoles means that magnetic field lines
always form closed loops. They originate from a north pole and terminate
at a south pole, forming continuous loops. This is in stark contrast to
electric field lines, which can originate from positive charges and
terminate on negative charges, or even extend to infinity.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS:
Electric fields: Electric fields originate from electric charges, which can
exist as isolated monopoles. Electric field lines can start and end at
charges or extend to infinity.
Magnetic fields: Magnetic fields are always generated by moving charges
(currents) or changing electric fields. They do not originate from isolated
magnetic charges (monopoles). Magnetic field lines always form closed
loops, never starting or ending at a point.
Sample Problem: Magnetic Flux Through a Solenoid
Problem Statement:
A solenoid has a length of 0.5 m and a radius of 0.02 m. It consists of 200 turns
of wire and carries a current of 3 A. Calculate the net magnetic flux through the
closed cylindrical surface that encloses the solenoid.

Solution:
We will solve this problem in the following steps:
Step 2: Calculate the Magnetic Field Inside the Solenoid: The magnetic
field inside the solenoid is given by:

Substituting the known values:

Step 3: Calculate the Area of the Solenoid Cross-Section: The solenoid is


cylindrical with a radius of 0.02 m. The area A of the cross-section of the
solenoid is:

Step 4: Calculate the Magnetic Flux Through the Solenoid:


Example 2: Magnetic Flux Through a Coil in a Magnetic Field

Magnetic Flux Formula for Multiple Turns: The magnetic flux through a
coil with N turns is:
Step: Calculate the Magnetic Flux: Using the formula for magnetic flux:
FARADAY’S LAW
Faraday's Law is one of the fundamental principles of
electromagnetism. It describes how a changing magnetic
field can induce an electric field. This phenomenon is the
basis for how electric generators, transformers, and
inductors work. Faraday's Law connects the time-varying
magnetic field to the electric field it generates.
Faraday's Law Formula:
The mathematical expression for Faraday's Law is:
MEANING OF EACH TERM IN
FARADAY'S LAW:
1. EMF (Electromotive Force):
EMF is the induced voltage or potential difference created by the changing
magnetic field.
It is what drives the current in a closed circuit. The direction and magnitude of
the induced EMF depend on the rate at which the magnetic flux changes through
the loop.
In terms of units, EMF is measured in volts (V).

ΦB​(Magnetic Flux):
Magnetic flux ΦB represents the total magnetic field passing through a given
surface area. It is the product of the magnetic field strength B and the area A
through which the magnetic field lines pass, considering the angle θ between the
field and the area normal.
The formula for magnetic flux is:
Where:
B is the magnetic field strength (measured in Tesla, T),
A is the area through which the magnetic field passes (measured in square
meters, m²),
θ is the angle between the magnetic field lines and the normal to the surface.
Magnetic flux ΦB is measured in Weber (Wb), where 1 Weber = 1 Tesla meter²
(T·m²).

This term represents how quickly the magnetic flux through the surface is
changing with time.
If the magnetic field B changes, or the area A through which the magnetic
field passes changes (such as by moving the loop or altering the orientation
of the loop), the magnetic flux will change.
The faster the flux changes, the greater the induced EMF.
The rate of change of magnetic flux is measured in Webers per second
(Wb/s), which is equivalent to Volts.
HOW FARADAY'S LAW RELATES CHANGING MAGNETIC
FIELDS TO INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELDS:

Faraday's Law reveals that a time-varying magnetic field is the source of


an induced electric field. The law expresses the fact that electric fields
are induced by changes in magnetic fields, and this induced electric field
is non-conservative, meaning it does not arise from a potential, but rather
from a time-varying magnetic flux.

1. Time-Varying Magnetic Field:


A constant magnetic field does not induce any electric field. However, if
the magnetic field changes over time, it induces a circulating electric
field around it. This circulating electric field can drive a current if there
is a conductive loop (such as a wire) available.
HOW FARADAY'S LAW RELATES CHANGING MAGNETIC
FIELDS TO INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELDS:

2. Induced EMF:
The induced EMF is proportional to the rate at which the magnetic flux changes. If
the magnetic field increases or decreases rapidly, the induced voltage (EMF) will
be higher. The negative sign in Faraday’s Law (the minus sign) indicates Lenz’s
Law, which states that the direction of the induced EMF (and thus the induced
current) will oppose the change in the magnetic flux. This opposition is a
consequence of the conservation of energy and ensures that the system behaves
in a way that resists the change in flux.

3. Electric Field and Magnetic Field Relationship:

Faraday’s Law shows that magnetic fields can produce electric fields, but this
process requires the magnetic field to be changing with time. The induced electric
field forms closed loops around the changing magnetic field, and it can be used to
do work, such as moving charges in a wire to create an electric current.
Sample Problem:
A magnet with a magnetic field strength of 0.2 T(Tesla) is moved towards a coil of wire. The
coil has 50 turns, a radius of 0.05 m, and the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the
magnetic field. The magnet moves with a speed of 1.0 m/s and passes completely through
the coil in 0.5 seconds.

