CURRICULUM

OF

RURAL SOCIOLOGY

(Revised 2005)

HIGHER ISSION
EDUCATION COMM

HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION

ISLAMABAD
1
 CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC

Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shaikh Adviser (ACAD/R&I)

Malik Ghulam Abbas Deputy Director
Miss Ghayyur Fatima Deputy Director (Curri)
Mr. M. Tahir Ali Shah Assistant Director
Mrs. Noshaba Awais Assistant Director

Composed by Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC Islamabad

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 CONTENTS

1. Introduction 7
2. Curriculum for BS (Hons) Sociology 9
i) Scheme of Studies 9
ii) Details of Courses 11

3. Curriculum for M.Sc (Hons) 25

i) Scheme of Studies 25
ii) Details of Courses 26
4. Courses for Ph.D. 31

5. General Recommendations 36

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 PREFACE
Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By looking
at the curriculum one can judge the state of intellectual development and the
state of progress of the nation. The world has turned into a global village; new
ideas and information are pouring in like a stream. It is, therefore, imperative to
update our curricula regularly by introducing the recent developments in the
relevant fields of knowledge.

In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 3 of the

Federal Supervision of Curricula Textbooks and Maintenance of Standards of
Education Act 1976, the Federal Government vide notification no. D773/76-
JEA (Cur.), dated December 4, 1976, appointed University Grants Commission
as the competent authority to look after the curriculum revision work beyond
class XII at bachelor level and onwards to all degrees, certificates and
diplomas awarded by degree colleges, universities and other institutions of
higher education.

In pursuance of the above decisions and directives, the Higher Education

Commission (HEC) is continually performing curriculum revision in
collaboration with universities. According to the decision of the special meeting
of Vice-Chancellors’ Committee, curriculum of a subject must be reviewed after
every 3 years. For the purpose, various committees are constituted at the
national level comprising senior teachers nominated by universities. Teachers
from local degree colleges and experts from user organizations, where
required, are also included in these committees. The National Curriculum
Revision Committee for Rural Sociology in its meeting held in June 23-25,
2005 at the HEC Regional Centre, Karachi revised the curriculum after due
consideration of the comments and suggestions received from universities and
colleges where the subject under consideration is taught. The final draft
prepared by the National Curriculum Revision Committee duly approved by the
Competent Authority is being circulated for implementation by architectural
institutions.

(PROF. DR. ALTAF ALI G. SHAIKH)

Adviser (Acad/R&I)
July 2005

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 CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV

CURRI. UNDER CURRI. IN DRAFT FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP

CONSIDERATION STAGE STUDY

COLLECTION OF APPRAISAL OF 1ST PREP. OF FINAL QUESTIONNAIRE

REC DRAFT BY EXP. OF CURRI.
COL./UNIV

CONS. OF CRC. FINALIZATION OF INCORPORATION COMMENTS

DRAFT BY CRC OF REC. OF V.C.C.

PREP. OF DRAFT APPROVAL OF PRINTING OF REVIEW

BY CRC CURRI. BY V.C.C. CURRI.

Abbreviations Used: IMPLE. OF BACK TO

CRC. Curriculum Revision Committee CURRI. STAGE-I
VCC. Vice-Chancellor’s Committee
EXP. Experts
COL. Colleges
UNI. Universities
ORIENTATION
PREP. Preparation COURSES
REC. Recommendations

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6
INTRODUCTION
A meeting of the (NCRC) National Curriculum Revision Committee was held in HEC
Regional Centre, Karachi from June 23-25, 2005. The meeting started with the
recitation of the Holy Qur’aan by Dr. Muhammad Zubair. Following attended the
meeting:

1. Dr. Muhammad Asghar Cheema, Convener

Dean / Professor,
Faculty of Agriculture Economics and Rural Sociology,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
2. Prof. Dr. Ashfaq Ahmed Mann, Member
Department of Rural Sociology,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
3. Dr. Muhammad Hafeez, Member
Professor,
Department of Sociology,
University of the Punjab, Lahore
4. Prof. Dr. Fateh Muhammad Burfat, Member
Chairman,
Department of Sociology,
University of Karachi, Karachi
5. Prof. Dr. Tanvir Sultana Junejo, Member
Chairperson,
Department of Sociology,
University of Sindh, Jamshoro

6. Dr. Sofia Mumtaz, Member

Chief of Research,
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics,
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad

7. Mr. Mushtaq Ahmad Jadoon, Member

Assistant Professor,
Institute of Developmental Studies (IDS),
NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar

8. Dr. Muhammad Zubair, Member

Research Officer,
Agriculture Research Institute, D.I.Khan

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9. Mr. Abdul Rehman, Member
Department of Sociology,
University of Balochistan,
Quetta

10. Dr. Ashraf Kyani, Member

Foreign Faculty Member,
Department of Sociology,
Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

11. Dr. Nowshad Khan, Member

Chairman,
Deptt. of Agricultural Sciences &
Coordinator of Rural Development Degree Programme,
Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

12. Mr. Mian Yasin, Member

University College of Agriculture,
B.Z.University, Multan

13. Mr. Humayun Khan, Member / Secretary

Chairman
Department of Sociology,
University of Malakand,
NWFP

Prof. S.M. Iqbal, Director, HEC Regional Centre, Karachi welcomed the participants.
He appreciated the role of academician in curriculum development. The committee
unanimously agreed that the course should be BS Sociology (4 years), MS Rural
Sociology and Ph.D. Rural Sociology. After a through discussion, the titles of the
degrees, contents of the courses, suggestions and recommendations have been
forwarded to HEC for consideration and implementation.

MISSION STATEMENT

The main objective of sociology education is to promote scientific attitudes

among students. They should engage in free and open inquiry. The students should
purposefully pursue knowledge that is good for increasingly diverse needs of society.
The major concern of sociology should be to educate students to have a meaningful
life in rapidly changing socio-economic environment. In short, the discipline of
Sociology should dedicate itself to discovering, sharing and application of knowledge
for the overall good of Society.

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 4 Years BS (Hons) in Sociology
(Scheme of Studies)

Candidates for a graduate degree in sociology must have the capability for original
and creative research. Students are expected to engage in independent and / or
group research under the direction of faculty members. Preparation for the graduate
degree is not confined to formal class work and activity on research projects.
Students should work toward intellectual independence while developing an
integrated grasp of the field. The integration of materials from courses and research
activities is a primary goal of the MS thesis and the Ph.D. dissertation. The
department and the advisory committee share responsibility in guiding the student
toward the graduate degree.

