Implicit Differentiation

Lecturer: Yuanpeng Zhu

Implicit function

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Problem Introduction

Def: F ( x, y ) = 0 a function, the corresponding function

y = y ( x) satisfying F ( x, y ( x))  0 is called implicit function.

Let sin y + xe y = 0, we cannot solve for y in terms of x,

In theory, y = y ( x ) satisfying sin y ( x) + xe y ( x )  0,
How to find the derivation of y ?

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Implicit Differentiation
Derivation Rule of Implicit Function

Method: Derivation about x on both sides of the equation.

Tips: the variable y is a function of x.
The function of y is a composite function of x.
Use the composite chain rule for y.

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Example 1
Find dy / dx if x + 5 y = x + 9.
2 3

d 2 d y = y ( x)
( x + 5 y ) = ( x + 9)
3

dx dx
dy
2 x + 15 y 2
=1
dx

dy 1 − 2 x
= 2
.
dx 15 y
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Example 2
sin y + xe = 0, find f ( x).
y

cos y  y x +1  e y + x e y  y x = 0 y = y ( x)

−e y
 yx = .
cos y + xe y

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Example 3
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
3 3
x + y = 3xy
3 3
at the point  2 , 2  .

3x +3 y  y  = 3 y +3xy 
2 2

y − x2
 y = 2 = −1
3 3 y
 , 
 
− x 3 3
 , 
2 2 2 2

The tangent line:

3 3
y − = −( x − )  x + y − 3 = 0.
2 2
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Exercise
Find the equation of the tangent line
to the curve y − xy + cos xy = 2 at the point (0,1).
3 2

Solution Use y for dy / dx,

3 y y − x(2 yy ) − y − (sin xy )( xy + y ) = 0
2
  2

y 2 + y sin xy
 y' = 2
3 y − 2 xy − x sin xy
1
At (0,1), y = . Thus,
3
1 1
y − 1 = ( x − 0) or y = x + 1
3 3

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Exercise
If y = arctan x, find y (n)
.
x =0
1
Solution: y = , (1 + x 2 ) y = 1,
1+ x 2

（1 + x 2 ) y ( n+1) + 2nxy ( n ) + n( n − 1) y ( n−1) = 0,

Let x = 0,  y ( n+1) (0) = − n( n − 1) y ( n−1) (0),
and y(0) = 0, y(0) = 1, y(0) = 0

y (2 m ) (0) = 0 ( m = 1, 2, 3, ),
y (2 m +1) (0) = ( −1)m (2m )! ( m = 1, 2, 3, ).
Example 4
( x + 1) 3 x − 1
Let y = , find y.
( x + 4) e
2 x

Solution：
( x + 1) 3 x − 1 1
y=  ln y = ln( x + 1) + ln( x − 1) − 2 ln( x + 4) − x
( x + 4) e
2 x
3
y 1 1 2
 = + − − 1  (ln | x |) = 1 
y x + 1 3( x − 1) x + 4  x

( x + 1) 3 x − 1  1 1 2 
 y =  + − − 1
( x + 4) e  x + 1 3( x − 1) x + 4 
2 x

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Exercise
Let y = x sin x
( x  0), find y.

Solution:
y= x sin x
 ln y = sin x  ln x
1 1
 y = cos x  ln x + sin x 
y x
1
 y = y(cos x  ln x + sin x  )
x
sin x
= x (cos x  ln x +
sin x
)
x
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 Exercise
Evaluate the derivatives of the following functions.

(1) y = a + a + x ; (2) y = a
ax xa aa xx
+ x + x ; (3) y = x .
ax xa xx

Solution:
(1) y = a ax
ln a  a ln a + a
x xa
ln a  ax a −1
+a x a a a −1
=a ax + x
ln a + a
2 x a +1
x a −1
ln a + a x
a a a −1
.