Solution:
Understand the Formula for Faraday’s Law of Induction
Faraday’s Law states that the induced EMF (E) is proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux:

Where:
B is the magnetic field strength in Tesla (T),
A is the area of the coil in square meters
(m²),
Θ is the angle between the magnetic field
lines and the normal to the coil’s surface.
Since the field is perpendicular to the coil,
θ=0∘, so cos(0∘)=1.
Calculate the Area of the Coil
The coil is circular, so we can use the formula for the area of a circle:
A=πr^2

Where:
r=0.05 m is the radius of the coil.

Substituting the radius:

Calculate the Change in Magnetic Flux


Assuming the magnet is moving in such a way that it completely enters the coil in
0.5 seconds, we can calculate the change in flux.
Calculate the Rate of Change of Magnetic Flux

Calculate the Induced EMF


Now, we can calculate the induced EMF using Faraday’s Law:
AMPÈRE'S LAW WITH MAXWELL'S ADDITION
Original Ampère's Law
Ampère's Law states that a steady current I flowing through a conductor
produces a magnetic field B. The relationship between the magnetic field
around a closed loop and the current passing through that loop is given by:

( 4π×10^−7T⋅m/A)
MAXWELL’S ADDITION
James Clerk Maxwell realized that the original Ampère's Law was
incomplete. It worked well for steady currents but failed in situations
where the electric field was changing, such as in capacitors during
alternating current.
Maxwell added a term to account for the magnetic field created by a
changing electric field. This addition is called the displacement current.

Ampère's Law with Maxwell's Addition


The corrected form of Ampère's Law is:
DISPLACEMENT CURRENT AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
The term ​ is called the displacement current. It is not a real current
of moving charges but acts as a source of a magnetic field in the same way as
a conduction current.

Example 1: Magnetic Field Around a Wire


Problem:
A long, straight wire carries a steady current of I=10 A. Find the magnetic field at
a distance r=0.05 m from the wire using Ampère's Law.

Solution:
Setup:
The current creates a circular magnetic field around the wire. Using Ampère's
Law:
Solve for B:

Substitute Values:

Answer: B=20μT
SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
NATURAL SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
A.)SUNLIGHT
The sun is the primary source of electromagnetic (EM) radiation for Earth. It immense
energy output, generated through nuclear fusion reactions in its core, releases a vast amount
of energy in the form of EM radiation.

4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF EM RADIATION EMITTED BY THE SUN:


1. VISIBLE LIGHT – This is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that our eyes can
see. It’s responsible for the colors we perceive, with different wavelengths corresponding
to different colors, from red (longest wavelength) to violet (shortest wavelength).
2. INFRARED RADIATION – Is a type of electromagnetic radiation that we can’t see, but we
can feel it as heat. It’s a form of energy that travels in waves, just like light, but the waves
are longer than those of visible light.
3. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION - Is a type of electromagnetic radiation that’s invisible to our
eyes, but it has some powerful effects.
4. X-RAYS AND GAMMA RAYS - They are both invisible to the human eye and carry a lot of
energy. But they differ in how they are produced and their effects.
IMPORTANCE OF SUNLIGTH FOR LIFE ON EARTH :
Photosynthesis
Warmth
Vitamin D Production

B.) COSMIC RADIATION


Is a constant stream of high-energy particles and electromagnetic radiation that
originates from beyond earth.

SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS – Is a spectacular and incredibly powerful event that marks the
end of a massive star’s life.
ACTIVE GLACTIC NUCLEI (AGN) - Are incredibly luminous regions at the centers of
galaxies, powered by supermassive black holes.
COSMIC RAYS - Are high-energy particles, primarily protons and atomic nuclei, that travel
through space at nearly the speed of light.

TYPES OF EM RADIATION EMITTED BY COSMIC SOURCES


1. X-RAYS AND GAMMA RAYS
2. RADIO WAVES
ARTIFICIAL SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
A.) Radio transmitters - Radio transmitters generate these waves through
oscillating currents and use modulation to encode information.

1.) Oscillating Electric Currents in Antennas - at the core of a radio transmitter


is an electric circuit that generates oscillating (rapidly changing) electric
currents.

2.) Modulation of Carrier Waves to Carry Information - simply transmitting a


pure radio wave (carrier wave) doesn’t convey any useful information. Therefore,
the carrier wave needs to be modulated, or altered, to encode data such as
sound, images, or text.

Amplitude Modulation (AM): The height (amplitude) of the wave changes


according to the signal being transmitted.
Frequency Modulation (FM): The number of wave cycles per second
(frequency) is varied to encode the information.
Applications of Radio Waves:

1.) Communication
Radio Broadcasting - AM and FM radio stations use radio waves to transmit music,
news, and other audio content.
Television - are used to transmit both audio and video signals to televisions.
Mobile Phones - Cellular networks rely on radio waves to enable voice calls, text
messages, and internet connectivity.

