National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences

Lab Manual 6
“Stored Procedures and Views”

Database Systems Lab

Spring 2024

Department of Computer Science

FAST-NU, Lahore, Pakistan
 FAST NU Lahore Database Systems CL 218

Table of Contents
1. Objective................................................................................................................................................ 2
2. Prerequisites........................................................................................................................................... 2
3. Task Distribution....................................................................................................................................2
4. Views......................................................................................................................................................3
Create a View.............................................................................................................................................3
Use a View................................................................................................................................................. 4
Alter a View............................................................................................................................................... 5
Insert Update Delete Data Through View..................................................................................................6
With Check Option.................................................................................................................................... 7
5. Stored Procedures.................................................................................................................................. 8
Benefits of Stored Procedures....................................................................................................................8
Variables.....................................................................................................................................................8
CREATE Stored Procedure........................................................................................................................9
How to execute Stored Procedure............................................................................................................10
Stored Procedures without I/O parameters.......................................................................................... 10
Stored procedure with input parameters.............................................................................................. 10
Store Procedures with output parameters.............................................................................................11
IF-ELSE conditions..............................................................................................................................12
Self-exploration....................................................................................................................................... 13

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 FAST NU Lahore Database Systems CL 218

1. Objective
The purpose of this lab manual is to introduce views and stored procedures and how to create them and
use them.

2. Prerequisites
● SQL Server 2014 Database Development.
● Chapter 5 Elmasri

3. Task Distribution

Total Time 120 Minutes

Views 20 Minutes
Stored Procedures 20 Minutes
Exercise 60 Minutes
Evaluation 20 Minutes

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4. Views
In previous lab manuals, you have learned how to write select query to retrieve data. While some select
queries you write might be used only for one time activity, some select queries are used again and again
within your application/environment. Some of these queries that you reuse within your environment
contain complex logic, and you would not want to rewrite them every time you use them. SQL server
allows you to store a SELECT statement within a database using an object called a view. In this section,
you will learn how to CREATE a view, modify data through a view, how to ALTER a view, and how to
use a view.

We will use the Student schema for all the examples (given in previous labs)

Create a View
View is simply a select statement that has been given a name and stored in dataset. View is also called a
virtual table, because there is no data in the view itself, it’s just a select query that get data from base
tables.

create View <ViewName>

AS
<Select Query>

When you excute a create view statement you should get command successful notification, just like when
you created a table.

TRY IT

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Here the base tables are Student and Registration

TRY THIS

Here the base tables are Students, Registration and Courses.

**NOTE: EVERY COLUMN RETURNED BY SELECT QUERY OF VIEW SHOULD HAVE UNIQUE
NAME, DERIVED COLUMNS SHOULD BE GIVEN ALIAS. COLUMNS WITH SAME NAMES
SHOULD ALSO BE GIVEN DISTINCT ALIAS

Use a View
As already told view are virtual tables. You can use them as regular tables in SELECT statement.

TRY IT

**NOTE: this data was not present in StudentCGPA view, rather when you select a view, the Select query
in body of view is executed and result is returned.

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Similarly you can join views with tables of views, you can take aggregates of view.

TRY IT

Alter a View
You can change the select query of your view by using following syntax

Alter View <ViewName>

AS
<Select Query>

TRY IT

Now retrived the data from view

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Insert Update Delete Data Through View

As view is a virtual table and has no data of its own, if you run delete insert or update query on view, the
data in base table will change (if the change is feasible and is not violating any constraint). If the select
query in View has joins and aggregates then delete insert or update would not work.
Read Elmasri Chapter 5 for more details.

TRY IT

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With Check Option

With Check option ensures that the only data manipulation that can occur through view also must be
retrievable though that view.
In previous example, the XYZ student we added though the view, was not retrievable thought view. If we
add with check option that insertion would not have been possible though view.

TRY IT

Now try adding a row that thought Student2014Batch that will not be retrievable though it

TRY IT

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5. Stored Procedures
Stored Procedure in SQL server can be defined as the set of logical group of SQL statements which are
grouped to perform a specific task. A stored procedure is a prepared SQL code that you save so that you
can reuse the code over and over again.

Benefits of Stored Procedures

Every time you execute simple SQL statements, syntax checking and compilation are done before
execution and data return. However, syntax check and compilation is done while creating a procedure,
and not on every execution which makes it faster than simple SQL statements.

Variables.
Before we start with stored procedures, we should get to know the variables. Like in any other
programing language SQL also provides scalar variables, which are very useful when creating stored
procedures.
● Variable in SQL start with @ symbol
● Variable is declared using DECLARE keyword as follow
o DECLARE @variableName datatype;
Or to declare multiple variables in one statement.
o DECLARE @variable1Name Datatype,@variable2Name datatype;
● Variable can be assigned a constant scalar value as follow
o SET @ variableName = value;
Or To assign values to multiple variables in one statement
o select @ variable1Name = value, @variable2Name =value;
● Variable can be assigned a scalar value thought SQL statement as well
o SELECT @vairableName = columnName FROM Table WHERE <condition>
If SQL query returns more than one row, 1st value will be assigned to variable
● You can retrieve the value of variable as follow
o Select @variableName
● You can perform operations on variables like addition, concatenation, substring etc.

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TRY IT

NOTE: USE AND DECLARE VARIABLE IN SAME BATCH OF STATEMENTS, IF DECLARE

STATEMENT IS NOT IN SAME BATCH, YOU WILL GET ERROR WHILE USING A VARIABLE.

CREATE Stored Procedure

Following is the syntax to create stored procedure: Input and output parameter a uses as required.

CREATE PROCEDURE [procedureName]

@input_param1 datatype,
@input_param2 datatype,
@output_param1 datatype OUTPUT,
@output _param2 datatype OUTPUT
AS
BEGIN

(SQL Queries)

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END
go

How to execute Stored Procedure

declare @my_output_param1 int,
@my_output_param2 varchar(10) --these are the variables in which output variables of procedure will
return values

Exec dbo.procedure_name
@input_param1=value,
@input_param2 =value,
@output_param1=@my_output_param1 OUTPUT ,
@output_param2 =@my_output_param2 OUTPUT

select @my_output_param1 ,@my_output_param2 – you will then have to use select statements to
retrieve data from parameters

Stored Procedures without I/O parameters

TRY IT:

Create this procedure to obtain all the students of batch 2013

Now execute this procedure

Stored procedure with input parameters

TRY IT
Create a SP which takes batchNo as input and returns all students of that batch.

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Now execute it

Store Procedures with output parameters

TRY IT:
Create a stored procedure that will return max CGPA in an output parameter

Execute it

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QUESTION: WRITE A SP TO GET AVERAGE CGPA.

IF-ELSE conditions
Like in any programing language IF—ELSE in SQL provide ability to conditionally execute a code.
TRY THIS

Execute it

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TRY ANOTHER

TRY EXECUTING THESE

execute GetStudents @letter= 'B'

execute GetStudents @letter= '1'

Self-exploration
o What are default values? How can you set default values of parameters of Stored Procedures?
o How can you alter your procedure? (Hint same as View)

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