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Sem IV Multiplexing

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5 views4 pages

Sem IV Multiplexing

Memo

Uploaded by

maheressam77maheressam77
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multiplexing:-

Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals into one signal, over a shared medium. These signals, if analog in nature, the
process is called as analog multiplexing. If digital signals are multiplexed, it is called as digital multiplexing.

Multiplexing was first developed in telephony. A number of signals were combined to send through a single cable. The process of
multiplexing divides a communication channel into several number of logical channels, allotting each one for a different message signal or a
data stream to be transferred. The device that does multiplexing, can be called as a MUX. The reverse process, i.e., extracting the number of
channels from one, which is done at the receiver is called as de-multiplexing. The device which does de-multiplexing is called as DEMUX.

The following figures represent MUX and DEMUX. Their primary use is in the field of communications.

Types of Multiplexers:-

There are mainly two types of multiplexers, namely analog and digital. They are further divided into FDM, WDM, and TDM. The
following figure gives a detailed idea on this classification.
Actually, there are many types of multiplexing techniques. Of them all, we have the main types with general classification,
mentioned in the above figure.

Analog Multiplexing:-

The analog multiplexing techniques involve signals which are analog in nature. The analog signals are multiplexed according to
their frequency FDMFDM or wavelength WDMWDM.

Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM


In analog multiplexing, the most used technique is Frequency Division
Multiplexing FDMFDM. This technique uses various frequencies to combine streams of
data, for sending them on a communication medium, as a single signal.
Example − A traditional television transmitter, which sends a number of channels
through a single cable, uses FDM.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDM
Wavelength Division multiplexing is an analog technique, in which many data streams
of different wavelengths are transmitted in the light spectrum. If the wavelength
increases, the frequency of the signal decreases. A prism which can turn different
wavelengths into a single line, can be used at the output of MUX and input of DEMUX.
Example − Optical fiber communications use WDM technique to merge different
wavelengths into a single light for communication.
Digital Multiplexing:-

The term digital represents the discrete bits of information. Hence, the available data is
in the form of frames or packets, which are discrete.
Time Division Multiplexing TDMTDM

In TDM, the time frame is divided into slots. This technique is used to transmit a signal
over a single communication channel, by allotting one slot for each message.
Of all the types of TDM, the main ones are Synchronous and Asynchronous TDM.
Synchronous TDM

In Synchronous TDM, the input is connected to a frame. If there are ‘n’ number of
connections, then the frame is divided into ‘n’ time slots. One slot is allocated for each
input line.
In this technique, the sampling rate is common to all signals and hence the same clock
input is given. The MUX allocates the same slot to each device at all times.
Asynchronous TDM

In Asynchronous TDM, the sampling rate is different for each of the signals and a
common clock is not required. If the allotted device, for a time-slot, transmits nothing
and sits idle, then that slot is allotted to another device, unlike synchronous. This type
of TDM is used in Asynchronous transfer mode networks.

Regenerative Repeater

For any communication system to be reliable, it should transmit and receive the signals
effectively, without any loss. A PCM wave, after transmitting through a channel, gets
distorted due to the noise introduced by the channel.
The regenerative pulse compared with the original and received pulse, will be as
shown in the following figure.
For a better reproduction of the signal, a circuit called as regenerative repeater is employed in the path before the receiver. This
helps in restoring the signals from the losses occurred. Following is the diagrammatical representation.

This consists of an equalizer along with an amplifier, a timing circuit, and a decision
making device. Their working of each of the components is detailed as follows.
Equalizer

The channel produces amplitude and phase distortions to the signals. This is due to
the transmission characteristics of the channel. The Equalizer circuit compensates
these losses by shaping the received pulses.
Timing Circuit
To obtain a quality output, the sampling of the pulses should be done where the signal
to noise ratio SNRSNR is maximum. To achieve this perfect sampling, a periodic pulse
train has to be derived from the received pulses, which is done by the timing circuit.
Hence, the timing circuit, allots the timing interval for sampling at high SNR, through
the received pulses.
Decision Device

The timing circuit determines the sampling times. The decision device is enabled at
these sampling times. The decision device decides its output based on whether the
amplitude of the quantized pulse and the noise, exceeds a pre-determined value or
not.
These are few of the techniques used in digital communications. There are other
important techniques to be learned, called as data encoding techniques. Let us learn
about them in the subsequent chapters, after taking a look at the line codes.

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