SHS

General Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 – Week 5
Module 5 - Polarity of Simple Molecules
General Chemistry 1
Grade 11/12 Quarter 2 - Module 5 - Polarity of Simple Molecules
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: FEMY B. NUESCA, MT-II

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D., EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

General Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 – Week 5
Module 5 - Polarity of Simple
Molecules
 TARGET

“Like begets like”. The polarity of the molecule is a concept that

could unravel answers for us to have a better understanding about the
reactivity of molecules We can use the concept of polarity to predict whether
two compounds are miscible which means compounds can be mixed to form
a solution. Polar solvents could dissolve polar molecules. This explains why
alcohol and water are completely miscible (both are polar) and why oil and
water don’t mix (nonpolar and polar).
In this module, learnt- well topics on Lewis structure, molecular
geometry as well as about electronegativity will give you good bases in
grasping concepts in determining the polarity of simple molecules.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Determine the bond polarity using difference in electronegativities of
molecules
2. Determine the polarity of molecule
3. Determine the direction of a molecule’s polarity
 JUMPSTART

Polarity Defined
To start with let us define polarity. Polarity is a state or a condition of
an atom or a molecule having positive and also negative charges. We know
that molecules are neutral. If the negative charge is evenly distributed
around a molecule then it is not polar. However, if the negative charge is not
evenly distributed then it is polar.
How do we determine if the charges are evenly or not evenly distributed
around a molecule?

Follow the following concept on electronegativity.

Electronegativity Defined

Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself.

The greater the electronegativity value, the greater the tendency of an atom to
attract more electrons, the more electronegative the element and this is
symbolized with the Greek symbol δ-. The lower the electronegativity value the
element it is less negative δ+. Thus, there is an unequal attraction of electrons
toward atoms which made up the molecule.
Study the table below.

Table1: Type of bond vs. Difference in Electronegativity

Type of Bond Difference in

electronegativity
(ΔEN)
Non Polar /Pure <0.4
Covalent
Polar 0.4-1.7
Ionic >1.7

Note: The values may differ from other references, but most
textbooks use the indicated values.
 For you to understand the lesson on type of bonds, complete the table
below. The first one is done for you. Use your Periodic Table and place your
answers in another sheet of paper.

Bond Difference in electronegativity Type of Bond

(ΔEN) ( ionic, polar, nonpolar )

Ca-O Ca = 1.0; O = 3.44 ΔEN 2.44 ionic

N-I
P-Br
Cl-Cl
N-Cl

The type of bond formed will give us an idea to the polarity of bond
meaning that even the type of bond formed is polar will not always be a
polar molecule.

DISCOVER

From the previous module you were tasked to do the Lewis Structure
which describes the bonding of molecules and polyatomic ions. If the electrons
are shared it is covalent bond. If the electrons are not shared but there is a
transfer of electrons, that is, gain or loss of electrons, the bond that is formed
is ionic bond.
In polar covalent bonds the electrons are not equally shared by the
bonding atoms. Thus, there is a shifting in electron density towards the more
electronegative atom. Which is symbolized by a crossed arrow pointing
towards the direction of the shift that is, to the more electronegative atom.
Polar molecules have a partial negative charge δ- on one atom which is
more electronegative while having a partial positive charge δ+ on the less
electronegative atom. The impartiality of the polar molecules exhibit dipole
moments. In the presence of an electric field, the positive end of the molecules
orients themselves towards the negative plate. Nonpolar molecules have no
dipole moments.
 Study the table below showing the difference between bond polarity.

Table 2: Polar vs. Non Polar Bonds

Type of Bond Type of Example Molecular Manner of

atom Orbital sharing of
electrons
(Lewis Structure
)
Polar Bond different P-Br;C-O asymmetrical Unequal
NonPolar Same Cl-Cl :Cl2, symmetrical Equal
Bond H2, F2

Yes! You are Correct in your observation…Polar bond is formed if the atoms
or elements are different, the molecular shape is asymmetrical*** better Recall
from previous lesson*** and unequal sharing of its electrons.
Further explained that the molecular orbital is symmetrical with respect to
both atomic nuclei of the atom and asymmetrical if there if greater electron
density near one end of the atomic nuclei involved in the molecular orbital.

Now let us further look into other considerations to make molecules be polar.

Dipole Moment Further Defined

The dipole moment can be defined as the product of the charge and the
distance between the charges. To maintain neutrality, the charges on the ends
of the molecule must be equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. However, if
it is not there will be partial negative, δ- and partial positive. δ-. This means
we will apply vector addition.

ABREAST YOURSELF:
Here comes the meat of the lesson…
Example # 1

Water (H2O)
a) Bond Type: H has electronegativity value of 2.20 and O has an
electronegativity value of 3.44. The ΔEN is equal to 1.24 , so the bond
type is polar as based from table 1

b) shifting of the electron density or the direction of molecule’s polarity

Dipole-indicates the magnitude and direction

of molecule’s polarity, pointing to the negative
side of the molecule The EN value of O ( 3.44)is
greater than H (2.2), so the shifting will be
towards O
To emphasize, a polar molecule has To uneven distribution
emphasize, of charge,
a polar molecule hasmaking
uneven
one side more positive, δ+, the other side more negative, δ-.
distribution of charge, making one side
Using the symbol, H O moreb positive, δ+, the other side more
negative, δ-
c)Geometric shape is bent. It is asymmetrical meaning it does not have a
symmetrical shape. Defining again symmetry that the outside atoms are
evenly distributed around the central atom. The central atom here is O, and
both H are found on both side of the O which makes it non-symmetrical.