1st Year
Semester-I
1. English-I 3(3-0)
2. Sociology-I 4(4-0)
3. Social Work 4(3-2)
4. Islamic Studies 2(2-0)
5. Optional subject 3(3-0)
Total 16

Semester-II
1. English-II 3(3-0)
2. Sociology-II 4(4-0)
3. Psychology 4(4-0)
4. Pak Studies 2(2-0)
5. Optional Subject 3(3-0)
Total 16

2nd Year
Semester-III
1. Social Problems 3(3-0)
2. Computer Applications 4(4-0)
3. Economics 4(4-0)
4. English-III 3(3-0)
*5. Optional Subject 3(3-0)
Total 17

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Semester-IV
1. Anthropology 3(3-0)
2. Rural Development 3(3-0)
3. Medical Sociology 3(3-0)
4. Communication Skills 4(3-2)
*5. Optional Subject 3(3-0)
Total 16

3rd Year
Semester-V
1. Rural Sociology 3(3-0)
2. Rural Social Institutions 3(3-0)
3. Social Mobilization 3(3-0)
4. Diffusion and Adoption 4(4-0)
5. Human Resource Development 3(3-0)
Total 16
Semester-VI
1. Community Development 4(3-2)
2. Social Statistics 3(3-0)
3. Industrial Sociology 3(3-0)
4. Demography of Pakistan 3(3-0)
Farm Technology
5. Leadership and Social Action 3(3-0)
Total 16

4th Year
Semester-VII
1. Social Problem of Pakistan 3(3-0)
2. Advanced Research Methodology 4(3-2)
3. Gender and Development 3(3-0)
4. Social Psychology 3(3-0)
5. Sociological Theories and Thoughts 4(3-0)
Total 17

Semester-VIII
1. Internship 5
2. Seminar 3
3. Report Presentation 5
4. Comprehensive Oral 3__
Total 16

Grand Total: 130 CH

*Introduction to Demography and Population studies, Criminology, Urban Sociology, Urdu,
English Literature, Archeology.

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 DETAILS OF COURSES
SOCIOLOGY - I
Introduction to Sociology: Origin of sociology, Scope and significance. Sociology and
science. Methods of sociological research. Sociology and other social sciences.
Sociological perspectives, functional perspective, conflict perspective, symbolic
interactionism. Interaction and social structure, basis of social interaction, processes
of social interaction, social status, role, power and authority. Concept of society and
community, nature and types of society. Difference between society and community.
Culture, meaning and nature of culture, elements of culture, norms, values, beliefs,
sanctions, customs. Cultural concepts; cultural lag, ethnocentrism, cultural relativism,
cultural pluralism, cultural integration. Diversity and culture, high culture and popular
culture, subculture, multiculturalism, counter culture, socialization a life long
process, agents of socialization. Concept of personality, role of socialization in
personality development. Definition, meaning of social groups, types and functions of
social group, social institutions, nature and types, family institutions, religious
institutions, educational institutions, economic institutions, political institutions.
Deviance and social control, deviance and conformity, mechanism and techniques of
social control, agencies of social control.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Neulreck, Kenneth, J. 2005. Sociology: Diversity, Conflict and Change,

Boston.
• Barnard, Andy. 2004. Sociology. Cambridge University Press.
• Giddens, Anthony. 2004, SOCIOLOGY. 4th edition, Cambridge Polity Press.
• Albrow, Martin. 2003. Sociology. London, Routledge.
• Richard, T. Schaefer. 2003. Sociology 5th edition. McGraw Hill College

SOCIOLOGY - II

Social stratification. Approaches to the study of social stratification. Caste, class and
race as basis of social stratification. Social mobility, meaning, forms, factors and
collective behavior. Concept of social movement, theories of social movement.
Formation of public opinion, concept of opinion leader, characteristics of opinion
leadership. Social and cultural change, processes of change, social change and
conflict, resistance to social change. Human ecology, ecological processes,
ecological problems of Pakistan.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• James M. Henslin. 2004. Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach. Hardcover.

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 • Alex B.2004. Sociology 6th edition. Paperback
• John, J. Macionis. 2004. Sociology, 10th edition. Hardcover.
• Tim Curry, Robert Joiba. 1999. Sociology for the21st Centaury.
• John Holwood. 1996. Founding Sociology. Longman Group.

SOCIAL WORK

Introduction, Social work and its definition, Relationship with sociology, Applications
of sociological knowledge in social work, Concept of welfare state and social welfare,
Methods of social work, Case work: Basic concepts, principles of case work practice,
Group work: goals and purposes, principles of group work practice, Community
development, Nature and scope of community development with special reference to
Pakistan, Social work services; Medical social work, School Social work, Child
welfare, Services for the aged, Services for women, Services for the disabled,
Poverty reduction and other services, Social work in Pakistan, Role of government
agencies-historical perspective, Role of international organizations, Role of NGOs.

PRACTICAL

Students have to submit a report on field work while visiting the public and private
welfare agencies, municipal corporation, municipal committees, town committees
and union councils by the end of the semester.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

• Anna, Leon-Guerrero. 2005. Social Problems: Community, Policy and Social

Action. Paperback.
• Oommen, T.K. 2004. Nation, Civil Society and Social Movement: Essay in
Political Sociology. New Delhi. Sage Publications.
• Feguson, Susan, J.2002. Mapping the Social Landscape: Readings in
Sociology, 3rd edition Boston. McGraw Hill.
• Muhammad Naqi. 2002. Social Work for Weaker Section. Anmol Publications
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
• Pardeep Kumar Johri. 2002. Social Work for Community Development. Anmol
Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
• O.P.Goel. 2002. Role of NGOs in Development of Social Systems, Eisha
Books. New Delhi.
• Sara, S. 1998. Introduction to Social Work. Department of Social Work
University of Peshawar
• Skidmore, Rex A. & Milton G. Thackeray (1994). Introduction to Social Work.
New Jersy: Prentice-Hall International Inc.

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SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN PAKISTAN

Introduction: Social Problems Factors of Social Problems Social Problem of Pakistan.

Environmental and Ecological problems of Pakistan Population Issues. Unemployment.
Corruption. Socio economic Insecurity. Food and Nutrition Problems Governance. Poverty.
Drug Addiction. Violence and Crime. Beggary. Street Children. Child Labour Bonded
Labour. Human Trafficking.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Kathleen Tiemann. 2005. Crossroads: Reading in Social Problems. Pearsons

Custom Publishing Co.
• Anna Leon Guerero. 2005. Social Problems: Community, Policy and Social
Action. Paperback.
• Khalid Mohd. 2003. Social Problems of Pakistan. Kifayat Academy
Educational Publications.
• D.R. Kaarthinkeyan. 2002. Human Rights Problems and Solutions. Gyan
Publishing House. New Delhi
• David Waller. 2000. Analyzing Social Problems. Pearsons Custom Publishing
Co.
• Scarpitti, Frank R., Margaret, L. Andersen and Laural. O. Toole 1997. Social
Problems. Longman Andersen Wasely Longman Inc.

SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Introduction: What is anthropology, subdivisions of anthropology, Relationship of

anthropology with other social sciences, special emphasis on comparison between
anthropology and sociology. Methods and techniques of social anthropology.
Culture: The nature of culture, the evolution and growth of culture, Universal aspects
of culture. Impact of Globalization on cultures. Marriage, Kinship and descent mating
and marriage, the family, kinship systems, Rule of decent, Type of decent system.
Economic organization production, Distribution and exchange, Consumption,
Provisioning societies:- (i) Hunting gathering society (ii) Pastoral Society (iii) herding
and advance herding society (iv) Horticultural society (v) Agrarian society (vi)
Industrial society (vii) Post Modern society. Political organization: Kinds of political
systems:- (i) non-centralized system (ii) Functions of political unit, Stability and
change,: Process of change, Discovery, Invention, Innovation, Diffusion,
Acculturation, Accommodation, Assimilation, Planned cultural change. Social and
cultural integration.

