Module 2 : Transient analysis

Capacitor and
Inductor
Week 4

618222 Electric circuit analysis

Instructor: Kittithuch Paponpen

Capacitor and Inductor

Capacitor

Inductor
Capacitance and inductance
combinations

Consequences of linearity
 Capacitor

Passive circuit element

Model

 = permittivity
A = area
d = distance
Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and
Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit
analysis”, pp.218.
 270 pF Ceramic,
20 uF Tantalum,
15 nF Polyester,
150 nF Polyester

2000 uF 40 Vdc rated polyester,

25000 uF 35 Vdc rated electrolytic

100 uF 63 Vdc rated electrolytic,

2200 uF 50 Vdc rated electrolytic,
55 uF 2.5 Vdc rated electrolytic,
4800 uF 50 Vdc rated electrolytic

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”, pp.219.
 voltage-current relationship

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and

Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit
analysis”, pp.218.

Dc response:
dv
i=C =0 i=0
dt

+ v -
Open circuit to DC
Determine the current is flowing through the capacitor for the
two voltage waveforms if C = 2 F.

dv d ( 5)
i=C = ( 2) =0
v=5V dt dt

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”, pp.219.
 v = V p sin (t ) =V p sin ( 2 ft ) V
 1 
v = V p sin  2   t  V
 T  
 2 
v = 5sin  t V
 2 

v = 5sin ( t ) V

T =2s
= ( 2 ) ( 5sin ( t ) )
dv d
i=C
dt dt
i = ( 2 )( 5 )( ) cos  t = 31.41cos  t

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”, pp.219.
Find the capacitor voltage that is associated with the
current shown in figure. The value of the capacitance is 5 F

−  t  0 t  2m
1 2 3
0  t  2m
Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”, pp.221.
 Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E.
Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin,
2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”,
pp.221.

−  t  0
1

1 t
1 −  t  0 : v ( t ) =  i ( t )dt + v ( t0 )
C t0
1 0
v (t ) = ( 0 )dt + v ( − ) ; v ( − ) = 0
C −

v ( t ) = 0, −  t  0

@ t = 0 : v ( 0) = 0
 2 0  t  2m :
1 t
v (t ) =  i ( t )dt + v ( t0 )
C t0

v ( t ) =  ( 20  10−3 )dt + v ( 0 )
1 2m
Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and C 0
Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit
analysis”, pp.221.

−6 0 (
20  10−3 )dt + v ( 0 )
1
v (t ) =
2m

2 5  10
0  t  2m 20  10−3
v (t ) = t + v ( 0)
5  10−6

v ( t ) = 4000t + v ( 0 )

From stage 1 v ( 0) = 0

v ( t ) = 4000t , ( 0  t  2 ms )

@ t = 2 ms : v ( 2 ms ) = 4000 ( 2  10−3 ) = 8 V
 3 2m  t   :

1 t
v (t ) = i ( t )dt + v ( t0 )
C t0
1 
v (t ) = ( 0 )dt + v ( 2 ms )
Ref: William H. Hayt, C 2 m
Jack E. Kemmerly and
Steven M. Durbin, 2012, t  2m
“Engineering circuit v ( t ) = 0 + v ( 2 ms )
analysis”, pp.221. 3

From stage 1 : v ( 2 ms ) = 8 V

v ( t ) = 8 V, ( t  2 ms )
 3
v (t ) = 8 V

1
2
v (t ) = 0 v ( t ) = 4000t

−  t  0 0  t  2m t  2m
1 2 3

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”, pp.221.
 Energy storage

Energy stored in its electric filed:

Implying that the capacitor voltage at t0 is zero:

Capacitor and Inductor

Capacitor

Inductor
Capacitance and inductance
combinations

Consequences of linearity
 Inductor

Passive circuit element

Model

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”, pp.225.
 215 uH ferrite core
266 uH ferrite core cylindrical

85 uH iron power
core toroidal
7 uH lossy-core

10 uH bobbin-style
287 uH ferrite core toroidal 100 uH axial lead

11 H

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”, pp.226.
 voltage-current relationship

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E.

Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, 2012,
“Engineering circuit analysis”, pp.225.

Dc response:
di iL
v=L =0
dt L

+ v =0 -
L

Short circuit to DC
Ex: Given the waveform of the current in a 3 H inductor,
determine the inductor voltage and sketch it.