2.) Navigation
Global Positioning System (GPS) - GPS devices use radio waves from satellites to
calculate the user’s location.
Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) - Radar systems emit radio waves and detect
their reflection off objects.

3.) Medical Imaging


Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Although MRI primarily relies on magnetic fields,
it uses radio waves to excite hydrogen atoms in the body.
B. Microwave Ovens

1.) Magnetrons Produce High-Frequency Microwaves - Microwave


ovens generate microwaves using a device called a magnetron. The
magnetron converts electrical energy into electromagnetic waves in the
microwave frequency range, typically around 2.45 GHz.

2.) Microwaves Interact with Water Molecules to Heat Food - This


vibration generates heat due to dielectric heating, a process where
molecules absorb microwave energy and convert it into thermal energy.
As water is present in most foods, this heating effect cooks or warms the
food evenly from the inside.
C. Lasers - The term "laser" stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation. Lasers produce a unique type of light known as coherent
light, which is highly organized, directional, and focused.

1.) Stimulated Emission of Photons from Excited Atoms - inside a laser device,
a material called the gain medium (which could be a gas, crystal, liquid, or
semiconductor) is excited by an external energy source, such as an electric
current or another light source.

2.) Production of a Narrow Beam of Highly Focused Light: The emitted


photons are reflected back and forth between mirrors inside the laser device,
amplifying the light.

Applications of Lasers:
Communication
Medical Procedures
Industrial Applications
PROPAGATION IN DIFFERENT MEDIA
Vacuum - Ideal medium for propagation. Speed of light in a vacuum
(approximately meters per second). - Absence of a medium; no attenuation
or dispersion. - Basis for defining the speed of light constant, .
Speed of light: c ≈ 3 x 10^8 m/s

Air - Slight reduction in speed compared to a vacuum. - Minimal refraction


and low attenuation. - Applications in wireless communication and line-of-
sight transmissions.

Water - Further reduction in speed due to higher density and refractive


index (around m/s). - Light refraction, scattering, and absorption; especially
impactful in underwater communications and optics. - Effects on signal
clarity in applications like sonar and marine communications.

Glass - Significant reduction in speed and high refractive index (around m/s,
depending on glass type). - Strong refraction leading to light bending, which
is utilized in lenses and fiber optics. - Some dispersion occurs, affecting
clarity in optical transmission over long distances.
FACTORS AFFECTING PROPAGATION
Refractive Index - A measure of how much a material slows down
light.

Explanation of refractive index and its role in altering wave speed.

Where:
n= refractive index
c= constant speed of light in a vacuum
v= speed of light in the medium
HOW REFRACTIVE INDEX VARIATIONS
CAUSE REFRACTION AND INFLUENCE
WAVE TRAJECTORY

A. Refraction and Bending of Waves - Snell’s Law and its application in


predicting wave behavior at media boundaries.
Examples of wave bending in lenses, water surfaces, and fiber optics.

Snell's Law:
Sample problem
A light ray travels from air ( refractive index = 1.00) into a glass medium with a refractive
index of 1.50. The angle of refractive incidence of the ray in air is 30°.
Calculate the angle of refraction of light ray in the glass medium
Determine the speed of the wave in the glass medium. (Speed of light in a vacuum, c =
3 X 10^8 m/s)
Using Snell's law

n1 sin Θ= n2 sin Θ2
n1 = 1.00 (refractive index of air)
n2 = 1.50 ( refractive index of glass)
Θ = 30°
Solve for Θ2 (angle of reflection)
1. Calculate the speed of light in the medium
v = c/n2
c = 3X10^8 m/s (speed of light in a vacuum)
n2 = 1.50
Attenuation - Loss of wave amplitude/energy as it propagates.

Attenuation is calculated using formula:


Total Decibels (dB) = Attenuation per km (dB/km) x Length (km)

To find for power, it is calculated using this formula:


Pf = Pi x 10 ^ Total attenuation/10

Sample problem:
Factors influencing attenuation in air
An optical signal travels through a 10-kilometer- (e.g., humidity), water (e.g., impurities),
long optical fiber. The attenuation of the fiber is and glass (e.g., absorption and
0.25dB/km, and the initial power of the signal is scattering).
5mW. Impact on signal strength in
communication systems and optical
1. Calculate the total attenuation in decibels (dB) fibers
over the 10 km distance.
2. Determine the final power of the signal at the
end of the fiber.
QUIZ TIME!
1.

2.

3. A light ray travels from water (n1 = 1.33) into diamond (n2=2.42). The
angle of incidence of the ray in water is 40°.

Calculate the angle of refraction of the light ray in the diamond.


Determine the speed of the light wave in the diamond. (Speed of
light in a vacuum, )
ASSIGNMENT!

Study about the behavior


of Electromagnetic
Waves.
THANK YOU
AND
GOD BLESS!

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