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BOOKS RECOMMENDED

• Bernard, H. Russell (1994). Research Methods in Anthropology; Qualitative

and Quantitative Approaches. London: Sage Publications
• Bodley, Jhon H. (1994). Cultural Anthropology. California: Mayfield Publishing
Co.
• Embers N Embers (1990) Social and Cultural Anthropology: Printice
Hall.NeYark /London
th
• Ember, Carol R. and Ember, Melvin (1990). Anthropology. (6 ed. Englewood
Cliffs: Prentice Hall Inc.
• Harris, Marvin (1987). Cultural Anthropology, New York: Harper and Row.
• Park, Michael Alan, (1986). Anthropology: An Introduction, New York: Harper
and Row.
• Harris, Morven (1985). Culture, People, Nature; An Introduction to General
Anthropology. London: Harper and Row.

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Word for Windows, Introduction, How Inside Microsoft Office Professional Is

Designed, Creating a Document, Creating a New Document, Entering Text, Closing
a Document, Opening an Existing Document. Changing the Format of the Text,
Choosing a Font, Choosing a Size, Selecting Special Features. Changing the Text,
Inserting Text, Cutting and pasting, Undoing and Redoing, Using Advanced
Formatting Features, Adding a Border, Building Tables & its Properties, Inserting
Pictures, Printing the Document, Saving Your Work, Setting up the Page, Previewing
the Document.
Printing, Explaining Document Tools, Spelling Checker, Grammar Checker,
AutoText, Find and Replace, Bookmarks, Hyperlink, Using Advanced Formatting
Features, Adding different Fonts and Font Style, Changing Case, Paragraph option,
Using Columns, Using Bullets and Numbering Using AutoFormat, Using WordArt,
Using AutoShapes, Defining Headers and Footers, Inserting Page Number, Inserting
Text Box, Understanding Printing and Printers, Printing an Entire Document, Printing
Portion of a Document, Changing the Printer Setup, An introduction to Mail Merge,
Explaining its Importance, Different steps for its implementation, Explaining Macros
Recording Macros, Customizing Word for Windows, Customizing Toolbars, Using
Multiple Toolbars, Excel, What Excel Offers, Excel Interface, Creating a New
Worksheet, Worksheet Basic: Columns, Rows, and Cells, Formatting Data, Using
Excel Formulas and Functions, How to Use Formulas, How to Use Functions,
Creating Excel Charts, Using the Excel Chart Wizard, Understanding Chart Type,
Exploring Chart Options, Adding Text to Your Chart, Adding a New Series to Your
Chart, Saving and Printing Your Work, Saving Your Worksheet, Printing Your

14
Worksheet and Chart Sheet, PowerPoint, Choosing a presentation format and
entering presentation text, Using the PowerPoint AutoContent Wizard, Entering and
Editing Slide Text in the Outline View, Viewing Slides, Adding a New Slide with Clip
Art, Using PowerPoint Views, Slide Size, Outline View, Slide Sorter View, Notes
View, Using Toolbar Functions, The Standard, Toolbar, The Formatting Toolbar, The
Outline Toolbar, The Drawing Toolbar, Understanding the Masters, The Slide
Master, The Outline Master, The Handout Master, The Notes Master, Enhancing
PowerPoint Presentation, Using Color Schemes, Using Microsoft Graph, Adding Clip
Art.

RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Meaning of Development and its Philosophy. Determinants of rural development.
Approaches to rural development. Man power requirement and institution building.
Socio-cultural obstacles to rural development. Strategy for research and extension.
Developmental economic framework of rural modernization. Review of rural
development program and policies in Pakistan. MTTGs (Medium Term Development
Goals).

PRACTICAL:

The students are required to conduct research in groups on any on-going

agricultural/rural development program and submit a report.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Rubina Sehgal(2004)The Trouble Times; Sustainable Development in the age of

extreme. Islamabad
• Dalal, B.2003. Rural Planning in Developing Countries, New Delhi, Earthscan.
• Setty, E.2002, New Approaches to Rural Development Amal Publications Pvt.
Ltd.
• Singh, K.2000, Rural Development: Principles, Policies and Management. New
Delhi,
• Akhtar, S. 2000, Pakistan in Twentieth Century, New York, Oxford University
Press.
• Khan, Nowshad (2000) Rural Poverty Alleviation, National Book Foundation,
Islamabad.
• Sahibzada, Mohibul Haq. 1997. Poverty Alleviation. Institute of Policy Studies.
Islamabad.

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MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY

Medical Sociology, introduction, the field of medical sociology, contribution of

sociology to medicine, health and disease, the social definition of illness, health and
disease as deviant behaviour, social cultural causes of of disease. Patient and
Doctor, Doctors view of disease and the patient, patiest’s perspective of illness,
patient Doctor relationship, patient-nurses relation. Sociology of medical care;
hospitals, origin and development. Hospitals as social organization, problems of
Quackery, interpersonal relationship in medical settings. Mental illness sociological
perspective.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

• Schilla Mclean and G. Mahar. 1983. Medicine, Morals and Law, Gower
Publishing Co. Ltd. UK.
• David Tucket. 1982. An Introduction to Medical Sociology. Tavistock
Publication, London.
• David, Mechanic. 1990. Medical Sociology. The Free Press. New York.

RURAL SOCIOLOGY
Introduction: Field of Rural Sociology; Rural Sociology as a Science; Rural Sociology
and Other Social Sciences. Basic Concepts and Processes: An understanding of the
Rural Social System, Caste and "baradari" structure, Factions, dispute and "We-
groups", Problems of small and fragmented holding, landless tenants and agricultural
labor. Social stratification and social differentiation.

Basic Concepts and action: Group, Role and Status, Norms and Values, Folkways
and Mores, Social Systems and Sub-systems: Culture. Socio Processes:
Cooperation, Competition and Conflict; Acculturation, Accommodation and
Assimilation. Social Institutions: Rural Social Institutions: Definition, Functions,
Description and Analysis of the Social, Economic, Political and Religious Institutions.
Social Change: Introduction, Factors in Acceptance and Resistance to Change, Role
of Extension Worker as Change Agent. Main concepts development and problems in
agrarian rural society. Small scale farming. Feudalism. Capitalism. Family farming.
Agrarian politics and village development. Relationship between technological and
socio economic aspect of rural society. Gender and Development. Role and status of
Rural Woman. Pattern of Rural Settlement, Rural Resources, Land Tenure System,
size of landholdings. Rural Social structure, provision of services in rural area;
health, education and sanitation etc.

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BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Chitamber, J.B. “Introductory Rural Sociology”, 2003, 2nd Edition, New Age
International (P) Limited Publisher, New Delhi.
• Dalal, B.2003. Rural Planning in Developing Countries, New Delhi, Earthscan.
• Setty, E.2002, New Approaches to Rural Development Amal Publications Pvt.
Ltd.
• Social Policy and Development Centre.2000. Social Development in Pakistan,
New York, Oxford University Press.
• Shepherd,Andrew(2000)Sustainable Rural Development,Allam Iqbal Open
University,Islamabad.
• Khan, Nowshad (2000) Rural Poverty Alleviation, National Book Foundation,
Islamabad
• Sahibzada, Mohibul Haq. 1997. Poverty Alleviation. Institute of Policy Studies.
Islamabad.
• Chaudhry, Iqbal, 1995. Sociology. Aziz Publication, Lahore.