Using vector addition:

+x -x Y axis there is a net value moving
same direction

+y +y X axis the dipole moments are

cancelled. No net value
Therefore, H2O is polar

Example #2 Carbon dioxide, CO2

a) Bond type EN of O = 3.44 EN of C = 2.55 Δ EN= 0.89 (polar bond)
b) shifting of the electron density or the direction of molecule’s polarity
Oxygen is more electronegative, shifting towards O

Look at the arrows Toward left (+ X) and toward right ( - X )

Using vector addition, it totally cancels each other. The dipole moments are equal
in magnitude but in opposite direction and arranges symmetrically about the
central atom in a linear geometry. So the dipole moments are cancelled.
Therefore, CO2 is not a polar molecule

Let us remember ….
➢ The bond dipole moments will cancel if:
1) They are of the same magnitude
2) They are symmetrically arranged about the central atom

➢ To distinguish between polar bonds versus polar molecules. Some

molecules have polar bonds but are not polar.
➢ The molecular geometry determines whether the molecule is polar or
not.

Here are some hints to make easy in determining polarity of molecules

1. If there is one set of molecules like H2, H2, F2 it is a non polar molecule.
The ΔEN is equal to zero
2. For any hydrocarbons molecule like Methane (CH4 ), Propane, Butane
it is nonpolar , the molecular geometry is linear. The dipole moments
are cancelled.
3. For different elements. Draw the Lewis Structure and determine the
dipole moment, if there is a net value then it is a polar molecule.
 EXPLORE

The following practice problems are prepared for you to polish and
enrich your understanding in determining the polarity of molecules.

Copy and complete the table below in another sheet .

Good Luck and Have Fun!
Activity 1
Molecule ΔEN Type of Bond Diagram ( Show Molecular
partial charges and Geometry
dipole moments if
applicable )
1. CF4
2. H2
3. SO2
 DEEPEN

Let as further apply the Polarity of molecules.

Let us take a look at problems below. Do what is /are required at by the
problems
1. Show the Lewis Structure and geometric sketch for HCN.
The electronegativities of H, C, and N are 2.20, 2.55, and 3.04. Is the
molecule Polar? Support your answer.
Note that molecules with one polar bond are always polar. Even if
the other is not polar
2. Decide whether the OF2 is polar molecule. The electronegativities of
oxygen and fluorine,3.44 and 3.98 respectively. Support to your
answer.
3. The molecular geometry of CCl4 is tetrahedral. Is it a polar molecule?
Support your answer
To sum up further,
A polar molecule has a dipole, where part of the molecule has a partial
positive charge and part has a partial negative charge.
A polar molecule has an asymmetric shape, lone electron pair, or
central atom bonded to other atoms with different electronegativity values.
Polar molecules are often hydrophilic and soluble in polar solvents.
Polar molecules often have higher melting points than nonpolar molecules
with similar molar masses
 GAUGE

I. COMPLETION TYPE. Complete what is required at by the following table.

Copy table in a separate sheet.

Bond Central ΔEN Type of Bond Polar Molecule or

Atom Nonpolar Molecule

1. Sulfur
difluoride
SF2

2. Methane
CH4

3. Oxygen
O2

4. Ammonia
NH3

5. Hydrogen
sulfide
H2 S
II. Predict the molecular polarity of this molecule. Support your answer. (10
pts)

Rubrics:

5 4 3 2
Prediction Prediction is Prediction is Prediction is No prediction
clearly stated somewhat unclear
unclear
Rationale All points are Most points Some points No point is
given are given are given given
Key Answer
References:

A. Books

Reyes, Armida B.( 2019). General Inorganic and Organic

Chemistry:Laboratory Manual for Health –related Programs. Dagupan,
Philippines: SLA Publishing House
Ilao , Lucian V.et.al.(2016).General Chemistry 1.Manila, Philippines :Rex
Bookstore, Inc.
Commission on Higher Education.(2015). K to 12 Transition Program
Management Unit -Senior High School Support Team. Teaching Guide for
Senior High School-General Chemistry 1.Quezon City, Philippines.

B. Online and Electronic Sources:

“Polarity of Molecules”. Accessed October

27,2020.https://byjus.com/chemistry/polarity/
“How to determine if Molecule is Polar or
Nonpolar?’https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1Kp3yEIWC0
“Introductory Chemistry”.Accessed October 24,2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-mcc-introductorychemistry/
Polar Molecules Tutorial: How to determine polarity in a molecule:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72CQe-_PJU4&t=29s
“ Types of Bonds “. Accessed October
27,2020.https://chemistrybytes.com/welcome/concepts/bonding-
101/types-of-bonds-ionic-and-covalent/
Anne Helmenstine .”Polar and Nonpolar Molecules”. Accessed October
27,2020. https://sciencenotes.org/polar-and-nonpolar-molecules/
“Polarity and Electronegativity Worksheet”.Accessed October
23,2020.https://3u_polarity_and_electronegativity_ws_answers.pdf