1
(2) y = a e x ln x
+e a x ln x
+e x a ln x
 y = a  ln a  e
e x ln x
 (1  ln x + x  )
x ln x

x
1
+e a x ln x
 ( a ln a  ln x + a  )
x x

x
( e x ln x  ln x ) ( e x ln x  ln x )  x ln x 1
(3) y = e x x ln x
=e 
 y =e  e  (1 + ln x )  ln x + e x ln x
 
 x −1
x
xx
= x ( x (1 + ln x ) ln x + x
x
)
x x + x −1
=x (1 + x ln x + x ln 2 x ). 13/26
 Parametric Function’s Derivatives
Parametric Function
For example, the elliptic curve
 x = x ( t ),
  x = a cos t ,
 t  [0, 2 ].
 y = y ( t ).  y = b sin t ,
dy  dy   y ( t ) 
d  d 
dy dt y  ( t ) d 2
y  dx   
x (t ) 
 = =  = =
x ( t )
2
dx dx dx dx dx
dt  y ( t ) 
d 
 
x ( t )  dt y( t ) x ( t ) − y( t ) x ( t )
= =
 x ( t ) 
3
dt dx

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 Parametric Function’s Derivatives
 x = a cos 3 t d2 y
Example Let  , find 2 .
 y = a sin t
3
d x

dy
2
dy dt 3a sin t cos t
Solution = = = − tan t
dx dx 3a cos t ( − sin t )
2

dt
d 2 y d dy ( − tan t ) − sec2 t
= ( ) = =
dx 2
dx dx 3
(a cos t )  − 3a cos 2
t sin t
4
sec t
=
3a sin t
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 Parametric Function’s Derivatives
 x = a cos t d2 y
Exercise Let  , find .
 y = b sin t
2
dx

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Summary of Implicit Differentiation

Derivation Rule of Implicit Function

Method: Derivation about x on both sides of the equation.

The function of y is a composite function of x.

Use the composite chain rule for y.

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Questions and Answers
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
y − xy + cos xy = 2 at the point (0, 1).
3 2

We differentiate both sides , so we have,

3 y y  − x (2 yy ) − y − (sin xy )( xy  + y ) = 0
2 2

y 2 + y sin xy
 y =
3 y 2 − 2 xy − x sin xy
1 1
 y  (0,1) = so y = x + 1.
3 3
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 Questions and Answers
x − xy + y = 1,
4 4
find the value of 𝑦 ″ at the point (0,1ሻ

Method 4x − y − xy +4 y  y  = 0 
1
3 3
y =
(0,1) 4
1
Again derivation about x , so we have

 
12x − y − y − xy +12 y  y   y  +4 y 3 y  = 0
2
 2

1
y  =−
16
.
(0,1)

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Questions and Answers
x − xy + y = 1,
4 4
find the value of 𝑦 ″ at the point (0,1ሻ

4 x 3 − y − xy  + 4 y 3 y  = 0
Method y − 4x 3 1
2 
y =  y  (0,1)= 4
4 y3 − x
y − 4 x3
so we have, y =
4 y3 − x
( y  − 12 x 2 ) (4 y 3 − x) − ( y − 4 x 3 ) (12 y  y  − 1)
2
y  =
(4 y 3 − x) 2
1
=−
 y  (0,1) 16
.

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Questions and Answers
Find the implicit equation of xy − e x + e y = 0, and find y, y x =0

Let y = y ( x ) replace y in the following equation,

then, xy − e x
+ e y
=0
derivation about x , so we have,

( xy )x −(e x )x + (e y )x = (0)

ex − y
y + xy −e x+ e y y  = 0 y  = e y + x
x =0 x =0
y =0
= 1.
y =0

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 Implicit Differentiation
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Exercise (Page 134)

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Exercise (Page 134)

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Exercise (Page 134)

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Homework:
Sections 2.7 P134

9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 31,

33, 34, 37, 38，39，48

Let 
(
 x = ln sin t + 1 + sin 2 t
 ), find
d2 y
.
2
 dx
 y = 1 + sin t
2

Sample Test Problems P91