RURAL SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Social Institution Defined. Characteristics of Rural Social Institutions. Types of Rural
Social Institutions. Elements of Institutions. Social Environment and Rural
Institutions. Institutions and Instruments of Social Control. Role of Social Institutions
in Rural Development.
The Family: Its Structure, Functions and Types. Economic Institutions: Structure,
Functions and Issues. Political Institutions: Structure and Functions. Distribution of
Power. Types of Authorities. Functions of State. Recreational Institutions: Structure
and Functions. Religious and Social Welfare Institutions.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Singh K.2000, Rural Development; Principles, Policies and Management, New

Delhi, Sage Publications
• Shepherd, Andrew (2000) Sustainable Rural Development, Allam Iqbal Open
University, Islamabad.
• Khan, Nowshad (2000) Rural Poverty Alleviation, National Book Foundation,
Islamabad

SOCIAL MOBILIZATION
What is social mobilization; need of social mobilization. Methodologies and
practical used for social mobilization: Support mobilization, Diagnostic analysis,
organizational development and organizational actions. Five dialogic steps;

17
Finalization meeting, Rapport building meetings, consultation meetings, selection
meetings and community organization meeting. Assessment of social mobilization
experience inside and outside Pakistan.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Starkloff, R., D.J. Bandargoda, M.A. Cheema and M.A. Bhatti, 1999. Social
organization for improvement system management and sustainable irrigate
Agriculture in Small Dams. Pakistan Program, International Water
Management Institute, Lahore.
• National Rural Support Program, 1999. NRSP Annual Report. National Rural
Support Program: Agha Khan Road, Islamabad.
• National Rural Support Program, 1998. NRSP Annual Report. National Rural
Support Program: Agha Khan Road, Islamabad.
• Holand, J. and J. Blackborn, 1998. Whose voice; Participatory Research and
Policy. International Technology Publication.
• Bandaragoda, DJ, G.V. Skogerboe and Y. Memon 1997. Prospects for
Farmer-management irrigated agriculture in the Sindh Province of Pakistan.
Final Report. Pakistan National Program, International Irrigation Management
Institute, Lahore.

DIFFUSION AND ADOPTION OF FARM TECHNOLOGY

Relevance of a social system to adoption of innovations. Principles of
communication. Role of opinion leaders and change agents in accelerating adoption
process. characteristics of innovation itself and the adopters. Adoption models: (1)
Awareness, interest, evaluation, trial and adoption/ rejection (2) Knowledge,
persuasion, decision and confirmation processes. A detailed study of a few
agricultural innovations - the mode of their transmission from the research station to
the farmers, their adoption rejection, and continuance. Extension techniques and
approaches to diffusion and adoption in Pakistan, (FFS, TOT etc.) Resistance to
change. Participatory techniques to adoption.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
nd
• Van de Ban, A.W. and H.S. Hawkins; 1997 Agricultural Extension 2 Ed.
Blackwell Science.
• Everett, M. Rogers. 1995. Diffusion of Innovations, 4th edition. Parerback Pub.
Co.
• Memon, R. A. and E. Bashir. 1993. Extension Methods. National Book
Foundation, Islamabad.

18
 • Cheema, M.A. Etal 1992 Initial sources of information and the pioneers of
rapid adoption of Basmati 385 in the Rice zone of the irrigated Punjab.
AERU/UAF/CIMMYT, staff, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
• Fredrick. C. Fliegel. 1992. Diffusion Research and Rural Sociology.
Greenwood Publishing Group.

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Introduction, Meaning and difference between social organization, Formal and
informal organization, Characteristics of formal organization, Theories of formal
organization, Classical organization theory, Neoclassical organization theory, System
approach to organization, Organizational structure and human resource
development, Meaning and Interrelationship of organizational size, complexity and
formalization, Meaning and types of human resource development activities,
Organizational process, Motivation, Power and authority, Leadership,
Communication, Conflict, Decision making, Human resource administration, Role of
human resource development in organization and socialization of employees,
Training and development of employees, Career planning and human resource
development, Meaning and problems of performance appraisal General problems in
organizations in Pakistan, Structural problems, Operational problems
Behavioral problems,

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

• Rao,TV (2000) Human Resourse Development National Book Foundation

Islamabad.
• Ahuja, K.K. (1993). Management and Organization. Delhi: CBS Publishers and
Distributers.
th
• Weihrich and Koontz (1993). Management: A Global Perspective (10 ed.).
New York: MacGraw-Hill, Inc.
• Werther, William B. and Davis K. (1993). Human Resources and Personnel
th
Management (4 ed.), New York: Macgraw-Hill, Inc.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Areas of Rural Development; Agriculture, Health, Education, Home
Economics, Co-operatives. The choice of an appropriate development strategy: (a)
Industrial Development in Rural areas (b) Increase in Agricultural Production (c)
increase in GNP (d) Prefer large farmers (e) Encourage small and medium farmers
(f) Include farmers in the development process (g) Basic need strategy; nutritional
improvement and development of the rural poor. Meaning of institutions.
Coordination among different institutions. The principle of self-sufficiency of an

19
institution. Rural Development; Local self-government. Local Government, Features,
Objectives and strategies. Devolution plan, objectives and strategies

PRACTICAL:

The students are required to visit rural area and collect information regarding
areas of rural development under the local government system and submit report.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Tariq Banoori, A.R. Kamal, Shahrukh, R K. 1998. Just Development. Oxford

University Press, Karachi.
• Ali, Hamid and Z. Ali, 1998. The Local Government Manual. The Ideal
Publication, Karachi.
• Jamil, M. M. 1996. Local Government in LDCs. Feroze Sons, Lahore.
• Berger, Guy. 1992. Social Structure and Rural Development in the Third
World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

SOCIAL STATISTIC

Introduction, Elementary mathematical concepts and notations, Statistics:

Descriptive and inductive, Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal and Interval scales,
Frequency Distribution, Tabular, Organization and Graphic Presentation, Measures
of centrality and location, Mean, Median and Mode, Percentiles, Deciles and
Quartiles, Measures of dispersion, Rang, Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation,
Variance.
Quartile Deviation, The normal distribution, Form of the normal curve, Area under the
normal curve. Probability, Basic concepts, Rules of probability, Binomial Probability,
Test of significance, Non parametric test, Correction and regression, Regression
analysis, Particle & Multiple correlation. Analysis of variance, One way analysis of
variance, Two way analysis of variance.