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and 1 2 3 4 5

Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit
analysis”, pp.227.
−  t  −1
−1  t  0
0t 2
2t 3
t 3
 1 −  t  −1:
di
v=L
dt
d ( 0)
v=L =0
dt

−  t  −1
2 −1  t  0 :

di i
v=L =v=L
dt t
(1)
v = ( 3) =3V
(1)
−1  t  0

2
 3 0  t  2:
di i
v=L =L
dt t
( 0)
v=L =0
( 2)
3
0t 2

4 2  t  3:

di i
v=L =v=L
dt t
( −1)
v = ( 3) = −3 V
(1)
4

2t 3
 5 t  3:
di i
v=L =L
dt t
(0)
v=L =0
t
5

t 3

 0, −1  t
3, −1  t  0


v =  0, 0  t  2
−3, 2  t  3

 0, t  2

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and
Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit
analysis”, pp.227.
The voltage across a 2 H inductor is known to be 6cos5t V.
Determine the resulting inductor current if i(t= -/2) = 1 A.

v ( t ) = 6 cos 5t

i=
1 t

L 0
t
vdt + i ( t 0) =
1 t

2 0
t
( 6 cos 5t ) dt =
16
25
sin 5t
t
(
t0 )
+ i ( t0 )

6
i= ( sin 5t − sin 5t0 ) + i ( t0 )
10
If t0 = -/2, i( t0 = -/2) = 1 ;
6    
i=  sin 5t − sin 5 −    +1
10    2 
 6    
i=  sin 5t − sin 5 −    +1
10    2 

i = 0.6 ( sin 5t − ( −1) ) + 1

i = 0.6sin 5t + 0.6 + 1

i = 0.6sin 5t + 1.6 A
 Energy storage

Energy stored in the magnetic filed around the coil:

Implying that the inductor current at t0 is zero :

Capacitor and Inductor

Capacitor

Inductor
Capacitance and inductance
combinations

Consequences of linearity
 Capacitance combination

• Capacitors in series

KVL: Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”, pp.236.
• Capacitors in parallel

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”, pp.237.
 Inductance combination

• Inductors in series

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”, pp.235.
KVL:
• Inductors in parallel

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”, pp.236.
KCL:
 Ex: simplify the network by using series-parallel combination

0.8 H

1 uF (6*3)/9 = 2 uF

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven (2*3)/5 = 1.2 H

M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”,
pp.237.

0.8 H

1+2 = 3 uF

(2*3)/5 = 1.2 H
Capacitor and Inductor

Capacitor

Inductor
Capacitance and inductance
combinations

Consequences of linearity
Consequences of linearity

• You can use the Kirchhoff’s law in RLC circuits.

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”, pp.238.
 Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin, 2012, “Engineering circuit analysis”, pp.238.

KCL@node v1; v −v 
iL + iC 2 +  1 2  = 0
 R 
1 t dv1  v1 − v2 
vL dt + iL ( t0 ) + C2
L t0
+ =0
dt  R 
1 t dv1  v1 − v2 
( v1 − vs ) dt + iL ( t0 ) + C2 + 
L t0 dt  R =0

 1 t 1 t dv1  v1   v2 
 v1 dt −  vs dt + iL ( 0)
t + C 2 + −  = 0
L 0
t L 0
t dt  R   R 

v1 1 t dv1 v2 1 t
+  v1dt + C2 − =  vs dt − iL ( t0 )
R L t0 dt R L t0

Ref: William H. Hayt, Jack E.

Kemmerly and Steven M. Durbin,
2012, “Engineering circuit
analysis”, pp.238.

KCL@node v2;
 v2 − v1 
−is +   + iC1 = 0
 R 
v  v  dv
−is +  2  −  1  + C1 C1 = 0
 R R dt
 v  v  dv
−is +  2  −  1  + C1 C1 = 0
 R R dt
v  v  d ( v2 − vs )
−is +  2  −  1  + C1 =0
 R R dt

 v2   v1  dv2 dvs
−is +   −   + C1 − C1 =0
   
R R dt dt

v1 v2 dv dv
− + + C1 2 = is + C1 s
R R dt dt
From (1) and (2):
v1 1 t dv1 v2 1 t
+  v1dt + C2 − =  vs dt − iL ( t0 )
R L t0 dt R L t0
v1 v2 dv dv
− + + C1 2 = is + C1 s
R R dt dt
 References

[1] William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Steven M.

Durbin, Engineering circuit analysis, New York, NY, USA:
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2012.
[2] J. David Irwin and R. Mark Nelms, Basic engineering
circuit analysis, John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
Homework
The capacitor

Answer :

Answer : ( a ) i = 30 (1 − t ) e−t mA
( b ) i = 4e−5t (100 cos100t − 5sin100t ) mA
The inductor

Answer : (a) 0 , ( b ) v = −613sin120 t  V, ( c ) v = −240e −6t pV

Answer :
 VL (V)

100

Answer : 50

(a) 10 20 30 40 50 60
t (ms)

-100

(b) 500 W @ t = 40− ms, ( b ) − 500 W @ t = 20+ and 40+ ms, ( d ) 2.5 J
 Answer : 1 A

Answer : (a) 6.4 J

(b) 0.1 J
(c) Left to right (magnitudes) : 100, 0,100,116,16,16,0 (V)
(d) Left to right (magnitudes) : 0,0,2,2,0.4,1.6,0 (A)
Capacitance and inductance combinations

Answer :
1.5R
(a)

(b) 3.6 V
Answer : 85.211 nF