INDUSTRIAL SOCIOLOGY
Introduction: Sociology and industrial sociology. Basic terms: work, occupation,
industry, organization, factory, management. Industrialization: Antecedents of
Industrialization in West. Process of Industrialization, Theories of Industrialization.
Formal Organization: Bureaucracy, Trade Union, and Theories of Unionism. Work
Ethics in Isla: Division of Labor, Work Ethics and Distribution of Wealth. Industry and
Sociology: Industry and Social change. Industrialization in Pakistan: Historical view
of Industrial development, Problems and Prospects of Industrialization in Sociological
Perspective, Industrial Relationship in Pakistan. Trade Unionism in Pakistan: Labor

20
movement, trade unionism, union leadership, and collective garaging. Labor Policies
in Pakistan: Historical perspective, analysis of current prices.

PRACTICAL:

The students will visits different industries to study human relations in industry.
They will meet the employer and the employees to discuss their problems and
submit a comprehensive report.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Hall, R. H. 1995. Organizations: Structure, Process and Outcomes, 6th Ed.

Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs., California.
• Theoblad. 1994. Understanding Industrial society: A Sociology Guide. St.
Martin's Press, New York.
• Scott, W. R. 1992. Organization: Rational Natural and Open systems, 3rd Ed.
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, California.
• Grint, K. 1991. The sociology of work: an introduction. Polity Press, UK.
• Schneider, E. V. Industrial Sociology. McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New
york..

DEMOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN
The significance of population study and its scope. Population growth in
Pakistan; past present and prospective. The structure of Pakistan's population:
Geographic Age, Sex, Education, Dependency burdens. Birth rates: their
relationships to GNP growth rates and income distribution. Economic, social, cultural,
ethnic and psychic factors affecting high birth rates in Pakistan. Morality rates with
emphasis on infant mortality. Fertility and fertility rates. Fecundity. The population
debates: Some conflicting opinions. The micro-economic theory of fertility, the
demand for children in developing countries. Theories of population: The theory of
demographic transition the Malthusian population trap and its criticism. Ibn-e-
Khuldun theory.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Todero, M.P., 2000, Economics Development in the Third World. Longman,

London.
• UNO. 2000. Population Trends, World population Monitoring, Population
Growth Structure and Distribution 1999. Department of Economics and Social
Affairs, Population Division. U.N.O.
• K.Srinivasan 1998, Basic Demographic Techniques & Applications, Sage
Publication.
• Andrew Hinde, 1998. Demographic Methods, Oxford.

21
 • Weeks, John R. 1992. Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues.
Belmont California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

LADERSHIP AND SOCIAL ACTION PROCESS

Types of power and authority, Acceptance Theory of Authority. Leadership:
Definition and Types. Effective leadership behaviour. Functions of Leadership.
Leadership theory and research, environment and leadership, Techniques of
leadership. Social Action Process Defined: Some techniques and its role in rural
development. Steps in social action process in Pakistan. Power action and rural
leadership pattern in Pakistan.

PRACTICAL: The students are required to interview local leaders and investigate
the socio-economic and political condition in rural area. They will study the social
action process with special reference to agricultural projects and programs and
submit a report.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Blank . 2000. The Natural Laws of Leadership. Royal Book Company, Karachi.
• Kakabadse, Nada. 1999. Essence of Leadership. Royal Book Company,
Karachi.
• Khan, Imdad.A.1988.Changing Pattern of Rural Leadership and their
Characteristics. Pakistan Academy for rural development, Peshawar, Pakistan.
• Williams, S.K.T.and Others.1984.A Manual for Agricultural Extension Workers.
Nigeria university of Ibiden, Nigeria.

RESEARCH METHODS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

Foundation of empirical research ( Part I ): The scientific approaches, The role of

Methodology, Scientific revolution, The research process. Concepts, Conceptual and
operational definition, Basic elements of research: Research problems, Variables.
Relations, Hypotheses, Design and structure of research (Part II): Research designs,
The classic experimental design. Causal inference, Covariance, Nospuriousness,
Time order, Components of a research design. Comparison Manipulation. Control
(Internal validity). External validity (Generalization). Types of designs. Controlled
experimentation, The Solomon four-group desingn. Factorial design. Measurement:
Nature and levels of measurement: Nature and levels measurement. Quantitative
data collection, Validity Survey research, Mail questionnaire, Personal questionnaire,
Principles of interview, Questioinnaire construction. Data preparation. Index
construction. The univeriate and bivariate analysis. Test of significance.

22
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
• Royce, A. Singleton, Bruce C. Straits, 2004. Approaches to Social Research.
Oxford University Press.
• Creswell, Gohm W. 2003. Research Design (Quantitative and Mixed Methods
Approaches), 2nd edition. Sage Publications.
• Thakur, Deaendra. 2003. Research Methodology in Social Sciences. Deep
and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. India.
• Neumann, W. Lawrence. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. 3rd edition.

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

Meaning and dimensions of gender. Conceptual framework of gender. Socio
cultural and socio psychological forces creating gender disparity. Women rights and
human rights. Women political participation. Women and governance. Women and
impowerment. Working women as an agent of change (domestic work, on farm work,
industrial work paid work and unpaid work). Theories of Gender Inequality. Islam and
the Status of Women, and the Legal Status of Women in Pakistan. Biological
Differences, Religious Injunctions, the Capitalist Mode of Production and Related
Various Theories of Gender Inequality. Role Status of Women in Islam in relation
with Discrepancy between the Prescribed and the Actual Role and Status of Women.
Role and Status of Women in Non-Muslim Countries. Laws Relating to Women and
their Implications for the Status of Women.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Jasmin Mirza. 2002. Between Chadar and the Market. Oxford University
Press. Karachi
• Kapadia, K. (2002). The Violence of Development. London, Zed Books.
• Sharukh Rafiq. 2000. 50 years of Pakistan’s Economy. Oxford University
Press.
• Shaista, Ikramullah, 2000, From Purdah to Parliament. Oxford University
Press, Karachi.
• Radtke, H.Lorraine and Henderikus J. Stam 1994-95. Power and Gender.
Sage Publication, London.
• Sudah, D.K. 2000, Gender Role. A.P.H Publication, India.
• Margaret, H. C. (Latest Edition). Women Empowerment. Hemisphere
Publishing Corporation, London.
• Social Policy and Development Centre (2000). Social Development in
Pakistan. New York, Oxford University Press.
• Khoury. 1995. Gender and Development in 3rd World. Z Books. London.

23
 • Linsey. 1994.Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspectives. Prentice Hall. New
Jersey.

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction to social psychology. Nature and Field of Social Psychology,
Relation of Psychology with other social sciences. Individual in society. Cognition or
Perception: Formation and Changes in individual's perception and the actors
involved in. Motivation: Role of needs and wants in determining the action of man.
Nature and development of self. Social attitudes: Attitudes as bases of social action.
Formation and changes in attitudes, Attitudes measurement. Individual in group:
Role behaviour and personality, Role conflict, Group pressure and conformity,
Situational and Psychological factors involved in conformity behaviour. leadership
and Group: Leadership and Group Structure, The functions of Leaders, Leadership
Characteristics and group goals. Psychology of globalize media.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Robert, A. Baron and Donn Byrne, Blair T. Johnson, 1998. Exploring Social
th
Psychology 4 Edition, Allyn and Bacon.
• Penigton, , 1999, Social Psychology, Arnold, London
• Smith, Peter B. 1993. social Psychology Across Cultures: Analysis and
Perspectives. Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York..
• Myers, David g. 1993. Social Psychology. MaGraw Hill Book Inc. New York.
• Aronson, Elliot, Elisworth, Phoeke and Cariomoth, J. Merrill (1990). Methods of
Research in Social Psychology, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
• Kretch, David and Crutchfield, Richards S, and Egerten, Ballackey L. (1988).
Individual in Society, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
Introduction, Theory and knowledge, Process of theorizing, Historical development of
sociological thought, Historical development of social philosophy, Sociological theory
between 1600-1800 AD, Structural functionalism, Classical, Contemporary structural-
functionalism:, Conflict theory, Classical: Karl Marx, Modern Systematic: Critical
conflict theory:, Frankfurt School: Rational choice/exchange theory, Skinner and
Behaviourism , Social behaviorism and, interactionism, Phenomenology, Systemic
social behaviorism: Symbolic interactionism:, Ethno methodology, Evolving
contemporary feminist theory, Feminism: historical development, , Contribution of
Muslim |integration, Agency-structure integration, Synthesis in sociological theory

24
 Curriculum for M.Sc. (Hons.) in Rural Sociology
Scheme of Studies
The MS degree provides advanced training for work in specialized public and private
human service programs, undergraduate teaching, applied research and work in
business, or preparation for continued education at the Ph.D. level. Students seeking
the MS degree receive a broad background in sociology, encompassing the major
research and theoretical concerns of the discipline. For this reason, some core
courses, which survey the field of sociological knowledge, are required.

Semester-I
1. Advanced Research Methods in Social Sciences 4(3-2)
2. Contemporary Sociological Theory 3(3-0)
3. Sociology of Rural Society 3(3-0)
4. Minor Subject 3(3-0)
Total 13
Semester-II
1. Rural Social Organization 3(3-0)
2. Sociology of Developing Countries 3(3-0)
3. Statistics for Social Scientist 3(3-0)
4. Minor Subject 3(3-0)
Total 12
Semester-III
1. Population and Agricultural Development 3(3-0)
2. Minor Subject 3(3-0)
Total 06
Semester-IV

1. Research and Thesis 6 CH *

Grand Total: 37 CH
Minor Subjects

1. Extension Education Method

2. Supervised Field Studies
3. Communication in Agriculture Extension
4. Audio Visual Communication
_______________________________________________________
* As per HEC policy and international standards credit hours for MS would be 30
credit, 24 credit hours for courses and 6 credit hours for research.

25
5. Participated Approaches to Agricultural Extension and Rural Development
6. Marketing Management
7. Consumer Behaviour
8. Advertising, Sales Management and Promotion
9. Community Development
10. Sociology of Human Migration

DETAILS OF COURSES

RESEARCH METHODS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

What is research, formulation of research problem, review of literature, types of
review, sources of review of literature. The research process. Elements of research
process. Research design, types, components, advantages and limitations of
alternative research designs. Construct development. Concept and types of validity.
Nature and level of measurement. Concept of reliability. Research strategies:
quantitative vs qualitative methods. Observational vs non-observational structure,
field vs non-field studies. Historical studies. Case study method. Survey method.
Focus group interview. Sampling: techniques, probability and non-probability
sampling. Preparation of sampling frames. Error and control. Data collection: types
and methods of data collection. Instruments of data collection. Questionnaire
development: design and format. Pre-tsting and revision. Field problems in data
collection. Coding, editing processing of data. Analysis of data by using computer.
Statistical techniques used in data analysis: The univeriate, bivariate and multivariate
analysis. Test of significance. Interpretation / description of data using technical
language.

PRACTICAL:

The students are required to collect data and by using some statistical
package process and analyze data.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
• Creswell, Gohm W. 2003. Research Design (Quantitative and Mixed Methods
Approaches), 2nd edition. Sage Publications.
• Thakur, Deaendra. 2003. Research Methodology in Social Sciences. Deep
and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. India.
• Lawrence, W. 2003, Social Research Methods (Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches) Allyn and Becon, London.
th
• John, Best and James V. Khan, 1998 Research in Education. 7 Edition.
Prentice Hall, New Delhi.

26
 • Dooley, David, 1995. Social Research Methods. PHI.
• Ellis, Lee, 1994. Research Methods in Social Sciences. S C B Brown and
Beehmark, Madison.
• Nachmias, David and C. Nachmias, 1992, Research Methods in Social
Sciences. St. Martin's Press, New York.
• Miller, Delbert C. 1991. Handbook of Research Design & Social measurement.
th
5 edition. Sage Publications, London.
• Miller, A. Scott. 1987. Developmental Research Methods, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
New Jersey.
• Royce, A. Singleton, Bruce C. Straits, 2004. Approaches to Social Research.
Oxford University Press.

CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY

Introduction, Theory and knowledge, Process of theorizing, Historical development of
sociological thought, Historical development of social philosophy, Sociological theory
between 1600-1800 AD, Structural functionalism, Classical: August Comet, Herbert
Spencer, E. Durkheim, Vilfred Pareto, Contemporary structural-functionalism: Talcott
Parsons and Robert K. Merton, Conflict theory, Classical: Karl Marx, Modern
Systematic: Ralf Dahrendorf, Critical conflict theory: Thorstein Veblen, Frankfurt
School: Jurgen Habbermas, Rational choice/exchange theory. Skinner and
Behaviourism, G.C. Homans, Peter M. Blau, Social behaviorism and interactionism,
Phenomenology: Alfred Schutz, Systemic social behaviorism: Max Weber and,
George Simmel, Symbolic interactionism: C.H. Cooley and G.H. Mead, Contribution
of Muslim thinkers in sociological theory, Ibne-khaldun, Imam Ghazali, Shah Wali
Allah, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Eqbal Ahmad.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Water, Malcolm. 1994. Modern Sociological Theory. Sage Publications,

London.
• George Ritzer. 1992. Contemporary Sociological Theory. McGraw Hill Inc.
New York.
• George Ritzer. 1992. Sociological Theory. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York.
• Wallace, Ruth A. and Alison World. 1991. Contemporary Sociological Theory.
Continuing the Classical Tradition. Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey.

SOCIOLOGY OF RURAL SOCIETY

Introduction: A Brief History of Thinking about Rural-Urban Life; Approaches to the
study of rural society-Social system approach elements and processes, Institutional
approach. Methods to delineate community. Education: Importance of education in a

27
society, Review of research on education. Culture and cultural pattern, Rural
religious institution, Rural family, Rural education, Rural economy, Rural political
institutions, Regional political system, Culture and sub-cultures of Pakistan,
Stratification of rural society, Rural Urban migration in Pakistan, Changing in rural
society.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
th
• Richard, T. Robert, 1995. Sociology” 5 Ed. Mc Graw Hill Publishing Co. New
York.
th
• Henslin, James M. 1991. Down to Earth Sociology: Introductory Readings. 6
ed. The Free Press, New York.
• Chitambar, J. B. “ Introductory Rural sociology” latest edition. New Age
International (P) Limited Publisher, New Delhi.

RURAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS

Introduction to the study of social organization. Classification of Organizations into
formal and Informal types. Types of social Organization prevalent in Pakistani
Society: Social classes, groups, families and communities. Creation of informal and
Formal types of Organizations and their effectiveness for collective decision making.
The conflicting elements of a social Organization. Defining and identifying different
social roles and social positions in an organization for an effective participation of its
members. Participatory approach: meaning and goal;social organization Approaches
and methods to organize rural society. Rural problems and prospects: role of rural
sociologist in organizing rural society.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Dr. Sarah Safdar, 2000, Kinship and marriage among Pakhtoon society.
• National Rural Support Programme,1999 NSRP Annual Report” National Rural
Support programme : Agha Khan Road, Islamabad.
• National Rural Support Programme , 1998 “ NSRP Annual Report” National
Rural Support programme : Agha Khan Road, Islamabad.
• Bandarraoda, D.J. M. Hassan., Z.i. Mirza, M.A. Cheema and W. Zaman, 1997.
Organizing Water Users for Distributory Management. Pakistan National
Programme , International Irrigation Management Institute, Lahore.
• Bandaragoda , D.J., G.V. skogerbe and Y. Memeon 1997 .” prospects for
Farmers Management Irrigated Agriculture in the Sindh Province of Pakistan “.
Final Report. Pakistan National Programme, International Irrigation
Management Institute, Lahore.

28
SOCIOLOGY OF CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT
Introduction; conceptual distinction, social change and related concepts,
various dimensions of social change, magnitude rate and direction of social change,
identification of social change. Theories of social change; schools, evolutionary,
equilibrium, conflict, classical and modern theories of Ibn-e-Khaldun, Herbert
Spencer, Auguste Comte, Spengier, A. Toynbee, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Talcott
Parsons, Mills, Dehrendorf. Processes of social change; environment and the origin
of social change, organizations that promote change, sudden change, revolution,
social Movement, planned social change, case study of social change, social
prediction and social change. Dynamics of social change, dynamics of social change
in Pakistan, trends and prospects of social change in the third world. Sociology of
economic development, development nature and scope, sociological and economic
concepts of development, related terms, evolution, progress, growth, social change,
modernization, development continuum, under development, development and over-
development, development taxonomy: planned and un-planned, authoritarian and
democratic, theories of development, theory of modernization, Frank’s theory under
development, world system theory, Lipton’s theory of urban bias, Fokyana’s theory of
the end of history, socialist system vs capitalist system, Simuel Huntington’s theory
of clash of civilization, Pakistan Economic Survey.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Haq, Mahboob, 1999. Human development in South Asia” Oxford Press,

Oxford.
• Auty, Richard M. 1995. Patterns of Development: Resources, Policy and
Economic Growth. Edward Arnold, London.
• Booth, David, 1994. Re-thinking Social Development: Theory, Research and
Practice. Longman Scientific and Technical, England.
• Department of Sociology, 1994. Sociology of Development. Resource Material.
University of New England, Armdale, Australia.
• G.D.Ness. Sociology of Change
• Etzoni and Etzoni. Theories of Change
• Apple Baum. Theories of Social Change.

POPULATION AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Population Growth and Food Supply: Population growth and food production,
population growth and the demand for food, economic influences of population size
and growth, Population growth theory. The Nature of Traditional Agriculture: The
farm in a traditional agriculture, Labour use and productivity, Land and capital, Prices
and Price policy, Sources of increased output in a traditional agriculture. The

29
Modernization of Agriculture: The economic frame work of agricultural modernization,
Economic incentive to produce, Improved production possibilities, Supply of new
forms of inputs, Financing expanded production, Marketing and marketing
institutions, The role of education, The size of farms as related to institutional
organizations, Planning agricultural development.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Weeks, John R. 1992. Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues.

Wadsworth Publishing company, Belmont California..

30
 Courses for Ph. D. in Rural Sociology
Students seeking the Ph.D. degree typically anticipate a career that involves
teaching, research, administration, planning or consulting. Departmental
requirements for the Ph.D. degree emphasize general competence in sociology as
well as special expertise within two areas of concentration.

1. Social Research Design 3(3-0)

2. Reporting Research 3(3-0)
3. Community Development 3(3-0)
4. Sociology of Agriculture 3(3-0)
5. *Criminology Sociology and Rural Sociology 3(3-0)
6. *Industrial Sociology 3(3-2)
7. *Environmental Sociology 3(3-0)
8. *Sociology of Human Fertility
3(3-0)
9. *Sociology of Migration Population
3(3-0)
10. *Population trends and problems in rural society/
Techniques of Population analysis 3(3-0)
11. Seminar-I 1(1-0)
12. Seminar-II 1(1-0)
13. Special Problem 1(1-0)
14. Thesis 20

Total credit hours 53

* = Optional

31
INDUSTRIAL SOCIOLOGY
Introduction: Sociology and industrial sociology. Basic terms: work, occupation,
industry, organization, factory, management. Industrialization: Antecedents of
Industrialization in West. Process of Industrialization, Theories of Industrialization.
Formal Organization: Bureaucracy, Trade Union, and Theories of Unionism. Work
Ethics in Isla: Division of Labor, Work Ethics and Distribution of Wealth. Industry and
Sociology: Industry and Social change. Industrialization in Pakistan: Historical view
of Industrial development, Problems and Prospects of Industrialization in Sociological
Perspective, Industrial Relationship in Pakistan. Trade Unionism in Pakistan: Labor
movement, trade unionism, union leadership, and collective garaging. Labor Policies
in Pakistan: Historical perspective, analysis of current prices.

PRACTICAL:

The students will visits different industries to study human relations in industry.
They will meet the employer and the employees to discuss their problems and
submit a comprehensive report.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Hall, R. H. 1995. Organizations: Structure, Process and Outcomes, 6th Ed.

Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs., California.
• Theoblad. 1994. Understanding Industrial society: A Sociology Guide. St.
Martin's Press, New York.
• Scott, W. R. 1992. Organization: Rational Natural and Open systems, 3rd Ed.
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, California.
• Grint, K. 1991. The sociology of work: an introduction. Polity Press, UK.
• Schneider, E. V. Industrial Sociology. McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New
york..

ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY
Studying the environment: The human condition, classifying environmental problems.
The growth of human population. The human population, consequences of
population density. Land Use: the changing character of human settlement, rural
land use, control of pests and weeds. Use of energy and its consequences. The
environment and human health. Social transformation public policy and
environmental planing Land reforms and social transformation, environment
educational manpower training, social and environmental planning, public policy and
environmental law, social and political action. EPI environmental impact assessment.
Soil degradation. Water logging. Range management. Association between social
and natural environment. Social foresting.

32
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• Hussein Mumtaz, 1998. Environmental Degradation: Realities and Remedies.

Feroze Sons, (Pvt.). Limited, Lahore.
• Anon----, 1998. Pakistan Environment Digest, Vol. 3 Number 1. Sustainable
Development Policy Institute, Islamabad.
• Tietenberg, Thomes H. 1994. Environmental Economics and Policy. Harper
Collins College Publishers, East 53rd street, New York, NY-10022.
• Amiullah, Muhammad, 1992. Environmental Awareness: A Report on Three
Environmental Management Courses of NIPA. Peshawar, Pakistan Academy
of Rural Development.

SOCIOLOGY OF HUMAN MIGRATION

Introduction: Introduction to migration literature, definitions of migration,
misconception in the study of migration, theories of migration topologies, the outline
of a sociological perspective of migration, consequence of migration in area of origin
and destruction. Existing data source; Indices of migration, design and measurement
issues in the collection of migration data, analytical techniques. Migrant
characteristics and selectivity, the adjustment phases. Overview of recent trends and
patterns of international and internal migration; urbanization; migration polices;
regional focus on migration in Pakistan, Africa; USA (Appalachian and Mexican-
American migration streamer).

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

• IPRI. 2003. Islamabad Policy Research Institute. Multiculturalism and

migration in Pakistan. Islamabad
• Lewis, G. J. 1982. Human Migration, A geographical Prospective and Policies.
St. Martin's New York.
• Dejong, Gordon and Robert W. Gardner (eds.) 1981. Migration Decision-
Making Pergaman Press, New York.
• Thomas, Robert N. and John. M. Hunter (Eds.). 1980. Internal Migration
System in the Developing World with Special Reference to Latin America.
Schankman Publishing Cambridge, Massachusetts.

33
SOCIAL RESEARCH DESIGN: QUALITATIVE , QUANTITATIVE ANS
MIXED METHODS

Scientific and ethical foundation of research. Development of social theory,

conceptualization, concept formation and theory construction in social research.
Operationalization of concepts. Dimensions, advantages and limitations of alternative
research design. Research strategies: Qualitative research, phenomenology,
anthropology, case study, ground theory, focus group, comparative historical
research, in depth interviews and content analysis. Quantitative research:
observational studies, survey research, experimental research. Time dimension-one
time cross-sectional, longitudinal studies. Mixed methodology: Models of mixing
qualitative and quantitave data and other advanced methods. Theory of
measurement: Selection, definition and measurements of constructs. Sampling
techniques: Logic of sampling, cost / time factors, probability and non-probability
sampling preparation of sampling frames and error control. Determination of sample
size. Problems and management of non-response. Sampling and non-sampling
errors. Questionnaire Construction: design and format, pre-testing and revision. Data
collection, types and methods of data collection, instruments of data collection. Data
analysis and interpretation: coding, editing and processing of data, usage of
computer packages for analysis. Different statistical techniques for analysis.
Reporting research, contents and form of reporting, comprehensive reports, style of
reporting, writing research articles. Summarizing reports. Reports for administrators
and policy makers.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

• Royce, A. Singleton, Bruce C. Straits, 2004. Approaches to Social Research.

Oxford University Press.
• Juliet, M. Corbin, Anselm Strauss. 2004. Basics of Qualitative Research:
Techniques and procedures for Developing grounded theory, Paperback Pub.
Co.
• Robert E. Stake. 2004. The Art of Case Study Research. Paperback Pub. Co.
• Creswell, Gohm W. 2003. Research Design (Quantitative and Mixed Methods
Approaches), 2nd edition. Sage Publications.
• Thakur, Deaendra. 2003. Research Methodology in Social Sciences. Deep
and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. India.
• Neumann, W. Lawrence. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. 3rd edition.
• Neil, J.J. Salkind. 2002. Exploring Research. Prentice Hall Inc.

34
PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Introduction to social science. Physical sciences vs social sciences. Assumptions

about social sciences. Objectivity of social sciences. Process of theorizing. History of
theories. Theories of knowledge. Paradigms in social theory. Contemporary
challenges to social theory. Islamic discourse framework for integration and
synthesis reading.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

• Lament, Charles (1999) 2nd Edition Social Theory: The Multicultural and
Classical Reading, Macmillan Education Australia Pvt Ltd.
• Chisholm, Rodeerick M. (1996) Theory of Knowledge, Prentice-Hall Inc
• Rudner, Richard s. (1996) Philosophy of Social Science, Prentice-Hall Inc.
• Ritzer, Goerge (1992) 3rd Edition Sociological Theory, McGraw Hills Inc.
• Burrel, Gibson & Morgan, Gareth (1985) Sociological Paradigms and
Organizational Analysis, Heinmann Educational Books Inc.

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Introduction. Concept and background, basic issue in HRD. HRM and HRD. History
of HRD in Pakistan. Leading ideas in HRD. Training and development, learning,
concept, learning and development, problems with learning, learning cycle and
methods. Training and development, training oblectives, need assessment,
development of training programme, implementation of training programme and its
requirements, evaluation of training programme, training and its role in improving job
performance. Managing learning and change through groups, change an opportunity
or problems, why and how focus groups, group work and using groups for change,
conflict resolution in groups. Managing learning company. Strategic interventions in
HRD, HRD and economic development. Health, basic education, adult education,
technical and vocational education, agriculture, livestock and enterprise skills for the
poor and unemployed and their economic and other benefits. Strategic process
interventions for HRD, using NGOs, decentralization and enhancing participation,
mobilization of resources, enhancing coordination among groups, role of government
policies and priorities.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
• Dessler, Gray. 2003. Human Resource Management. 9th edition. Prentice Hall
of Indiqa, New Delhi.
• Bernardin, H. John. 2003. Human Resource Management: Experimental
Approach. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. New Delhi.
• Megginson, David, Banfield. Paul and Joy-Mettews. Jenner. 2001. Human

35
 Resource Development: The Fast-Track MBA Series. Crest Publishing House.
New Delhi.
• Rao, T.V. 1997. Human Resources Management. Experiences, Interventions
Strategies. Sage Publication. New Delhi.

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
1 HEC should take up the matter of equivalency of MA Sociology, MS Rural
Sociology, M.A Social Anthropology, Masters of Population Sciences with the
government and non-government organizations for job appointments. All the
four degrees should be treated at par. In this regard, FPSC and Provincial
Public Service Commissions (PPSCs) should also be asked to treat these
degrees at par for job appointments.
2 All universities, institutions having Rural Sociology programmes should
establish a Rural Sociology Research Cell in their departments. Necessary
funds should be provided by the HEC in addition to university’s own sources.
In this connection PC-I may be prepared for establishing Research Cells
addressed to the Director planning and Development, Higher Education
Commission, Islamabad.
3 The funds for research by the HEC should be provided direct to the Chairman /
Chairperson of the concerned Departments.
4 Each Department should have its own computer lab and the HEC should
provide funding for such facilities.
5 The post graduate students should publish at least one research paper in a
refereed research journal before the award of the MS degree and two such
papers before the award of the PhD degree.
6 Statistical package of Social Science (SPSS) or other statistics-related
computer software programmes must be taught / encouraged to use for data
analysis and report writing. The departments of sociology and rural sociology
located in various universities across the country should be systematically
linked to promote cooperation among themselves. Accordingly, students and
teachers exchange programmes should be initiated through the facilitation of
the HEC.
7 It is strongly recommended that some high level short training courses should
be offered to all sociology/rural sociology teachers in universities and colleges.
Preferably, the course instructor could be renowned sociologist from Pakistan
and abroad.
8 The teacher should also be sent abroad for short and long term training
programmes.

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